Genomics

Functional genomics + (5)
Genetic analysis (28)
Genome sequence + (90)
Proteomics + (5)

Synopsis: 4. biotech: Genomics:

rather than spending considerably more time analysing the whole genome.""Whenever one has a job to do,

and genome engineering technologies, he and other scientists are dreaming up ambitious plans to resurrect long-dead animals from pigeons to Tasmanian tigers and wooly mammoths.

With extinct animals, scientists need to take more involved measures to recover the complete DNA sequence oe its genome.

Armed with this code, they then need to find a way of engineering a regular pigeon's stem cells into behaving like a passenger pigeon's stem cells by mutating the genome.

Church says the complete genome of the passenger pigeon from museum specimens will soon be published and researchers are beginning to alter the genetic make-up of a more familiar bird oe the chicken oe to practice their techniques."

Church admits that bringing it back to life requires a significant improvement in existing genome engineering technologies.

To endow ordinary lab mice with these traits Church will try to partially rewrite the genomes of mouse stem cells.

 Poinar says that genome engineering offers a more realistic shot at resurrecting woolly mammoths and other long-extinct species. Ten thousand-year-old cells and their nuclei may be degraded too to be used in cloning,

This genome is shredded into short fragments, but DNA sequencing machines can read these shards and powerful computers can stitch them into a genome sequence.

Scientists published a 80%complete version of the mammoth genome in 2008 and more ancient animal genomes are on the way,

such as the Tasmanian tiger. These genomes exist in the form of computerised data, but they could serve as a blueprint for altering the DNA of a cell from a closely related species. For instance,

the code of a woolly mammoth's genome differs from an African elephant's by roughly 240,000 DNA letters out of a total of 4 billion,

though most of these changes are not likely to have a biological effect. An elephant ips cell engineered to contain those mutations would theoretically be capable of producing woolly mammoth sperm.

Better yet the woolly mammoth stem cells could be implanted besides an elephant embryo early in development,

or indeed any extinct species would require a dizzying list of technological leaps in genome engineering, reproductive biology,

or above the genome. oethis marking determines which genes are to be fine-tuned in the brains of workers

or proteomics is designed to test and identify biological agents in circumstances where commanders might have no idea

This year marks the 10th anniversary of the date the human genome was laid bare. Other crops have had their genetic codes unscrambled within the past few years rice in 2005, corn in 2009,

#Aphids Genome Reflects Its Reproductive, Symbiotic Lifestyle Colony of young aphids. Aphids could be considered the oemosquitoes of the plant world,

The genome of the pea aphid sequenced by the International Aphid Genomics Consortium, reflects these unusual characteristics

and more, said Dr. Stephen Richards, assistant professor in the Baylor College of Medicine Human genome Sequencing Center

and leader of the sequencing effort. The consortium released the 464 megabyte draft genome of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in the current issue of PLOS Biology. oebecause this is a different kind of insect not a fruit fly, not a beetle,

not a hymenoptera (butterfly and moth) we are seeing things that people have not seen in other projects,

said that even though he pushed hard to get the aphid genome sequenced, oeit turned out to be far more interesting than

This genome has generated far more exciting questions than we could have anticipated. There is more mystery in this genome than anyone would have expected

he said. more via science news Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati b

#Two months after Paypal opened its platform, 15,000 developers had used it to create new payment services The banks

#Agricultural Scientists Sequence Genome of Grass That Can Be a Biofuel Model Crop John Vogel of the U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) Agricultural research service (ARS) with the first wild grass to be sequenced, Brachypodium distachyon.

U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) scientists and their colleagues at the Department of energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute have announced that they have completed sequencing the genome of a kind of wild grass that will enable researchers to shed light on the genetics behind hardier varieties of wheat and improved varieties

the brachypodium genome is similar to that of the potential bioenergy crop switchgrass. But the smaller genome of brachypodium makes it easier to find genes linked to specific traits, such as stem size and disease resistance.

