The strength of the study lies in the use of multiple lines of evidence--population modeling molecular genetics ecological trapping border control/airport detections
In the scientific arena Carey recommends that genetic analyses be developed for all of the fruit-fly species identified in the state to determine
#Study of gene expression has revealed first steps of evolution in gene regulation in micea study of gene expression led by scientists at the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)
The team studied gene expression in five very closely related mouse species in order to pinpoint changes at the very earliest stages of evolution.
in order to ensure genetic and evolutionary stability. The researchers contrasted their findings with gene-regulation data from another model organism Drosophila to see where the similarities lay.
what we can expect to learn about mammalian genetic regulation from fruit flies. The study could help scientists understand how gene regulation differs from one person to the next explaining why genes that cause disease in some people don't have that effect in others.
A pair of studies appearing online on August 1 in the journal Current Biology a Cell Press publication now identifies the genetic differences that underpin the differences in smell sensitivity and perception in different individuals.
This approach--known as a genome-wide association study--is used widely to identify genetic differences. The researchers led by Sara Jaeger Jeremy Mcrae
and Richard Newcomb of Plant and Food Research in New zealand found that for four of the ten odors tested there was indeed a genetic association suggesting that differences in the genetic make-up determine
Mcrae and colleagues found that the genetic variants associated all lie in or near genes that encode so-called odorant or olfactory receptors.
and perform your own ad hoc genetic test. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Cell Press.
But as geneticists analyze more and more ants new genetic differences are becoming apparent and so there could be 100000 ant species Longino said.
He is seeking funding for genetics research to better analyze and perhaps redefine classifications for ants in four or five ant genuses or genera.
which environmental events influence genetic information. Likewise the team is exploring markers of inflammation in the brain
since 2006 been doing genetic agronomic and ecological studies: molecular analyses to describe the genetic structure of the pests a study of the impact of temperatures on their ecology by means of drones with thermal cameras#The aim is to get a better understanding of the insects'population dynamics
and define good practices to limit their proliferation. In this respect the researchers have developed methods like role-playing games to raise awareness among farmers.
Identification of the closest known relatives of this fungus makes it possible to move forward with genetic work to examine the molecular toolbox this fungus uses to kill bats according to Lindner a research plant pathologist.
N-Fix is neither genetic modification nor bioengineering. It is a naturally occurring nitrogen fixing bacteria
and genetics data collected by a consortium of research groups scientists have strengthened evidence pointing to the central Gulf of Maine as a mating ground for North Atlantic right whales according to a study recently published online in the journal Endangered
Using genetic data gathered in other field work known fathers seen in the surveys were identified as were known mothers who were identified by association with a calf.
but may include a low level of genetic variability and/or inbreeding disease biotoxins pollutants food supply limitations and habitat loss.
and a rallying point for activists in recent years says Robert A. Martienssen Ph d. scientific cofounder of Orion Genomics who is also a professor of plant genetics at CSHL.
Seed producers can now use the genetic marker for the Shell gene to distinguish the three fruit forms in the nursery long before they are field-planted.
#Health risks from arsenic in rice exposedhigh levels of arsenic in rice have been shown to be associated with elevated genetic damage in humans a new study has found.
They demonstrated that the trend of greater genetic damage with increasing arsenic in rice was observed for both men and women for tobacco-users and non-users and for those from three different locations within the study area.
and genetic damage has been demonstrated. As such it vindicates increasing concerns expressed by the European Food safety Authority and others about the adequacy of regulation of arsenic in rice.
which we have observed significant genetic damage in people who consume it as a staple food.
#Irish potato famine-causing pathogen even more virulent nowthe plant pathogen that caused The irish potato famine in the 1840s lives on today with a different genetic blueprint
The genetic blueprints or genotypes of the historical strains were distinct from modern strains and genes related to infection were also quite different Ristaino says.
With the help of modern genetic technology and the resources of the International Rice Genebank which contains more than 112000 different types of rice evolutionary biologist Kenneth Olsen Phd associate professor of biology in Arts
His latest findings which take a close look at the genetics of hull color appear in the July 17 2013 online issue of the Journal of Evolutionary Biology.
