Synopsis: Birth & reproduction: Reproduction: Pregnancy:


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#Trying to Conceive How to Get Pregnant Having a child can be one of the most joyous experiences in one's life.

For a woman trying to get pregnant there are a number of ways to increase the chances

Before trying to get pregnant it's important to understand exactly the best time for this to happen.

when pregnancy occurs so it's important for a woman trying to conceive to understand her ovulation cycle.

Though a special diet is required not to get pregnant it can certainly help a woman's chances.

Certain nutrients can help ready your body for pregnancy while other foods and drink can lower your chances of getting pregnant.

Caffeine has not been proven to affect a woman's ability to get pregnant but it still should be consumed in moderation.

The American Pregnancy Association notes that caffeine can block the body's ability to absorb iron and calcium

which are key nutrients for pregnant women. Before pregnancy the menstrual cycle can strip the body of iron as well so it's important for women trying to get pregnant to load up on iron either through meat or multivitamins.

Refined carbs should be avoided. When carbs are processed key nutrients are stripped from the grain including antioxidants B vitamins and iron all of

which boost fertility. Whole grains are much more conducive to helping the body get ready to conceive as they contain many more nutrients than refined carbs such as white bread white rice and pasta.

Consuming fresh vegetables and fruits can help boost a woman's chances of getting pregnant.

The male sperm count definitely impacts the chances of pregnancy. To stay at an optimal sperm count men should be of a healthy weight keep folate levels high stop smoking


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The crates about two feet wide by seven feet long are roughly the same dimensions as a pregnant sow s own body preventing her from even turning around.


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Once a female chinchilla becomes pregnant she will carry her young for about 111 days before giving birth.


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Constipation is caused by many factors such as poor diet dehydration lack of exercise jet lag or diet change while traveling pregnancy and certain medications.


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Once pregnant females will have a gestation period of 147 to 180 days. She will give birth to one to three babies called kids at a time.


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#Pregnant Women May Lack Info on Household Toxins Pregnant women could be missing out on information about how environmental toxins may affect their unborn babies new research suggests.

The researchers noted that a 2011 study of more than 250 pregnant women found that all of them carried environmental chemicals in their bodies that could be passed onto the fetus.

Household cleaners are one of the main toxins pregnant women can try to avoid Stotland said.

Pregnant women can also avoid microwaving their food in plastic containers. Many plastics release toxic chemicals such as vinyl chloride

Other women not just those who are need pregnant to know about environmental chemicals too Conry said.

About 50 percent of pregnancies are planned not so we need to make sure all women are aware of healthy lifestyle decisions she said.


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After mating the cow will be pregnant for around 22 months. When the baby elephant is born finally it can weigh around 200 lbs 91 kg) and stand about 3 feet (1 m) tall.


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This reminds me of the pork industry's stubborn refusal to stop using gestation crates coffin-sized crates that confine pregnant sows so tightly that they can't even turn around.


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If there is a lack of food female monkeys will stop mating until there are better circumstances for getting pregnant.


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which are very high in folate a nutrient that is especially important during pregnancy. The scientists investigated the concentration of nutrients in the blood of 84 pregnant women who conceived at the peak of the rainy season

and 83 women who conceived at the peak of the dry season. In addition they analyzed the DNA of six specific genes in the women's infants

when they were 2 to 8 months old. 7 Ways Pregnant Women Affect Babies The researchers found that in all six genes the infants who were conceived during the rainy season had consistently higher rates of methylation in their DNA.

For instance whether Dutch women suffered through post-WORLD WAR II famines during pregnancy apparently influenced how skinny


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Pregnancy and preventing birth defects Avocados are full of folic acid providing about 23 percent of the recommended daily value.


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Like humans female gorillas are pregnant for nine months and usually give birth to only one infant at a time.


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This concentration can spike by nearly tenfold during and after pregnancy. Research has shown that male prolactin levels can also surge according to a 2008 review on male lactation published in the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution.


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#Four Weeks Pregnant: What to Expect This is part of a Live Science series of articles on the weekly changes that a pregnant woman's body goes through as it adapts to the growing needs of the fetus inside her.