Brachypodium (pronounced bracky-POE-dee-umm) also is easier to grow than many grasses, takes up less laboratory space,

Vogel works at the ARS Genomics and Gene Discovery Research Unit in Albany, Calif. ARS geneticist David Garvin at the agencys Plant science Research Unit in St paul, Minn.

and gave scientists worldwide free access to a draft sequence of the brachypodium genome long before the work was published formally The sequencing project was carried out through the DOE-JGI Community Sequencing Program. more via science news Share Thissubscribedel

#Soybean Genome Sequenced: Analysis Reveals Pathways for Improving Biodiesel, Disease Resistance, and Reducing Waste Runoff Soybean, one of the most important global sources of protein and oil, is now the first legume species with a published complete draft genome sequence.

Soybean, one of the most important global sources of protein and oil, is now the first legume species with a published complete draft genome sequence.

The sequence and its analysis appear in the January 14 edition of the journal Nature. The research team comprised 18 institutions,

including the U s. Department of energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI), the U s. Department of agriculture-Agricultural research service (USDA-ARS),

The DOE, National Science Foundation, USDA and United Soybean Board supported the research. oethe soybean genomes billion-plus nucleotides afford us a better understanding of the plants capacity to turn

Jeremy Schmutz, the studys first author and a DOE JGI scientist at the Hudsonalpha Institute for Biotechnology in Alabama, said that the soybean sequencing was the largest plant project done to date at the DOE Joint Genome Institute. oeit

also happens to be the largest plant thats ever been sequenced by the whole genome shotgun strategy where we break it apart

Of the more than 20 other plant genomes taken on by the DOE JGI, those already sequenced include the black cottonwood (poplar tree and the grain sorghum,

University of Missouri. oethe genome provides a parts list of what it takes to make a soybean plant and,

The availability of the soybean genome may provide some key solutions. oewe can now zero in on the control points governing carbon flow towards protein

The availability of the soybean genome sequence has accelerated other soybean trait discovery efforts as well. For example researchers have used the sequence to zero in on a mutation that can be used to select for a line that has lower levels of the sugar stachyose,

In another effort, by comparing the genomes of soybean and corn, a single-base pair mutation was found that causes a reduction in phytate production in soybean.

Of additional importance for soybean farmers is that the genome sequence has provided access to the first resistance gene for the devastating disease Asian Soybean Rust (ASR.

a team of researchers from numerous labs in the United states announced the sequencing of more than 90 percent of the turkey genome.

then you have a good reference genome to come back to and then make a valid comparison,

career preparation can include cutting-edge research in areas such as plant breeding or genomics. Schools in more urban regions draw students interested in local foods and healthy eating.

This will be a project exponentially more complicated than the human genome project, and it may be complicated too to start with wheat,

They used whole-genome microarray analysis to look for differences in the activity of thousands of genes in the brains of scouts and non-scouts.

Shown here is Life science s Benchtop Genome Center 21. Gene therapy-Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease,

000) human genome and human exome sequencing. On the first day of CES, the X-Prize Foundation announced the Qualcomm Tricorder challenge to build a tool capable of capturing key health metrics and diagnosing a set of 15 different diseases.

The team performed a genetic analysis of the fly and found that it is the same species that has previously been documented to parasitizie bumblebee as well as paper wasp populations.

We now have the information code of the genome and are making exponential gains in modeling

when the genome project was completed in 2003, and will again be a thousand times more powerful than they are today in a decade,

the scientists are building entire genomes from scratch. Keeping bar-code-stamped vials in giant refrigerators at minus-80 degrees, the company s repository in Emeryville, Calif.,is one of the world s largest collections of living

aims to raise cassava productivity through genome-based breeding, looking at the variations in the plant s DNA to more quickly identify those strains and traits with the potential to boost yields.

Other next-generation crops will be created using advanced genetic manipulation techniques that allow high-precision editing of the plant s own genome.

But figuring out how to make changes in the genomes of more complicated organisms has been tough.

as he is doing with his Personal Genome Project. Then you d create what s known as an induced pluripotent stem cell

some pregnancies produce living offspring of the extinct species. 3.)Allele replacement for precision crossbreeding of a living species with an extinct species is a new genome-editing technique developed by Harvard

Genetic engineering or transplanting a foreign gene directly into a crop's genome has sparked fears of health and environmental havoc.

