and hepatitis where liver tissue has been replaced largely by scar tissue. Multiple studies have shown that coffee can lower the risk of cirrhosis by as much as 80%the strongest effect for those who drank 4 or more cups per day (23 24 25.
By the way there are trillions of different critters bugs bacteria virus yeast and molds in the environment and yes birds bugs and animals dodo on our food too.
and inside the peach and the length of time of their journey they should all die from some kind of strange virus. Side note we are all nitpicking...
Samples of flu viruses taken from pigs and from people in Ohio during the 2012 outbreak were genetically close to one another according to the study
which influenza viruses evolve. Swine are susceptible to avian human and swine flus and these virus can circulate inside pigs for varying lengths of time with no signs of illness.
This makes them great meet-markets for flu viruses to exchange genetic material. The H1n1 flu that reached pandemic proportions in 2009 first spent some time circulating among pigs in Asia Europe and North america.
Luckily H3n2v doesn't readily move between people which limits its ability to spread. People mostly catch it directly from swine.
The study did find the virus was pretty widespread. Out of 40 unnamed fairs where researchers swabbed piggy noses 10 had more than one animal that carried H3n2v.
A nasty virus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs has killed off an estimated 5-10 percent of pigs in the United states causing prices to rise dramatically.
The virus is incredibly unlikely to spread to humans and pork is still safe to eat
#MERS Virus May be Able To Spread Through The Air Research strongly suggests that camels carry Middle east Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) a viral illness that has sickened nearly 700
A study published in the journal mbio found the virus in an air sample taken from a camel barn near Jeddah Saudi arabia.
The genetic signature of the virus was identical to that found in the sick camels and the owner who came down with MERS a week after administering a topical medicine to his camels'runny noses.
which were 100 percent identical with the viral genomic sequence detected from a camel actively shedding the virus in the same barn on the same day warrants further investigations
and measures to prevent possible airborne transmission of this deadly virus said study lead author Esam Azhar a virologist at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah.
The finding implies that virus could possibly be spread in enclosed spaces such as hospitals and therefore further studies are needed urgently the scientists wrote.
and looked for the DNA found in MERS viruses on three consecutive days. They only found the virus one of the days the same day that one of the camels tested positive for MERS.
This suggests that MERS may not last long in the air which would be welcome news. In May the CDC reported the first case of a man getting the MERS virus in the United states without traveling to the Middle east
--though luckily the man didn't appear to have symptoms and wasn't considered contagious. s
Resists ringspot virus Total U s. crop by acreage: More than 50%Found in: Whole fruit and other productsrapeseedtrait:
Resists various viruses Total U s. crop by acreage: 12%Found in: Whole vegetables and other productssugar beets*Trait:
Scientists at the University of California Berkeley are already working with it to create virus-resistant cassava.
As the White house noted the decline is blamed on various factors from a lack of good habitat to exposure to certain pesticides to mite infestations and viruses.
which bird flu viruses don't reproduce. In spite of public opposition and a lack of funding GM meat research has continued to advance.
in order to study how viruses jump between species. Last year neuroscientists at Stanford university boosted the intelligence of mice with human brain cells.
Dozens were killed by a virus linked to domestic dogs in the 1980s for example and in 2012 three wolves were found dead in an abandoned mine pit.
When these chunks of genetic material enter the rootworm perhaps after being sprayed onto the crop the animal reacts to this RNA snippet as it would an invading virus. This prompts a response that attacks and silences the corresponding gene in the host's own DNA.
#Culling vampire bats to stem rabies in Latin america can backfireculling vampire bat colonies to stem the transmission of rabies in Latin america does little to slow the spread of the virus
and data from infection studies using captive vampire bats to show that culling has minimal effect on containing the virus
despite recognition of the virus and its health risks since the early 1900s To determine those persistence mechanisms Rohani
and sustain the virus. The probability of a vampire bat developing a lethal infection upon exposure to rabies is around 10 percent much lower than the 50-to-90 percent mortality rate seen in previous experimental challenges studies that involved inoculating vampire bats with rabies virus
which causes Chalara dieback of ash trees has the potential to defend itself against virus attacks research by British scientists has shown.
uses to defend its territory could make it more resistant to virus-based control methods. Their research findings have been published in the journal Fungal Ecology.