Scientists are now in a position to examine the genetic basis of both the Asian
Do the same genetic mutations underlie the emergence of these traits in both the Asian
whether crops to wild forms by reversing the genetic changes that resulted in their domestication
At the genetic level the history of the weedy forms turns out to be messier than that of the crop forms.
Weeds stealing crop genesthe most important part of this story Olsen says is that the genetic histories of the crops
Phil Apong senior formulation specialist/researcher at Iovate Health Sciences said dietary recommendations for bodybuilders depend on many factors such as genetics age gender and body size.
We found that parasitized bees were attacked not by their nestmates suggesting that they leave the hive voluntarily perhaps in response to the changes in gene expression in their brains.
The safety concern as with other types of genetic modification and with pesticides generally is that the artificial interfering RNAS will also harm desirable insects or other animals.
Dr Evropi Theodoratou of the University of Edinburgh's School of Molecular Genetic and Population Health Sciences said:
Using modern single-cell techniques allowed us to access the genetic make-up for some of them even without growing them in the lab. In this effort to seek out new life the team's findings fell into three main areas.
which we solely have fragments of genetic information. We interpreted millions of these bits of genetic information like distant stars in the night sky trying to align them into recognizable constellations.
At first we didn't know what they should look like but we could estimate their relationship to each other not spatially but over evolutionary time.
Evidently sexual reproduction and new combinations of genetic material usually prove disadvantageous for the fungus. Asexual reproduction however is considerably more successful for mildew as plant biologists from the University of Zurich
Beat Keller and Thomas Wicker both plant biologists from the University of Zurich and their team have been analyzing the genetic material of wheat mildew varieties from Switzerland England
and Israel while the team headed by Paul Schulze-Lefert at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne studies the genetic material of barley mildew.
The results recently published in Nature Genetics and PNAS respectively unveil a long shared history of co-evolution between the host and the pest and the unexpected success of asexually produced mildew offspring.
Sexually where the genetic material is recombined and asexually where the offspring and the mother fungus are genetically identical.
In a parasite-host situation new combinations of genetic material are a disadvantage for the parasite as the adaptation to the host
however have the ideal genetic prerequisites to be able to attack a host themselves. According to Schulze-Lefert wheat and barley mildew offspring from asexual reproduction are normally more successful than their sexually reproduced counterparts.
None of the subsequent genetic changes in the crops due to breeding or spontaneous mutations was ever able to keep the mildew fungus away from wheat in the longer term.
That's only possible by recombining the genetic material; in other words sexual reproduction. Evidently a sexual exchange and mixtures of the genetic material of different mildew varieties have occurred several times in the course of the millennia giving rise to new mildew varieties that were able to attack new sorts of wheat.
The scientists suspect that the grain trade in the ancient world was partly responsible for the emergence of new mildew varieties.
Transcription is the first step of gene expression when DNA is copied. In this process the cell produces MESSENGER RNA that copies the genetic information from the cell nucleus to serve as a template for protein synthesis
. In addition to the 1274 genes that take part in coding proteins they also identified 375 novel noncoding gene families on the bovine Y chromosome
However genetic isolation and lineage-specific evolution resulted in the unique structure of the bovine Y chromosome
Understanding genetic diversity may give farmers another tool for managing their herds to improve male fertility Liu said.
And also we can better understand how we can maintain genetic diversity in males particularly in a breed such as Holsteins that has been selected extensively
and multi-organ failure and it appears they are both currently unable to easily infect most humans but cause severe disease in individuals with uncharacterized genetic susceptibilities.
The article is titled Nitrogen deprivation promotes Populus root growth through global transcriptome reprogramming and activation of hierarchical genetic networks.
But first they had to unlock the secret to the genetic mechanisms underlying plant root growth.
But what is the genetic machinery behind this growth? The scientists did a series of experiments over time under the same experimental conditions to identify the genes involved in the changes they observed.
By performing genetic network analyses they narrowed the field to a handful of key genes that appeared to control the majority of the 9198 others.
Wei's work with the genetic networks that cause root growth gave us one of the big switches says Busov.