Genetic analysis revealed the domestic pigs had colorful coats and spots that likely would have seemed exotic and strange to the hunter-gatherers

They still carry primitive genomes from their days as prokaryotes. The emergence of Eukaryotic life opened the door for all higher forms of life that would follow including us!</

but it still just keeps on growing and growing Dirk Prã fer a professor at the Department of Functional and Applied Genomics at IME said in a statement.

In a publication out today in Science a team of researchers in the computational genomics unit at the National institutes of health in Maryland report that Ctenophora are the most ancient multicellular animals.

The breakthrough in today s paper is the sequencing of the entire genome of a Ctenophore known as the sea walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi.

This was compared then with the entire genome of organisms from the other main groups at the base of the animal tree:

The sea walnut genome contained 16548 protein coding genes 44%of which shared homology-a type of ancestry-with non-Ctenophores.

Comparing these genomes with those of the other major animal groups allowed the authors to reject several hypotheses about early animal evolution.

A genetic analysis proved the olinguitos were a distinct species. The new species is described today (Aug 15) in the journal Zookeys.

We are hoping to find fossils of the collective state in the genomes of organisms Goldenfeld said.

10 Animal Genomes Deciphered In so-called vertical gene transfer an organism inherits its genome from its parents

and then seeing how their genomes rearrange in response. Universal biology However DNA evidence is just one aspect of this five-year research project.

Other rules involve how to control the amount of variation in the genome from one generation to the next.

They sequenced the virus's genomes and the results are published Thursday (Aug 22) in the journal Nature.

and there are questions about how stable the revised genomes of these cells would be over time.

what's in the nucleus. Trying to treat a mitochondrial disease by turning back the clock on an adult cell's genome would do nothing

and insert it in the place of the egg's original nucleus. Now that adult cell's genome can hum along in its new home creating stem cells without the mitochondrial defects present in its original form.

because they no longer have fully intact genomes. But there could be another way: Using fragments of the passenger pigeon DNA scientists could synthesize the genes for certain traits and splice the genes together into the genome of a rock pigeon.

The cells containing the passenger pigeon DNA could be transformed into cells that produce eggs and sperm

For instance doing genetic analysis on the flies can reveal whether new sightings are reintroductions or the result of an established population breeding Haymer told Livescience.

or genome) and each cell in your body carries your genome. So each block is more like a smartphone than a balloon each block has its own computer code or DNA genome.

In complex organisms each cell has the same DNA but interestingly different genes are active in different bodily organs.

and roots but all the cells of a plant carry the same set of genes i e. the same genome.

or the whole genome of each species you eat. The only living parts that don t contain DNA are things like egg whites

Fortunately plant genomes all of an organism's genetic information are a vast storehouse of genetic variability that can be used to help prevent the loss of species suffering from climate change.

and research platforms to unlock the vast stores of information within plant genomes. One of these advances is the Southwest Experimental Garden Array or SEGA a $5 million facility

The first gymnosperm genome the common Christmas tree (i e. Norwegian wood) has been sequenced. The coniferous Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most widespread and important plants in Europe.

Conifers have some of the biggest genomes (most DNA) of all organisms making them rather tough to study.

The Norway spruce genome contains 20 billion genetic letter-pairs but has roughly the same number of genes (stretches of DNA that code for a specific protein) as the widely studied plant Aradbidopsis

whose genome is 100 times smaller. Studying the spruce's genome could provide new tools for conifer breeding.

The findings were detailed today (May 22) in the journal Nature. Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitterâ and Google+.

Fei and his fellow geneticists analyzed the kiwi s entire DNA sequence or genome. They published their results in Nature Communications.

Surprising Origins of Columbus'Cattle Found The first cows brought to The americas by explorer Christopher Columbus originated from two extinct wild beasts from India and Europe a new genetic analysis shows.

10 Coolest Genome sequences The molecular team gathered DNA sequences of living animals while the morphology team analyzed the anatomy of both living and extinct mammals.

but by sequencing the genomes of preserved samples of the plant pathogen the researchers discovered that a different strain one that is new to science was the real culprit.

In fact the DNA quality was so good the researchers were able to sequence the entire genome of Phytophthora infestans and its host the potato within just a few weeks.