In the fourth week of your pregnancy (measured from the first day of your last period) you will begin to register positive results on pregnancy tests

and be able to confirm that you are pregnant. For the sake of accuracy wait until the end of the week to take any home pregnancy tests.

If the test comes back positive congratulations! You should make an appointment with your health care provider for a prenatal checkup.

If the test is still negative take another test at five weeks. Most practitioners don't see patients until they are eight weeks along so you may need to wait a few weeks before actually seeing a specialist.

However if you have had a high-risk pregnancy or a history of problems in giving birth you should see the health care provider sooner than that.

This early in the pregnancy there won't be any major outward changes in your body though the basal body temperature your body temperature

An absence of spotting is not a cause for concern as most women do not spot during the first few weeks of pregnancy.

Some pregnancy symptoms can start at this point including fatigue and exhaustion. Higher hormone levels direct more blood flow to your breasts causing them to be tender and sore.

The embryo now about 2 millimeters (0. 079 inches) long according to the American Pregnancy Association has three layers:

At this point and throughout the pregnancy you should avoid alcohol caffeine recreational drugs and smoking.

What to Expect a pregnancy advice website suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help tissue develop.

The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning or continuing an exercise routine

and strength training to help lessen the potential for lower-back pain throughout the pregnancy u


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#Three Weeks Pregnant: What to Expect This is part of a Live Science series of articles on the weekly changes that a pregnant woman's body goes through as it adapts to the growing needs of the fetus inside her.

In the third week of pregnancy it's possible that a woman won't yet know that she is pregnant.

There won't be any major outward changes in her body although some pregnancy symptoms may have started. A pregnancy's timeline begins the first day of a woman's last menstrual period.

Home pregnancy tests are designed to be used a week after a woman's missed period so she should wait until then to avoid anxiety over a false negative test

and to keep from wasting money. At this stage in the pregnancy the basal body temperature your body temperature when you are completely at rest will be high.

You may notice some mild cramping usually from one side. This pain is called mittelschmerz German for middle pain is associated with ovulation

when the ovary is releasing an egg. Some women will experience an increase in vaginal discharge

An absence of spotting is not a cause for concern as the majority of women do not spot during the first few weeks of pregnancy.

Other symptoms of the pregnancy at this point include fatigue and exhaustion. Also higher hormone levels direct more blood flow to the breasts causing them to be tender and sore.

In weeks 1 and 2 of pregnancy the fertilized egg moves into the uterus and becomes a blastocyte or blastocyst a very tiny group of cells the size of the head of a pin.

The part that develops into the placenta begins to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) a pregnancy hormone.

This is the hormone that pregnancy tests look for so you may be able to take such a test at this time

and get proof that you are pregnant. Because this stage is different for each woman

At this point and throughout the pregnancy you should avoid alcohol caffeine recreational drugs and smoking.

What to Expect a pregnancy advice website suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help with tissue development.

The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning or continuing an exercise routine

and strength training to help lessen the potential for lower back pain throughout the pregnancy. e


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Female bighorns are pregnant for about 175 days or about 25 weeks. They usually have only one lamb at a time.


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Females become pregnant every other year. Water buffalo tend to live around 25 years according to the University of Michigan


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Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization issues vaccination advice to THE WHO, including use of a single dose of vaccine in adults and adolescents and use of any licensed vaccine for pregnant women.

Researchers from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warn that pregnant women might be increased at risk for complications from pandemic H1n1 in a research paper in eventid=login>The Lancet (hithardbyswi. html>more on this story.

The CDC cid=mm58d0512a1e>notes that it is seeing some severe complications in cases of H1n1 in pregnant women,


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to children under five and to pregnant women (see http://tiny. cc/WHOH1N1). Renewable energy:


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600 women from five different regions in Colombia, in a retrospective time-to-pregnancy study that did not establish a relationship between fertility problems and the coca eradication spraying4.


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And last month, a study8 showed that women who ate acrylamide-rich food during pregnancy tended to give birth to smaller babies.


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She was nine months pregnant at the time. My son's name is Alex and Alex almost was born never says Levandowski.