The fact that most isolates of Chalara fraxinea are incompatible with each other could mean that it might be difficult to deploy damaging fungal viruses against the pathogen as a disease control method
since viruses usually spread more readily in a fungal population when the colonies are able to fuse.
#Combating key viral livestock diseases in Ethiopiagelagay Ayelet Melesse's doctoral research reveals that there are several serotypes of the virus causing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and the African horse sickness virus (AHSV
) and several different hosts for these viruses in Ethiopia. His study also highlights the economic repercussions of these viruses and other viral diseases in domestic livestock.
His findings may contribute to improved strategies for controlling and combating the spread of such diseases and to increased self-sufficiency in food.
Up until now we have had limited only knowledge about the real economic consequences of these diseases their distribution types of virus
Melesse's doctoral project identified five different serotypes of the FMD virus taken from several different host animals in Ethiopia.
Prevalence of the FMD virus is related to the way the animals are kept and to the extent livestock is in contact with wild animals.
Melesse isolated several types of AHS virus and also studied the occurrence of camel pox
Melesse's doctoral research has provided us with valuable information about virus types disease distribution in relation to season and geographical region and the economic significance and risk factors for FMD LSD AHS and camel
Through funding from the Department of agriculture the researchers are beginning to examine the effects of viruses pesticides
For example the described technique is used to develop tomatoes with resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus
The technique includes reliably rearing whiteflies with a specific virus while omitting the possibility of cross-contamination to other viruses--an easily encountered problem because of the sheer number of whiteflies used in testing.
Such contamination would jeopardize the results of an entire experiment. After exposing large numbers of a particular plant species to a specific whitefly-transmitted virus a researcher can then note which individual plants resisted infection and why.
This article outlines how to generate hundreds or thousands of infected plants year-round by exposing them to whiteflies each week.
The bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the main causes of respiratory disease in cattle.
A study of the prevalence and infection distribution of the virus shows that it is possible to control the virus
The BRS virus is equivalent to the human RS virus and causes most of the cases of serious pneumonia that lead to fatalities in calves and to epidemics
and infection distribution of the virus between Norwegian cattle herds and found that during the course of one year nearly half of the cattle herds were infected newly
It therefore appears that the virus does not survive for a long time in one herd and that it should be possible to reduce the number of infections by preventing the herds becoming reinfected.
The infection dynamics of the BRSV virus was studied in 134 randomly selected Norwegian dairy herds.
Five calves in the herds were tested for antibodies against this virus and then again six months later.
if at least one animal aged between 150-365 days was shown to have antibodies against the virus The young age of the animals tested would indicate that they probably were infected quite recently i e. during the course of the last year.
The prevalence of the virus varied a great deal in different parts of the country. Several herds with negative test results were located in close proximity to herds infected by the virus
and some of the former remained free of the virus in spite of the presence of several newly infected herds in the neighbouring area.
This indicates that it is possible to prevent a herd becoming infected even in areas with a high prevalence of the virus. 42%of the herds that showed negative results on the first test showed positive results during the following six months.
The frequency of new infections was the same irrespective of the season. 33%of the herds
The findings of this study indicate that monitoring the prevalence of the virus in order to identify negative herds
#Veterinary Scientists Track the Origin of a Deadly Emerging Pig Virus in the United Statesveterinary researchers at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary medicine at Virginia Tech have helped identify the origin
and possible evolution of an emerging swine virus with high mortality rates that has already spread to at least 17 states.
A team of researchers led by Dr. X. J. Meng University Distinguished Professor of Molecular Virology has used virus strains isolated from the ongoing outbreaks in Minnesota
The virus which causes a high mortality rate in piglets was recognized first in the United states in May of this year.