The decoded genomes of these historical samples were compared then with modern Phytophthora strains from Europe Africa and The americas.

The new study marks the first time scientists have decoded the genome of a plant pathogen and its host from dried herbarium samples.

Scientists sequenced the tomato genome in May 2012. The tomato family molecular clock based on the genetic data and fossil evidence suggests the tomato genome expanded abruptly about 60 million years ago.

A molecular clock estimates when species diverged in the past. Now thanks to the tomatillo find the Solanaceae molecular clock is too young Wilf said.

But DNA from extinct species doesn't need to be preserved in Arctic conditions to be useful to scientists researchers have been able to start putting together the genomes of extinct species from museum specimens that have been sitting on shelves for a century.

They have been able to piece together roughly 1 billion letters (Each of four nucleotides that make up DNA has a letter designation) in the bird's genome based on DNA from a 100-year-old taxidermied museum specimen.

They hope to incorporate those genes responsible for certain traits into the genome of a common rock pigeon to bring back the passenger pigeon

Their genome is notoriously difficult to analyze. Morphological studies based on the shape of a species'shell or other features often contradicted the results of molecular testing.

The findings published today (Feb 5) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B are based on the genetic analysis of nearly 1900 samples from around the Mediterranean sea.

Genome May Lead to Even Spicier Peppers Editor's Note: This article was updated at 3: 20 p m. ET:

Scientists have sequenced the genome of the pepper plant revealing the genes responsible for pepper's spiciness.

The new genome detailed today (March 3) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences could pave the way for even more mouth-numbingly hot peppers.

Genome sequenced To learn more about the pepper Qin and his colleagues sequenced the genome of a pepper cultivated at their institution known as Zunla-1 along with its wild counterpart.

The team found that the pepper diverged from tomatoes and potatoes about 36 million years ago.

In addition about 81 percent of the plant's genome was made up of transposons or so-called jumping genes that can move to other places within the genome.

In addition the team scanned the genomes of 18 cultivated peppers to compare differences between wild and cultivated varieties.

#Coffee Genome Reveals Why Your Java Smells So Good Not all caffeine is created equal. Researchers recently sequenced the genome of the coffee plant

and found the caffeine in your morning cup evolved independently from caffeine found in other plants.

The study based on the genome sequencing helps explain how and why the coffee plant might have started producing caffeine in the first place.

And like many exercises in genome sequencing the researchers behind the coffee study say their work could lead to better coffee varieties in the future.

Accordingly a genome sequence could be a significant step toward improving coffee said Philippe Lashermes a researcher at The french Institute of Research for Development in a statement.

By looking at the coffee genome and genes specific to coffee we were able to draw some conclusions about

To identify gene families specific to C. canephora the researchers used comparative genomics software on proteins from a variety of plants that are genetically related to the species including tomato and grape.

Prizes such as the automotive XPRIZE (vehicle efficiency) the lunar XPRIZE (space exploration) the genomics XPRIZE (genome sequencing)

We might now be in a position where we could genome sequence E coli 0104: H4 quickly but because it was a new strain the authorities initially confused it for the more prevalent E coli 0157:

Jorge Rodrigues receives funding from US Department of agriculture US Department of energy/Joint Genome Institute. This article was published originally at The Conversation.

This has massive consequences for patterns of genome evolution in the symbionts. Because they are undergoing recombination

and have larger genetic population sizes they retain normal genome sizes andhave far more dynamic genomes.

The antibiotic resistance study was an early hint about the dynamic nature of these genomes she adds.

and these organelles still carry primitive genomes from their days as prokaryotes. The emergence of eukaryotic life opened the door for all higher forms of life that would follow including humans.

A new genetic analysis of bony nodules found in a 700-year-old skeleton from Italy reveal that the man had brucellosis a bacterial infection caught from livestock

and Canada combined Malcolm Campbell receives funding from the Natural sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and from Genome Canada.

or integrate into the genome the pig experiments showed that a small amount of virus did end up in other organs in the animals besides the heart according to the study published today (July 16) in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

Carcinogens can result in tumors by damaging the genome or disrupting the cell's metabolic processes.