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In fact you can only get this temporary cure that allows you to get pregnant for a short period of time


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and 19 million pregnant women in 122 countries were estimated to be affected by Vitamin a deficiency in 2005.


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and employed periodic and permanent herbal pregnancy contraception. Our Euopean ancestors made crosses part of door and window constuction;

and employed periodic and permanent herbal pregnancy contraception. Our Euopean ancestors made crosses part of door and window constuction;


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This coming a day after I read that exposure to smog when pregnant doubles the likelihood of diseases such as spina bifida in newborns.


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If it's already pregnant some of its female children will even become sterile. Along with those more traditional techniques Metro Transit Authority officials are hoping this puts a dent in the rodent population.

If you sterilize the female rats the males ones can't get them pregnant. That's how sexual reproduction works.


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and pregnant women--avoid pig barns at fairs. Keeping away from sick-looking pigs is important but not adequate.


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and the water supply is polluted and pregnant with disease germs. This is the condition of things now in the surrounding country


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In 1970 the average cow needed 1. 8 rounds of artificial insemination to get pregnant. In 2000 cows needed on average three rounds.


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while pregnant as the parasite can cause birth defects. In South america there is a much higher incidence of severe symptoms in otherwise healthy people.


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In addition to substantially reducing the number of new calves the PZP had no apparent effect on pregnant females or their offspring.


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Whether from cows goats or sheep raw milk and milk products are a continuing source of bacterial infections that are especially dangerous to pregnant women fetuses the elderly young children

but Maldonado said that even in healthy herds there are other organisms that can cause serious bacterial infections in children and pregnant women.

or pregnant women they can cause severe illness. The academy's policy statement endorses a nationwide ban on the sale of raw


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However more research is needed to evaluate the health consequences of secondhand exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes especially among vulnerable populations including children pregnant women and people with cardiovascular conditions.


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#Obesity among risk factors for delayed lactation in women with gestational diabetespre-pregnancy obesity and older maternal age are among the risk factors for delayed lactation for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

or diabetes during pregnancy and to determine whether pre-pregnancy weight was an independent risk factor even after the severity of their GDM was taken into account.

The women were enrolled between September 2008 and March 2011 in the Study of Women Infant Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes (SWIFT) an ongoing study of Kaiser permanente Northern California members who experienced a diagnosis of gestational diabetes.

and was associated with pre-pregnancy obesity older maternal age and insulin treatment for GDM (which is indicative of greater severity of gestational diabetes).

Among the study group the average pre-pregnancy body mass index was 29.3 falling within the overweight category.

GDM is associated with higher pre-pregnancy weight. However even in this population being in the heaviest BMI category (i e. obese) increased the risk for delayed onset of lactation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus defined as glucose intolerance with first onset during pregnancy occurs in 7 percent of all U s. pregnancies

and almost 50 percent of women with a GDM pregnancy will be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within five to eight years after pregnancy.


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if their mothers had lived in relatively close proximity to where pesticides were used while pregnant. Hypospadias is a genital malformation in

The study sample comprised 690 cases of hypospadias as well as 2195 controls randomly selected for comparison The researchers considered pesticides used within 500 meters of the mother's residence during weeks one to 14 of each pregnancy.


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or if they appear later during lactation altered respiratory function has been found in those children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy


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. Even though we have antiretroviral drugs that can work to prevent mother-to-child transmission not every pregnant woman is being tested for HIV

Worldwide in 2011 an estimated 330000 children acquired HIV from their mothers during pregnancy or birth or through breastfeeding according to UNICEF.


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and beans may increase their chance of becoming pregnant according to dietitians at Loyola University Health System (LUHS).

and reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy. Thirty percent of infertility is due to either being overweight or underweight according to the National Infertility Association.


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For the first time it could be demonstrated with smoking pregnant women and their children how exposure to tobacco smoke affects the development of human immune system on molecular level.

For some time now the impact of environmental stressors during pregnancy on allergy risk among newborn children is a main research topic at Leipzig Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ.

