whose thinning ice is contributing to sea level rise. In recent decades Pine Island Glacier's rapid retreat raised fears that the glacier could collapse freeing the ice sheet it buffers to flow even more rapidly into the southern seas.
The West Antarctic Ice contributes 0. 15 to 0. 30 millimeters per year to sea level rise.
The big question is whether the hasty retreat is a recent change caused by climate change or a more long-term phenomenon.
Pine Island Glacier's small ice shelf a platform of ice floating on the ocean's surface acts as a plug holding the rest of the ice stream in place on land.
Changes to Antarctic wind currents driven by global warming have pushed relatively warmer ocean waters beneath the ice shelves.
and meets the ocean has retreated at a rate of more than 1 kilometer a year.
Pine Island Glacier only stretches 45 miles (40 km) across where it meets the ocean
They studied sediments from Pine Island Bay where the ice shelves stick tongues into the ocean.
Microfossils in mud retrieved by ocean drilling aboard a research ship pinpoint when and were covered ice the bay.
which glaciers flow to the sea. The last calving event (the sudden release of ice) let loose in an iceberg that measured 26 by 11 miles (42 km by 17 km) in 2001.
We're pretty sure the most important driver is warm ocean water but this is still an open question Hillenbrand said.
so we can predict better the future behavior of these ice streams and their contribution to future sea level rise.
Changes in sea ice affect ocean circulation which in turn affects atmospheric circulation that then impacts the globe said Bruce Forbes a geographer at the Arctic Center at the University of Lapland in Finland who was involved not in the study.
This a good sign for the survival of the species. The team found only about 100 adult penguins along the shoreline where the ice meets the sea compared with about 1000 adults last year Hubert said.
The baby penguins were further inland slowly migrating toward stable sea ice about 6 miles (10 kilometers) from their overwintering spot where the fathers huddle together for warmth
After winter ends parents make trips to the sea to deliver meals to their chicks.
To make matters worse the drop in atmospheric CO2 plunged the earth into a massive deep freeze that has come to be called the<a href=http://www. livescience. com/27684-snowball-earth-ocean-mixing. html target=blank>Snowball Earth
and life in the dark oceans was driven nearly to extinction. Yet somewhere in the midst of this two-headed crisis a new and more complex form of life emerged:
Some of the sun's incoming radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere the oceans and the surface of the Earth.
As for the changing landscape the continents drifted apart during the Paleogene Period creating vast stretches of oceans.
Similar celebrations mark the birthday of Mazu the goddess of the sea (also known as Tianhou) in May or June.
Some studies have suggested that sea levels during that time were several meters higher than they are today;
such an increase in sea levels would threaten and could even inundate coastal cities. We can't accept that Hansen said.
because the ocean absorbs some of the heat delaying the inherent atmospheric warming for decades to centuries.
The oceans also absorb some of the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere which affects efforts to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere as less carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere the oceans will release some carbon dioxide so that the two systems stay in balance.
Hansen and his co-authors say this emphasizes the urgency of starting to reduce emissions now;
And less timber-cutting means better water quality in nearby rivers and in the fragile Mesoamerican Reef downstream in the Gulf of mexico.
and life to the seas and water that allows the rainforests and the clouds and the world's most iconic species to thrive.
</p><p></p><p>A new species of walking shark has been discovered in a reef off a remote Indonesian island.</
The Tethys Ocean still separated the northern Laurasia continent from southern Gondwana. Â The North and South Atlantic were closed still
By the middle of the period ocean levels were much higher most of the landmass we are familiar with was underwater.
As a result of suddenly lowered temperatures there may have been a global disruption in the numbers of both land plants and plankton in the oceans evidence
The breakthrough in today s paper is the sequencing of the entire genome of a Ctenophore known as the sea walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi.
The sea walnut (M. leidyi) is native to the western Atlantic but has been introduced to the Black Caspian
The sea walnut genome contained 16548 protein coding genes 44%of which shared homology-a type of ancestry-with non-Ctenophores.
As sea walnuts glow when disturbed so does this study shed light on some interesting assumptions about animal evolution.
and blowflies helping to reduce the elk herd to an eerie scattered sea of skeletons in the desert.
while a ship gets bogged down by barnacles as it crosses the ocean a shark swimming in the same ocean remains clean as a whistle.