Meanwhile other researchers are digging into the cannabis genome. Canadian researchers mapped the genome of the common strain Cannabis sativa in 2011.

Now the Cannabis Genomic Research Initiative led by ecologist Nolan Kane of the University of Colorado at Boulder seeks to sample DNA from multiple cannabis species. Pot's future This genetic innovation has some cannabis users

This means that it contains three genomes each with two sets of chromosomes. Each of these three genomes comes from a different wild grass.

These grasses combined to give the bread wheat we know today. The trouble is that this giant genome makes bread wheat genetically very different to its wild relatives

so it cannot be breed easily with related grasses to create new varieties. This means that the genome of wheat is restricted to a small pool compared to many other cereal crops.

This limits the potential for improving wheat yield by conventional breeding in which different varieties are crossed together to give new combinations of traits.

This doesn t happen readily in the wild because of the different genome structures but their work could increase the availability of novel genes

However when the researchers reconstructed the genomes of the tuberculosis samples they found the strains didn't fit into any branches of the disease that are associated commonly with human infection.

I think the youngest estimate I've ever read said Ruth Hershberg an assistant professor of microbial evolutionary genomics at the Ruth

The mystery of an ancient battle between two warring troops of elephants has been solved thanks to a modern genetic analysis of the lumbering beasts.

So Roca and his colleagues conducted a thorough genetic analysis of the elephants found in Eritrea the descendants of the losers in the ancient battle.

#Pine tree Yields Longest Genome Ever Sequenced Scientists say they've generated the longest genome sequence to date unraveling the genetic code of the loblolly pine tree.

since the age of the dinosaurs and they have some of the biggest genomes of all living things.

and has a lengthy genome to match with 23 billion base pairs. That's more than seven times the size of the human genome which has 3 billion base pairs.

These pairs form sequences called genes that tell cells how to make proteins. It's a huge genome.

But the challenge isn't just collecting all the sequence data. The problem is assembling that sequence into order study researcher David Neale a professor of plant sciences at the University of California Davis said in a statement.

The new research showed that the loblolly genome is bloated with repetitive DNA. In fact 82 percent of the genome repeats itself the researchers say.

Understanding the loblolly pine's genetic code could lead to improved breeding of the tree which is used to make paper

The research was detailed this week in the journals Genetics and Genome Biology. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+.

But after the chicken genome was sequenced in 2004 researchers noticed the birds lacked the gene that encodes T1r2 a crucial component of the sweet-taste receptor.

This same pattern was seen in other bird genomes. If a species is missing one of those two parts then the species can't taste sweet at all said Maude Baldwin a doctoral student of evolutionary biology at Harvard university and one of the researchers on the study.

When scientists sequenced the genomes of cats lions tigers and cheetahs true carnivores that also don't have a taste for sweets#they found these species still have a nonfunctional pseudogene (a nonfunctional gene that's lost its protein-coding powers) for the sweet-taste receptor.

But in bird genomes scientists never even found a trace of a pseudogene for a sweet tooth Baldwin told Live Science.

The team reconstructed the genome of a major bacterial pathogen and recovered some of the first evidence of food molecules from ancient dental plaque.

For that to happen it would first need to be incorporated into your genome within the cell nucleus where all of your other genes reside.

and some are now even sequencing the genome of cultivated cacao. But the continuing intricacies in chocolate and cacao that we are discovering through science can only add to the very simple human pleasure of breaking off a piece and popping it in our mouths.

#Papadum the Goat and His Model Genome (Gallery)< p>Currently living on a farm In virginia Papadum was selected recently by the U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) to represent one of more than twenty distinct goat populations from the United states Africa and other

We want to develop a catalog of all regions in the human genome that can get altered epigenetically by diet Waterland said.

because it lacks an internal genomic process that edits out errors in replicated genomes meaning that TRSV can generate all sorts of variant error-filled copies with lots of different infection characteristics that cannot be defended easily once they jump from plants to honeybees and spread throughout the hives.

a geneticist at the USDA's Bovine Functional genomics Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland. Working with Illumina Inc. of San diego, California, Van Tassell's team created a microarray chip containing 54,000 genetic markers called single nucleotide polymorphisms,

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