The virus typically only affects nursery pigs and has many similarities with transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine said Meng who is a faculty member in the Department of Biomedical sciences and Pathobiology.
whether they would work against the U s. strains of the virus. The researchers determined not only that the three U s. strains of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus are most closely related to the Chinese strains of the virus
According to the study the U s. strains of the virus share 99.5 percent of their genetic code with their Chinese counterpart.
and Chinese virus strains coincides with a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreak in China back in December of 2010.
whether the U s. strains of the virus diverged in China or in the United states. The sudden emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Researchers have found no evidence that the virus can spread to humans or pose a threat to food safety.
Though commonly accepted that the virus spreads through the fecal-oral route Meng said that scientists have not yet ruled out the possibility of other transmission routes.
wild buffalo a problemnew research shows that in Sub-saharan africa the virus responsible for foot and mouth disease (FMD) moves over relatively short distances and the African buffalo are important natural reservoirs for the infection.
The study published in mbio the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology sheds light on how the type of FMD virus called SAT 2 emerged in Sub-saharan africa
but it's a particular problem in Africa where wildlife that harbor the virus are thought to pass it on to their domesticated cousins.
The SAT 2 serotype of the virus is endemic in Sub-saharan africa but it has crossed the Sahara
and his colleagues wanted a better picture of the diversity of SAT 2 viruses in Sub-saharan africa
Hall says the patterns in which the topotypes appear in different places gives strong support to the idea that the virus is spread by infected hosts in land movements over relatively short distances.
What's more African buffalo are an important maintenance host meaning they maintain a reservoir of the virus that can re-infect domesticated animals after time
The relationships between the 250 sequences also indicate that it's possible the original source of the SAT 2 viruses that are now found in wild
To Hall these results indicate that genetic tracking of viruses has a lot of potential for making inferences about viral spread and heading off future outbreaks.
We showed that we can demonstrate virus movement using genetic data. It's a tool that can be used for that kind of inference.
Going forward Hall says he plans to apply a similar approach to studying serotype O FMD viruses in Africa Asia
and neutralizes the HIV virus potentially protecting exposed infants who might otherwise become infected from repeated exposures to the virus
Further analysis described how TNC works against HIV by blocking virus entry. The protein is uniquely effective in capturing virus particles
and neutralizes the virus specifically binding to the HIV envelope. These properties provide widespread protection against infection.
It's likely that TNC is acting in concert with other anti-HIV factors in breast milk and further research should explore this Permar said.
Bats which are important reservoir hosts for many pathogens particularly viruses have been hosts to malaria parasites for more than a century said coauthor Susan Perkins an associate curator in the Museum's Division of Invertebrate Zoology.
and may explain why they are able to host viruses such as Ebola rabies and the recently discovered Middle east Respiratory system (MERS) virus
This insects alongside some fungi bacteria and viruses cause annual loses of between four and ten percent of all the stored grains worldwide mainly corn wheat sorghum rice and beans.
and could one day be used to prevent the transmission of deadly vector-borne diseases such as malaria dengue West Nile virus and yellow fever.
The specialist clarified that Human Papillomavirus is more carcinogenic and prone to trigger cervical cancer than aflatoxins.
and chickens along with improved cassava varieties that resist a deadly virus. They also are growing high-value crops like tomatoes onions and watermelons.
#Influenza virus in wild birds in Norwayducks and gulls are the natural hosts of Influenza a virus.
In rare cases if introduced from wild birds to poultry some viruses of the H5
One example of this is the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus in Southeast asia known to cause#oebird flu#.
#Due to the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5n1 in Southeast asia a programme to monitor influenza viruses in wild birds in Norway was initiated in 2005.
The results showed that low pathogenic avian influenza viruses were present in 15.5%of the samples
and that the virus occurrence was higher in dabbling ducks than in gulls. The virus prevalence was lowest in December.
Many different subtypes of the Influenza a virus were detected but not the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus. The complete genetic material from a total of five influenza viruses from mallard and common gull were sequenced and characterized.
The results showed that the genes of the Norwegian viruses resembled the genes found in influenza viruses from other wild birds in Europe.
Due to limited overlap between the routes used by migratory birds in Eurasia and America influenza viruses with different genetic material have developed between these two continents.
However in some areas it has been observed that genes can be exchanged between influenza viruses from Eurasia and America.