The exceptions are certain minerals that are found in ancient lake and sea beds. These minerals such as sylvite carnallite langbeinite and polyhalite form extensive deposits in these ancient sites
Potassium is found in the ocean but only in relatively small amounts. Foods with potassium Potassium is important to healthy nutrition.
Only the fittest overcome natural barriers such as mountains oceans and deserts but few animals can adapt fast enough to surmount modern hazards placed in their way by humans.
After the chick hatches it pecks off its redwood-colored down and flying solo launches straight for the ocean.
Each chicken egg was colored painstakingly (Benjamin Moore Oceanfront 660) and speckled to resemble murrelet eggs.
and regenerate an important marine plant depends on animals to eat its seeds and poop them out around the ocean according to recent research.
Eelgrass meadows which grow on the ocean floor in shallow waters also help shelter many different types of fish
This expansion wasn't connected to changes in average temperature sea level rise rain or land use.
and economically and both are threatened by rising sea levels and coastal development. With further global warming mangrove expansion probably won't be confined to Florida.
A potentially more serious threat to the animals than predators is future sea level rise associated with climate change.
The small atolls or low-lying islands that the animals inhabit only reach between about 3 feet to 10 feet (1 to 3 m) above sea level
if average global sea level rises by as much as 3. 2 feet (0. 98 m) by 2100 as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
And in Colorado's Front Range in the Rocky mountains above Denver pine beetle infestations don't add extra nitrogen to waterways that eventually drain to the city according to a study led by USFS research scientist Chuck Rhoades.
Field notes from the early 1900s indicated the animals were collected in Colombia Panama Costa rica and Nicaragua at about 3250 to 5500 feet (1000 to 1700 meters) above sea level much higher than the olingo's known range
and is now floating freely in the Amundsen Sea according to a team of German scientists.
and flows out to sea it develops and drops icebergs as part of a natural and cyclical process Humbert said.
The glacier flows to the Amundsen Sea at a rate of about 2. 5 miles (4 km) per year.
or slows down is based more on changing wind directions in the Amundsen Sea and less by rising air temperatures.
The wind now brings warm sea water beneath the shelf ice Humbert said. Over time this process means that the shelf ice melts from below primarily at the so-called grounding line the critical transition to the land ice.
The Pine Island Glacier currently acts as a plug holding back part of the immense West Antarctic Ice Sheet whose melting ice contributes to rising sea levels.
but only after GMO proponents like Monsanto General mills Pepsico Dupont Hershey Cargill Kellogg Hormel Kraft Mars Goya Ocean Spray Nestle and other industrial food
The sea of dead trees along ridgelines called that number into serious doubt Logan said.
and waterways and help people to have access to fresh food It's all connected. We are connected all.
She also launched a successful sea voyage to the land of Punt a place located somewhere on the northeast coast of Africa where they traded with the inhabitants bringing back oemarvels.
or the average length of time a molecule of gas exists in the atmosphere before being converted into another chemical compound or absorbing back into a sink like a forest or ocean.
Ultimately the conflict between Sparta and Athens resolved itself on the sea. While the Athenians had the naval advantage throughout much of the war the situation changed
In 378 B c. Athens formed the second naval confederacy a group that challenged Spartan control of the seas.
In 1912 the Cape cod Cranberry Company started selling canned cranberry sauce under the now-familiar Ocean Spray name Bertelsen said.
and learning more about the costs associated with a warming world and rising seas. Rev.
There was probably no sea ice and the whole Arctic was forested pretty well so it was a very different world Brigham-Grette told Livescience.
Some of the changes we see going on now sea ice melting tree lines migrating and glaciers with tremendous ablation rate suggest that we're heading back to the Pliocene.
7 Crucial Tipping Points The results of this new study represent an important contribution toward understanding how Earth is affected by man-made greenhouse gases said Kate Moran an ocean engineer who was not involved with the study.
Moran is director of NEPTUNE Canada an underwater ocean observatory managed by the University of Victoria in British columbia.