Former studies have already proven that smoking during pregnancy can harm the unborn child: Newborns from smoking mothers have shown low birth weights and impaired lung functions;

To investigate the relationship between smoking mothers during pregnancy on the one hand and their children's risk of developing allergies on the other the scientists from Leipzig examined microrna-223 microrna-155 and regulatory T cells--not only in the blood samples of pregnant women (36 weeks pregnant

) but also at birth in the cord blood of their babies. At the same time questionnaires were filled out and urine samples of the pregnant women were tested to substantiate the effect from exposure to tobacco smoke

and/or from volatile organic compounds resulting from smoking. From the pool of mothers participating in the LINA-study 315 mothers (6. 6 percent of whom were smokers)

Now the immunologists from Leipzig explicate we will know more about the molecular processes that trigger off stressors from smoke during pregnancy.


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#Dieting for obese mothers just before pregnancy may not be enoughwhile there is never a bad time to address one's own obesity

According to new research published in the September 2013 issue of The FASEB Journal not only is dieting before getting pregnant not enough to prevent diabetes risks

One week after conception embryos from all of these sheep were transferred to normal weight normally nourished sheep for the remainder of pregnancy.


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because the sugar gave them extra energy to handle the burden of pregnancy --but then had lower reproductive rates as the study progressed partly


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Julia Calderã n-DÃ az a Phd candidate at University of College Dublin said pregnant sows placed on cushioned flooring would have a lower risk of being compared lame with sows placed on concrete.

In this experiment researchers studied the effects of two types of flooring on pregnant gilts in Ireland.

One hundred sixty-four pregnant gilts were divided into two groups. One group was housed on concrete slatted floors

The replacement gilts were observed from the time they were bred until 110 days into their pregnancy.

Dr. Alan Fahey a lecturer at the University college Dublin said the gilts were studied during two pregnancies.

The results were similar during both pregnancies. Sows housed on rubber mats had reduced a risk of swelling

In the European union pregnant sows must be housed group four weeks after breeding until one week before farrowing.

Calderã n-DÃ az said other countries are likely to use group housing for pregnant sows in the near future.


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In late fall and early winter pregnant females migrate to waters off the southeastern U s. to give birth.


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Fisher recommends diversifying diets in pregnant and nursing women since diets are determined long before they taste their first bite of solid food.


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But a Kansas State university researcher found that inflammation that occurs naturally in dairy cows the first few days after giving birth may play a surprisingly beneficial role in the complex process of going from late pregnancy to lactation.


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because it is a very important element for children and pregnant women. The concentration of nutrients in animal food products is linked to the diets of the animals reared.

Iodine is necessary for the metabolism especially during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine deficiency can cause scurvy which has historically been a big problem the world over particularly in populations at a distance from the coast who did not eat much fish


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#54%of pregnant women use insecticides that are harmful to the fetus, Spanish study showspregnancy and infancy are the periods of greatest vulnerability to the use of household insecticides.

Spanish researchers have described the use of domestic pesticides during pregnancy and the first year of life in nearly 2500 women and children in Sabadell Guipã zcoa and various areas of Asturias and the Valencian Community.

In 2003 and 2008 the authors monitored the women who agreed to take part in the project from the beginning of their pregnancy until birth and during their offspring's first few years of life.

Exposure during pregnancy or infancy proves to have a negative impact on fetal growth and neurological effects as well as increasing the risk of childhood leukemia she continues.

The results show that 54%of pregnant women used some kind of insecticide inside the home

5%throughout the whole year 75%seasonally and 20%on an occasional basis. The most frequently used method in the bedroom was the electric device at 62%.47%of pregnant women used insecticides in the rest

Only 1%of women used insect repellents during pregnancy. 10%of pregnant women used outdoor insecticides such as in gardens or vegetable plots and yards with plants:

53%during pregnancy and 26%during infancy. In contrast the use of the electric device remained constant.


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The researchers fed two groups of pregnant sheep corn oil either with nothing added to it


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The study of 50 pregnant women found detectable levels of organochlorines in all of the women participating in the study--including DDT PCBS

Most studies of environmental contaminants and child development wait until children are much older to evaluate effects of things the mother may have been exposed to during pregnancy;

-and low-income pregnant women living in and around Baltimore Md. At 36 weeks of pregnancy blood samples were collected from the mothers

and measurements were taken of fetal heart rate and motor activity. The blood samples were tested for levels of 11 pesticides and 36 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds.