Tønnessen studied the role that gulls play in the transfer of virus genes between these two continents.
Genes from American avian influenza viruses were detected not in the European gull viruses studied. However within avian influenza viruses from Eurasia she found that virus genes were exchanged between influenza viruses typically found in gulls and ducks respectively.
During the breeding seasons of 2008 and 2009 Tønnessen studied the occurrence of influenza virus in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) at Hornã¸ya in Finnmark in Northern Norway.
Low amounts of influenza virus were detected in 5-15%of the samples from adult kittiwakes
and she discovered that more than 70%of the adult birds had developed antibodies against Influenza a virus. The majority of the kittiwakes had antibodies against an influenza virus subtype typically found in gulls namely H16.
Ducks can become infected with influenza virus through consumption of surface water contaminated with faeces shed by virus infected birds.
Most subtypes of influenza virus from ducks can retain their infectivity in water over long periods of time.
Experiments performed by Tønnessen showed that influenza virus subtypes primarily found in gulls (i e.
H13 and H16) can also remain infectious in water for several months under different salinity and temperature conditions.
To assess if a typical influenza virus subtype from gull can infect chickens Tønnessen inoculated chickens with an H16n3 virus obtained from herring gull.
Influenza virus was detected in the oropharynx of 2 of the 19 virus inoculated chickens and specific antibodies against H16 were found in the same two chickens.
The chickens did not become ill and the virus did not infect the contact chickens.
These results suggest that H16n3 virus from gull can cause a limited infection in chickens.
In order to find out why influenza viruses of the H13 and H16 subtypes primarily infect gulls Tønnessen examined
whether the internal proteins of these viruses have particular signatures (amino acid composition) possibly related to host adaptation.
Several signatures which can be related to host adaptation were detected but their importance needs to be evaluated further in experimental studies.
#The research was conducted at the Department of Food safety and Infection Biology at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science and at Section for Virology at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute.
Diseases such as fungi and viruses can attack wheat and lower yields. This research quantifies the impact of weather diseases and new wheat varieties on yields.
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The diversity of crop pests continues to expand
and evolution of the avian H7n9 influenza virus that emerged in humans in China earlier this year.
From these samples the researchers isolated several influenza viruses and genetically sequenced those of the H7n9 subtype as well as related H7n7 and H9n2 viruses.
The researchers compared the differences between the two sets of sequences to reconstruct how the H7n9 virus evolved through various species of birds
According to their analysis domestic ducks and chickens played distinct roles in the genesis of the H7n9 virus infecting humans today.
The resulting H7n9 virus began causing outbreaks among chickens in live poultry markets from which many humans became infected.
Given these results the authors write continued surveillance of influenza viruses in birds remains essential.
A retrovirus is a virus that unlike most cellular organisms carries its genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA.
It shows the importance of viruses in shaping evolution and diversity of species. It's quite remarkable--retroviruses are considered generally to integrate at random locations in the genome
Over time the technique should be able to analyze much larger molecules like viruses that contain thousands
Focusing on the avian flu virus strain H5n1 research published today in the journal PLOS ONE identifies key stages in the poultry trade chain which lead to its transmission to other birds animals and humans.
However the way that the virus transmits from poultry to humans has been understood poorly. The UEA research team adopted a system widely used in the food production industry known as Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points (HACCP)
which pose high risks for the transmission of HPAI viruses in human and poultry populations:
which act as huge reservoirs for the virus at bird vaccination centres and at cock fighting contests.
#First probable person to person transmission of new bird flu virus in China; But H7n9 is not able to spread efficiently between humansthe first report of probable person to person transmission of the new avian influenza A (H7n9) virus in Eastern China has just been published.
The findings provide the strongest evidence yet of H7n9 transmission between humans but the authors stress that its ability to transmit itself is limited and non-sustainable.
Avian influenza A (H7n9) virus was identified recently in Eastern China. As of 30 june 2013 133 cases have been reported resulting in 43 deaths.
Currently no definite evidence indicates sustained human-to-human transmission of the H7n9 virus. The study reports a family cluster of two patients (father and daughter) with H7n9 virus infection in Eastern China in March 2013.