Now that the scientists understand the poplar's genetic engine they can work to develop new varieties of plants that can thrive on marginal lands.
or indirect contact with livestock only industrial workers carried antibiotic-resistant Staph with multiple genetic characteristics linked to livestock.
and for genetic markers considered to indicate that the bacteria may have come from livestock. This study shows that these livestock-associated strains are present among workers at industrial livestock operations
Andres Salcedo doctoral candidate in genetics from Mexico; and Cyrille Saintenac a postdoctoral research associate currently working at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique in France.
Researchers spent nearly four years trying to identify the location of the Sr35 gene in the wheat genome which contains nearly two times more genetic information than the human genome Once the researchers narrowed the list of candidate genes they used two complementary approaches to find the Sr35 gene.
The results give insight into the genetic changes involved in domestication and may help with future efforts to breed new traits into tomato
Gene expression profiling combined with an understanding of the plants'biology allows researchers to understand how genes interact to create complex phenotypes said Neelima Sinha professor of plant biology at UC Davis
Neurobiologists in Martinsried have discovered now how the brain deals with this constant conflict in deciding between a hazardous substance and a potential food source taking advantage of the fly as a great genetic model organism for circuit neuroscience.
In new research Brown University scientists describe the genetic and regulatory factors that compel the male's role in the process.
What they knew from a prior study is that the gene expression in pollen tubes that had grown through a pistil was much different than that of pollen tubes grown in the lab. Leydon's first step
therefore was to see which regulators of gene expression or transcription factors were at work in pistil-grown pollen tubes but not in the lab-grown ones.
or introduce genetic diversity that will allow the reproductive process to be efficient even in difficult environmental conditions Johnson said.
#Genetic diversity key to survival of honey bee colonieswhen it comes to honey bees more mates is better.
A new study from North carolina State university the University of Maryland and the U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) shows that genetic diversity is key to survival in honey bee colonies--a colony is less likely to survive
whether a colony's genetic diversity has an impact on its survival and what that impact may be says Dr. David Tarpy an associate professor of entomology at North carolina State university
We knew genetic diversity affected survival under controlled conditions but wanted to see if it held true in the real world.
Tarpy took genetic samples from 80 commercial colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the eastern United states to assess each colony's genetic diversity which reflects the number of males a colony's queen has mated with.
The more mates a queen has had the higher the genetic diversity in the colony. The researchers then tracked the health of the colonies on an almost monthly basis over the course of 10 months
This study confirms that genetic diversity is enormously important in honey bee populations Tarpy says.
The paper Genetic diversity affects colony survivorship in commercial honey bee colonies was published online this month in the journal Naturwissenschaften.
By all accounts it took a Herculean effort to decode the genetic pathways that ethylene activates--one that involved four institutions and 19 researchers many of whom normally work in human biology.
what happens in Arabidopsis after ethylene gas causes activation of EIN3 a master transcription factor--a protein that controls gene expression--that Ecker had discovered
Not all genes targeted by EIN3 have changes in their gene expression Ecker says. They found that thousands of genes in the plant responded to EIN3.
and now this gives us a strategy to understand genetic control of other plant hormones. The second discovery is that EIN3 targets all other hormone signaling pathways in the plant.
#Biotech crops vs. pests: Successes and failures from the first billion acressince 1996 farmers worldwide have planted more than a billion acres (400 million hectares) of genetically modified corn and cotton that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium
However some scientists feared that widespread use of these proteins in genetically modified crops would spur rapid evolution of resistance in pests.
behavior through physiological neurological and genetic means. Species of animals that are more vocal in their expression like macaques parrots
Results of these trials will allow researchers to gain insight into genetic and social components of behavior bringing insight to the Nature vs.
and quality of the sequence to identify genetic markers that can lead to higher yielding cocoa plants that still produce better tasting cocoa.
and colleagues sequenced the genome of the Matina cacao variety then used genetic analyses and comparisons with other varieties to highlight a gene involved in pod colour variation.