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Shorter lactation periods could mean shorter gaps between pregnancies and a higher rate of reproduction.


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and skin cancers and has been associated with other conditions as well including heart disease type 2 diabetes cognitive deficits and adverse pregnancy outcomes.


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For instance Kikuyu women in Africa smear themselves with the sap of fig trees to ensure pregnancy..


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in pregnant women. Human tuberculosis from animal origin can affect the lungs but is located often in others part of the body.


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Ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs that are fertilized for pregnancy as well as secrete hormones important to bone and cardiovascular health.


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because most of its milk comes from pregnant cows. Estrogenic hormones reside primarily in fat


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They then exercised the pregnant sows between days 40 and 105 of gestation. For exercise the sows were walked for 30 minutes a day three times a week.


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The very young elderly pregnant immunocompromised and other high-risk individuals should avoid all contact with raw animal-product based treats


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Ten pregnant cows at OSU's dairy were fed different amounts of flaxseed--up to seven percent of their daily diet.


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because it causes stillbirths abortions and fetal defects in pregnant cows and ewes. It has spread rapidly throughout Europe since its discovery in Germany less than eighteen months ago (in October 2011.

when virus is transmitted from an SBV infected mother to the calves or lambs in the uterus during pregnancy.


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Feeding pregnant cows and suckling calves typically requires pasture or rangeland and represents a substantial maintenance cost.


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pregnant women against heavy metal poisoningyogurt containing probiotic bacteria successfully protected children and pregnant women against heavy metal exposure in a recent study.

The special yogurt was distributed to a group of pregnant women and a group of children.

The team found a significant protective effect of the probiotic against mercury and arsenic in the pregnant women.

The researchers were excited by the potential of basic foodstuffs to provide preventative protection for pregnant women worldwide.


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when by pregnant women they found that only (S)- thalidomide caused birth defects whereas (R)- thalidomide had desired the calming and anti-nausea effects.


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Alternative approaches to prevent breast milk transmission of CMV say the authors could include routine CMV-serologic testing of pregnant mothers to enable counseling regarding the risk of infection;


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What your great-grandmother was exposed to during pregnancy like the pesticide methoxychlor may promote a dramatic increase in your susceptibility to develop disease


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One female recently was confirmed pregnant and a second exhibiting reproductive behavior is scheduled for an ultrasound in the coming weeks.


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A study of pregnancy and birth risks for late talking in twins is currently underway by the study authors.


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Identifying persistent infectionswhen a pregnant cow becomes infected the developing calf is at risk. If the infection occurs between 40 and 120 days of gestation the calf will be born persistently infected according to the U s. Department of agriculture.


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and around the time of pregnancy the researchers reported June 23 in The Lancet. â#oeeven deploying a relatively small number of midwives around each country could have a profound impact on saving maternal fetal and newborn livesâ

The researchers say boosting coverage of midwives who provide family planning as well as pregnancy care to 60 percent of women would cost roughly $2200 per death averted as compared to $4400 for a similar increase in obstetricians.


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when the exposures occurred during the second and third trimesters of the women's pregnancies.

and carbamates applied during the study participants'pregnancies and later diagnoses of autism and developmental delay in their offspring.

Women who are pregnant should take special care to avoid contact with agricultural chemicals whenever possible.

For the study researchers used questionnaires to obtain study participants'residential addresses during the preconception and pregnancy periods.

We mapped where our study participants'lived during pregnancy and around the time of birth.

Organophosphates applied over the course of pregnancy were associated with an elevated risk of autism spectrum disorder particularly for chlorpyrifos applications in the second trimester.

Carbamates applied during pregnancy were associated with developmental delay. Exposures to insecticides for those living near agricultural areas may be problematic especially during gestation

Research from the CHARGE Study has emphasized the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy particularly the use of prenatal vitamins to reduce the risk of having a child with autism.


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The study defined short IPI as time from the immediate preceding birth to subsequent birth of the index pregnancy of<6 months 6 to<12 months and 12 to<18 months.


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