Two almost genetically identical virus strains were isolated from each patient suggesting transmission from father to daughter.
and tested for influenza virus. Of these one (a son in law who helped care for the father) had mild illness but all contacts tested negative for H7n9 infection.
but say that the most likely explanation for this family cluster of two cases with H7n9 infection is that the virus transmitted directly from the index patient to his daughter.
But they stress that the virus has gained not the ability to transmit itself sustained from person to person efficiently.
To our best knowledge this is the first report of probable transmissibility of the novel virus person to person with detailed epidemiological clinical and virological data.
Our findings reinforce that the novel virus possesses the potential for pandemic spread. So does this imply that H7n9 has come one step closer towards adapting fully to humans ask James Rudge
and does not necessarily indicate that the virus is on course to develop sustained transmission among humans.
because there was no definite evidence to show that the novel virus can transmit person-to-person plus she
whether the novel avian influenza virus possesses the capability to transmit person-to-person. She concludes that the infection of the daughter is likely to have resulted from her father during unprotected exposure
and suggest that the virus possesses the ability to transmit person-to-person in this cluster. She does add
#Virus to control potato mothnew biological insecticides have emerged in recent years which make use of so-called entomopathogenic viruses that are harmful to insects in particular the baculovirus.
To identify the virus in this family that will most effectively control the Guatemalan potato moth The french-Ecuadorian research team have analysed the pathogens among moths from all over the world.
And the winner is#the granulosis virus or granulovirus which appears to be the most widespread.
The researchers detected it in moths from twelve different countries. Moreover it has the widest activity spectrum:
The researchers then did a laboratory test of a formula based on this virus. The result was as efficient as chemical products:
Lastly unlike the molecules in chemical plant-protection products viruses are able to mutate which limits the development of resistance in their host.
and pressure created by the steam were sufficient to kill not just living microbes but also spores and viruses.
and honeybees (Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus). After the screening tests the team conducted a series of carefully controlled laboratory experiments to find out
#Snakes devour more mosquito-eating birds as climate change heats forestsmany birds feed on mosquitoes that spread the West Nile virus a disease that killed 286 people in the United states in 2012 according to the Centers
History of similar viruses gives cause for concernthe H7n9 avian flu strain that emerged in China earlier this year has subsided for now
The virus has several highly unusual traits that paint a disquieting picture of a pathogen that may yet lead to a pandemic according to lead scientists from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases.
David Morens Jeffery Taubenberger and Anthony Fauci in a paper published in mbio the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology describe the history of H7 viruses in animal and human disease
The outbreak of H7n9 earlier this year led China to temporarily close scores of live poultry markets in an effort to limit the spread of the virus
despite this apparent hiatus viruses like H7n9 which have subtype 7 hemagglutinin are a cause for heightened concern because of several highly unusual characteristics.
First H7 viruses have repeatedly been involved in numerous explosive poultry outbreaks including incidents in New york Canada Mexico The netherlands
and Italy and in almost all of these cases the virus eventually spilled over into humans.
Also H7 viruses have the ability to mutate from a low pathogenicity form to a high pathogenicity form in birds a scenario that can lead to large-scale culling and ultimately to human exposure to the virus among poultry workers.
Among other commonalities both viruses have a clinical picture that includes bilateral pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome
The fact that many H7 viruses tend to infect conjunctival cells is also cause for concern.
The authors point out that many H7 viruses have adapted to infect mammals including horses and pigs
The possibility that H7n9 might infect pigs is particularly troubling as swine are considered a mixing vessel for viruses--a breeding ground for novel viral reassortants like the 2009 H1n1 pandemic influenza strain commonly known as swine flu.
Although avian influenza viruses have not caused widespread human transmission in 94 years of surveillance there have been numerous instances of avian influenza spillover
and H7n9 might arguably be more likely than other avian viruses to become human-adapted write the authors.
All the unknowns surrounding the virus make a strong case for enhancing basic and applied research into the evolution of influenza viruses and for better integration of influenza virology within human and veterinary public health efforts.
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