#Iceland Volcano Eruption Fueled Ocean Blooms The explosive volcanic eruption Iceland saw in 2010 may have disrupted life in the air above Europe
These three cruises allowed the researchers to measure iron concentrations at the ocean's surface before during
and could really look at the immediate effects of the ash falling into the ocean Achterberg said.
Iceland Volcano's Fiery Sunsets Ocean bloom Iron is key to ocean life helping spur the growth of single-celled organisms known as phytoplankton.
In about a third of the global ocean a scarcity of iron limits the abundance of life so ash supplying this metal could spur booms in biological activity.
Since phytoplankton use carbon dioxide just like plants do volcanic ash falling on the ocean could reduce levels of the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.
of iron to the seas. I'm not an advocate of dumping into the ocean to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide Achterberg said.
It's not a very efficient process. You'd need so much iron to remove the man-made carbon dioxide emitted at the moment that it wouldn't be worth it.
In the future researchers could investigate the effects of volcanic ash on the Southern Ocean which is relatively rich in nitrate.
and ocean warming said Gerald Meehl a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research and one of the authors of the new report.
In the new summary climate scientists say they are at least 95 percent certain that people are responsible for the warming oceans rapidly melting ice
and rising sea levels that have been observed since the 1950s. The 2007 report linked human activities to climate change with 90 percent certainty which was a considerable leap from the 66 percent probability stated in the organization's 2001 report. 8 Ways Global
and the ocean in changes in the global water cycle in reductions in snow and ice in global mean sea level rise and in changes in some climate extremes the new report says.
The effects of climate change The new assessment also contains updated projections for various climate scenarios including sea level rise melting glaciers and rising global average temperatures.
If greenhouse gas emissions are curbed not sea levels could rise as much as 3 feet (0. 9 meters) by the year 2100 the scientists said.
Sea level rise is a real problem because it poses very high risks around coasts. Global temperatures are also likely to rise by between 0. 5 and 8. 6 degrees Fahrenheit (0. 3 degrees and 4. 8 degrees Celsius) this century depending on global levels
As they set out to sea however they encountered a fleet led by Lord De La Warr with fresh supplies
and charged that the company swept up women off the streets to found families across the ocean.
and relay their positions for two to three years allowing researchers to figure out how quickly the glacier is flowing into the ocean.
Preliminary measurements show that the Pine Island Glacier's march to the sea is speeding up Gudmundsson told Ouramazingplanet.
By some estimates this glacier alone could be responsible for about 5 percent of global sea level rise
when it reaches the ocean. Instead the ice flows into the sea where it floats atop the water forming a platform of ice called an ice shelf.
Measurements have shown that the Antarctic ocean is warmer than it used to be and is melting the bottom of this ice shelf.
which as a result slides toward the ocean faster than before Gudmundsson said. And behind the Pine Island Glacier is an even larger section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet one of the largest in the world.
The glacier acts like a plug in a leaky dam and if it collapses it could have devastating consequences for global sea levels he added.
At that time a shallow sea split North america in two and many animals lived on a long skinny continent called Laramidia that spanned from Alaska all the way to Mexico.
LOS ANGELES Megalodon the most massive shark ever to prowl the oceans may have gotten so big that it was prone to extinction.
For some mysterious reason though the biggest and smallest members of the species were the same length many of the giant sea monsters got longer over a 14-million-year period
Ancient Monsters of the Sea Bigger is better? Megalodon could grow up to 60 feet (18 meters) long
The sea monsters terrorized the oceans from about 16 million to 2 million years ago.
Though the mega-sharks died off their close relatives great white sharks still terrorize the seas today.
and extinction of the top predator lineage that must have had a significant impact to the ocean ecology said Kenshu Shimada a paleobiologist at Depaul University in Chicago who was involved not in the study.
#Melting Sea Ice Keeps Hungry Polar bears On land Polar bears the iconic victims of climate change are shifting their migration patterns because of changes in sea ice.
 They found that the rate at which sea ice melts and re-freezes as well as how the ice is distributed around the bay predicted
Polar bears hunt their main food source seals primarily while on sea ice. Changes in the ice are driving the bears to spend more time on land where they have to go longer without eating
Climate-induced changes that cause sea ice to melt earlier form later or both likely affect the overall health of polar bears in the area Cherry said. 10 Odd Facts About Arctic Sea Ice Cherry
and colleagues fitted 109 female polar bears with tracking collars (males can't wear collars because their necks are wider than their heads).