Cacao plant breeders trying to produce a delicious high-yield strain through cross breeding have met with limited success. So the genetic marker could in theory be used to screen young seedlings
Since the publication of the genome sequence researchers have been working to identify genetic markers that can produce more productive cocoa plants for farmers
The bacterial diversity in the cloaca of each bird could be estimated with the aid of molecular genetic techniques.
and used a combination of statistics genetics and evolutionary models to determine that the absence of large seed-dispersing birds in the area was the main reason for the observed decrease in the palm's seed size.
They performed genetic analyses to determine that the shrinkage of seeds among forest palms in the region could have taken place within 100 years of an initial disturbance.
What is the genetic relationship between the Zurich Binz pines and their cognates today? In addition the prehistoric wood in Zurich Binz could help in the calibration of the C14 curve.
To regulate plant growth plants need to perceive cytokinins and convert this information into changes in gene expression.
The KMDS target a key group of cytokinin-regulated transcription factors for destruction thereby regulating the gene expression changes that occur in response to cytokinin.
He underlined findings by the UN Food and agriculture organization that genetic diversity among livestock is declining. The good news is the rate of decline is dropping
Causes of genetic erosion in domestic animals are the lack of appreciation of the value of indigenous breeds
Among crops meanwhile about 75 per cent of genetic diversity was lost in the last century as farmers worldwide switched to genetically uniform high-yielding varieties and abandoned multiple local varieties.
and as a changing environment makes it more important than ever to have a large genetic pool to enable organisms to withstand
despite this unnecessary genetic load says Professor Pär Ingvarsson at UPSC. Of course some of this DNA has a function
The greatest challenge in the project has been to get the approximately 20 billion letters found in spruce's genetic code into the correct order rather than obtaining the actual DNA sequences.
However no empirical data and genetic analyses were available. An international research team headed up by evolutionary biologists at the University of Zurich has identified now two genes responsible for the flowering of a tropical deciduous tree species Shorea beccariana.
The scientists then combined their genetic results with the meteorological data of the region. Kobayashi concludes that Flowering in Shorea beccariana is triggered by a four-week drought in combination with elevated sucrose levels.
The first contact between Europeans and Americans in Mexico in the sixteenth century coincides with a remarkable increase in the genetic diversity of Phytophthora.
This study directly documents the effect of plant breeding on the genetic makeup of a pathogen.
Investigators rom Qinghai University BGI and other institutes now provide evidence of genetic factors that may be associated with the species'adaption to harsh highland environments.
The data in this work will also provide implications for studying specific genetic mechanisms and the biology of other ruminant species. The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is a native of the high mountain steppes and semidesert areas of the Tibetan plateau.
and studied the underlying genetic mechanism of high-altitude adaptations. Through the comparison between Tibetan antelope and other plain-dwelling mammals researchers found the Tibetan antelope had the signals of adaptive evolution
Qingle Cai Project manager from BGI said The completed genome sequence of the Tibetan antelope provides a more complete blueprint for researchers to study the genetic mechanisms of highland adaptation.
when scientists are grappling with how best to detect the signature of evolutionary history from a deluge of genetic data.
In broad terms Rokas and Salichos found that genetic data is less reliable during periods of rapid radiation
The researchers also found that the further back in time they went the less reliable the genetic data becomes.
and at the same time prove a robust genetic background to the research. This research is a part of this effort providing a revision of all the species of an entire clade of Solanum.
when scientists are grappling with how best to detect the signature of evolutionary history from a deluge of genetic data.
In broad terms Rokas and Salichos found that genetic data is less reliable during periods of rapid radiation
The researchers also found that the further back in time they went the less reliable the genetic data becomes.
and at the same time prove a robust genetic background to the research. This research is a part of this effort providing a revision of all the species of an entire clade of Solanum.
#New non-GM technology platform for genetic improvement of sunflower oilseed cropscientists have developed techniques for the genetic improvement of sunflowers using a non-GMO based approach.
The new technology platform can harness the plant's own genes to improve characteristics of sunflower develop genetic traits
Dr Chatterjee is currently a Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) ETS Walton Fellow at NUI Galway collaborating with the SFI Genetics and Biotechnology Lab of Professor Charles Spillane.