The findings suggest that it's not only the distribution of sea ice that affects the bears'migration but how quickly that ice melts or forms.
which resemble the type of lava produced along deep sea trenches where mantle magma is forced through Earth s crust.
The volcano located in southwestern Washington used to be a beautiful symmetrical cone about 9600 feet (3000 meters) above sea level.
and a seascape with relatively unexplored reefs. It is also one of the poorest regions in one of the world's poorest countries.
and supported by the CARE-WWF Alliance an increasingly popular and effective solution in such contexts and one of the key current approaches highlighted in the Rockefeller Foundation's Oceans and Fisheries strategy.
Tallest Mountain to Deepest Ocean Trench Tallest tree: The tallest tree in the world is a California coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) known as Hyperion.
The summit of Mount everest at 29035 feet (8850 m) is higher above sea level than the summit of any other mountain so many claim it's the world's tallest mountain.
 In the Paleozoic era life flourished in the seas. After the Cambrian period came the 45-million-year Ordovician period
which saw the spread of jawless fish throughout the seas. Mollusks and corals also thrived in the oceans
but the big news was what was happening on land: the first undisputed evidence of terrestrial life.
Before the Permian mass extinction though the warm seas teemed with life. Coral reefs flourished providing shelter for fish and shelled creatures such as nautiloids and ammonoids.
which caused glaciers to form sending sea levels downward. Gondwana moved further south during the Ordovician while the smaller continents started to move closer together.
Sea levels rose again creating shallow inland seas. In the Devonian the northern land masses continued merging and they finally joined together into the supercontinent Euramerica.
but the rest of the planet was ocean. By the last period of the Paleozoic the Permian Euramerica and Gondwana became one forming perhaps the most famous supercontinent of them all:
The giant ocean surrounding Pangaea was called Panthalassa. Pangaea's interior was likely very dry because its massive size prevented water-bearing rain clouds from penetrating far beyond the coasts.
The Bald cypress forest was buried under ocean sediments protected in an oxygen-free environment for more than 50000 years
The forest had become an artificial reef attracting fish crustaceans sea anemones and other underwater life burrowing between the roots of dislodged stumps.
Mysterious Underwater Stone Structure Some of the trees were truly massive and many logs had fallen over before being covered by ocean sediment.
when sea levels were much lower than they are today. World's Weirdest Geological formations In addition because Bald cypress trees can live a thousand years
The longer this wood sits on the bottom of the ocean the more marine organisms burrow into the wood
They constitute a large percentage of all living matter in oceans rivers and lakes. One species Didymosphenia geminata is responsible for creating thick blooms in mountain streams and ponds.
#Rotting Balls of Fish Flesh Invade Salton Sea's Shores DENVER Boneyard beaches littered with dead tilapia line the shores of California's Salton Sea.
Perhaps disturbed by fierce winds globs of decomposed fish flesh recently rose from deep in the Salton Sea coagulated into spheres on the lake surface
Salton Sea Fish balls Fish balls The bone beds first brought Simpson out from Pennsylvania in 2010.
The Salton Sea offers a modern analogue to fishy layers in New jersey's Newark Basin
In the Salton Sea tilapia adipocere is tinted orange to brown.''Evil'stench The sudden appearance of the decomposed flesh globes occurred remarkably close in time to the emergence of a spectacularly awful Salton Sea stench that wafted across Southern California in September 2012.
We are trying to answer whether they are linked Simpson said. We're trying to figure out what the time frame is.
To me something is fundamentally changing in the Salton Sea that's generating these adipocere Simpson said.
The Salton Sea's malodorous perfume often permeates nearby towns but the extent of 2012's rotten-egg smell driven by strong southeasterly winds was unusually broad.
It's amazing Simpson said of the Salton Sea's smell during his 2013 trip.