However along the way many useful genetic variations have been lost. This new technology allows us to pinpoint key genetic information relating to various useful traits in the sunflower including wild sunflower species. It gives us a method to quickly create variability for further breeding to enhance the quantity quality and natural
performance of the crop. In this era of increasing global food crisis and changing climatic regimes such ability is highly desirable.
The rest consists of a genetic material known as noncoding DNA and scientists have spent years puzzling over why this material exists in such voluminous quantities.
It appears that the plant has been busy deleting noncoding junk DNA from its genetic material over many generations the scientists say.
The big story is that only 3 percent of the bladderwort's genetic material is so-called'junk'DNA Albert said.
But Herrera-Estrella Albert and their colleagues argue that organisms may not bulk up on genetic junk for reasons of benefit.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular genetics; Indiana University; Rutgers University; and the Donald Danforth Plant science Center.
Genetic similaritiesin the new study the researchers compared the 1968 H3n2 strain and about 1100 H3 strains now circulating in pigs
After comparing HA genetic sequences in five key locations that control the viruses'interactions with infected hosts the researchers calculated an antigenic index for each strain.
This value indicates the percentage of these genetic regions identical to those of the 1968 pandemic strain
either directly or via genetic reassortment Sasisekharan says. One of the amazing things about the influenza virus is its ability to grab genes from different pools he says.
Sasisekharan and colleagues are now doing a similar genetic study of H5 influenza strains. The H3 study was funded by the National institutes of health and the National Science Foundation Story Source:
This approach is known as gene expression profiling and by studying the expression profiles of 2000 human breast tumors Miller
while low immune gene expression predicted for a high likelihood of cancer recurrence. An important next step Miller said will be translating this into a diagnostic test that may help doctors make more informed treatment decisions.
#Differences between marathon mice and couch potato mice reveal key to muscle fitnessresearchers discovered that small pieces of genetic material called micrornas link the two defining characteristics of fit muscles:
Compounding the effects of rising temperatures scientists also think that genetic changes have led to the emergence of super whiteflies.
and genetic engineering technologies to speed up the selection and production of CMD and CBSD resistant cassava cultivars more appealing to farmers.
Genetic heritage to be preservedthe Saharan cousin of Mediterranean olive trees remains largely unknown. However this subspecies (called the Laperinne's olive tree) is of great interest for several reasons.
Extremely drought-resistant this relict tree could act as a genetic resource to improve its domestic counterparts provided conservation actions are implemented to prevent its disappearance.
In order to preserve this exceptional genetic heritage over the course of time it developed an unusual reproductive strategy.
A genetic resource for cultivated plantsa symbol of Saharan mountain ecosystems the Laperrine's olive tree is a source of wood for local populations.
Today it pays the price of its isolation and genetic protectionism. The limited gene flow among populations and its vegetative reproduction method resulted in less genetic mixing over long periods of time.
Under current climatic conditions the number of trees also tends to decrease. This combination of factors leads to the gradual erosion of the genetic diversity which lowers the ability of the Laperrine's olive tree to adapt to environmental changes
and means this subspecies is endangered potentially in the long term. This research into the ecology and evolutionary history of the Laperrine's olive tree helps to better identify the danger facing this tree--endemic to the Sahara desert
but just how that was accomplished--the mechanism--was known not yet said lead investigator E. Mitchell Seymour Ph d. The insights gained from our NIH study including the ability of grapes to influence several genetic pathways related to antioxidant defense provide further evidence
and a graduate student in Relyea's lab. In the future Relyea and his team plan to study the genetic mechanisms that underlie increased resistance in amphibians
Increasing food production on limited land resources will rely on innovative agronomic practices coupled to the genetic improvement of crops.
In the study the researchers were able to identify the subtypes through genetic and molecular labeling methods.
and plant geneticist Zuyu Zheng says this karrikin-induced shape change may send a new signal to other proteins in the seeds.
More research is needed to understand exactly how the change in shape of the KAI2 protein activates a genetic pathway that regulates germination says Chory the Howard H. and Maryam R. Newman Chair in Plant Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical
But this finding is an absolutely critical step in understanding this genetic program and how plant ecosystems forests and grasslands renew themselves.
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