A canal breach created the Salton Sea in 1905. With no outlet and no water source except for farming run off the lake has been shrinking
In general vineyards in higher latitudes at higher altitudes or surrounded by ocean will benefit from climate change.
as if the same calories were in solid form says David Cummings associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington and the Veterans Affairs Puget sound Health care System.
and toxic plants. 8 Strange Things Scientists Have tasted Party ice At camps on sea ice scientists drink their study subject
but has nibbled never an Antarctic pteropod called the naked sea butterfly (Clione limacina) which makes a chemical antifeedant compound.
Biggest Volcanoes On earth World domination cell by cell Diatoms a golden brown algae rule Earth's waterways.
A dozen or so supervolcanoes exist today some of them lying at the bottom of the sea.
#The 10 Weirdest Spills in Naturefrom molasses to rubber ducks some strange substances have spilled into waterways and onto roadways.
when it sprung a leak dumping hundreds of thousands of gallons of the goo into the ocean.
or continually depleting the oceans. It could also answer the problem of methane emissions from agriculture.
The fan contains more than a billion cubic meters of sediment reaching down to the Golden gate. The miners used high pressure hoses called monitors to blast the hillsides washing the gold-bearing mud into sluices.
Mercury was added to the sluices to form an amalgam with the gold that settled to the bottom.
For example warmer oceans remove less CO2 from the atmosphere than cooler oceans and they have even become net CO2 emitters during warming periods in the Earth's past;
You have to think of the cachet of something made from a 50000-year-old wood said Ben Raines the diver who first reported on the site and the executive director of the Weeks Bay Foundation a waterways conservation organization.
Primeval forest The grove of 50000-year-old bald cypress trees was preserved beneath ocean sediments off the coast of Alabama until Hurricane Katrina swept those sediments away.
The enchanted forest became a natural reef teeming with fish and crustaceans that sheltered between tree roots.
Secrets of the Deep The foundation has contacted several federal agencies including the Bureau of Ocean Management to begin that process.
or be eaten away by sea life in the next few years. But Raines believes it's worth protecting the underwater treasure
because it is among the most rapidly melting ice masses in the world thinning as it flows to the Amundsen Sea at a rate of about 2. 5 miles (4 kilometers) each year.
Since warm seawater flows beneath the ice shelf (the part of the glacier that floats on the ocean) scientists have known that the Pine Island Glacier was melting from below.
and ultimate break up of the ice shelf David Holland a professor of mathematics at the Center for Atmosphere Ocean Science at New york University said in a statement.
and without that restraining force the Pine Island catchment basin could further contribute to global sea-level rise.
Glacial plug The Pine Island Glacier currently acts as a plug that holds back the immense West Antarctic Ice Sheet whose melting ice contributes to rising sea levels.
and empties into the ocean causing sea levels to rise. Warming oceans also cause sea levels to go up
because water expands as its temperature increases. Still understanding precisely why these changes are occurring
and how much sea levels are projected to rise in the future is tricky researchers have said. Last November a study published in the journal Science estimated that ice lost from the entire Antarctic ice sheet
and floated freely into the Amundsen Sea. Modeling melt To see how much the Pine Island Glacier was melting Holland
The instruments measured ocean temperatures salinity (or salt content) and the movement of warm-water currents that carve channels through the ice shelf and flow underneath it.
What we have brought to the table are detailed measurements of the melt rates that will allow simple physical models of the melting processes to be plugged into computer models of the coupled ocean/glacier system Tim Stanton a research professor at the Naval
and glacier-melt rates of the potentially unstable Western Antarctic Ice Sheet in response to changing ocean forces.
In recent years however warming oceans and milder surface temperatures have melted the icy subsoil causing the ground beneath Newtok to erode
and Sink in 2007 the village already sat below sea level and studies warned that the subarctic outpost could be washed completely away within a decade.
With climate change rapidly altering human ecosystems around the globe Newtok may not be alone in its fight against warming temperatures melting ice and rising seas.
and they are thrown back into the ocean to slowly die. However China's taste for the dish may be fading:
The remaining 70 percent is absorbed by the oceans the land and the atmosphere according to NASA.
and heat up the oceans land and atmosphere release heat in the form of IR thermal radiation
and a growing number of citizens fear that the worst effects of global warming extreme weather rising sea levels plant
and animal extinctions ocean acidification major shifts in climate and unprecedented social upheaval will be inevitable.
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