Roads often open a Pandora's box of environmental problems said Professor William Laurance of James Cook University in Australia the study's lead author.
because global food demand is expected to double by mid-century and new or improved roads are vital for farmers said Dr Gopalasamy Reuben Clements from James Cook.
With better roads farmers can buy fertilisers to raise their yields and get their crops to markets with far less cost and waste.
but a very rapidly growing human population that will need more food and more roads. The study's authors say that this new global road-mapping scheme can be used as a working model that can be adapted to for specific areas.
researcher findsimproving education about risky food handling behaviors would reduce the amount of foodborne illness
and help improve food security around the world according to Kansas State university research. For their study the university's Kadri Koppel assistant professor of human nutrition and Edgar Chambers IV university distinguished professor and director of the Sensory Analysis Center worked with around 100 consumers from India
Korea Thailand Russia Estonia Italy Spain and two cities in the United states. The consumers completed questionnaires about their purchase storage handling and preparation practices of poultry and eggs.
It is one of the only studies to use the same questionnaire to collect data between different countries
and is part of a larger project to develop science-based messages for consumers about food safety practices.
The study produced the article Eggs and Poultry: Purchase Storage and Preparation Practices of Consumers in Selected Asian countries
which was published in the journal Foods. We really wanted to know how consumers in different countries are actually handling raw eggs
and poultry because these products are the source of two main bacteria: salmonella and campylobacterâ#Koppel said.
These bacteria lead to many cases of foodborne illness and we need a better understanding of food handling practices to find the risky behaviors that may lead to contamination.
Food safety regulations vary by country. The research found that most consumers purchase their eggs from the supermarket with the exception of Argentina where consumers get their eggs from the regular open-air market.
However the way the eggs were stored at the supermarkets varied. While some countries kept the eggs refrigerated most eggs in Thailand India Spain Italy
and Colombia were stored at room temperature. When you think about the range of countries that we had
and you compare the annual average temperatures in those countries they can vary by about 50-degrees Fahrenheit â
A lot can happen to eggs if they're stored at room temperature in a country where the climate may be somewhat tropical.
The researchers found the majority of consumers store their eggs in the refrigerator once they brought them home.
and meats but how they store those meats varies. Fifty percent or more of the consumers in Russia India Thailand Colombia and the U s. would freeze the meat right away
although these consumers often would improperly store the meat. If you think about the typical refrigerator
and the air movement within the fridge warmer air typically rises higher Koppel said. If you put the meat in a place where the temperature is warmer then it's more likely to spoil.
Raw meats also may have juices that leak and there is a possibility that the juices may cross-contaminate ingredients on lower shelves.
The safest place to store raw meat in the refrigerator is on the bottom shelf. The research found mixed results on this with most of the consumers in Argentina and Colombia storing meat on higher shelves putting them at a higher risk for contamination.
The riskiest behavior was exhibited in preparing the eggs and poultry. About 90 percent of consumers in Colombia and 70 percent of consumers in India washed these products in the sink before preparation.
In the U s. about 40 percent did. If you think about washing something in the sink typically water splatters on the surface around the sink Koppel said.
If you have some other ingredients near the sink that you're about to use for your meal all that water splattering around the sink could cross-contaminate the other ingredients you are about to use.
The researchers found consumers also need to improve their cutting board cleanliness. About 40 percent of Colombian consumers reported using the same cutting board for multiple ingredients without washing
or wiping it down between each use. While most other consumers reported cleaning the board between ingredients Koppel said that not all forms of cleaning are effective.
If you use the sponge that you use to wash dishes research has shown that those sponges actually contain a lot of other bacteria
and trends in their spread using global databases to investigate the factors that influence the number of countries reached by pests and the number of pests in each country.
If crop pests continue to spread at current rates many of the world's biggest crop producing nations will be inundated by the middle of the Century posing a grave threat to global food security.
Mycorrhizae are the beneficial fungi that help virtually all land plants absorb the essential nutrients--phosphorus and nitrogen--from the soil.
and alfalfa to grow without nitrogen fertilizer. When Anã and his colleagues looked closer they found that rhizobium symbiosis also employs mechanical stimulation.
Coupled with a world population that is expected to increase by two billion to three billion by 2050 researchers worldwide are looking for ways to produce more food with less water.
which they were able to assess the diet over longer periods. Traditionally carnivore diet is determined by examining samples of fresh faeces.
Faecal samples only provide a snapshot of the diet based on the detected hair and bone samples of prey animals.
One cannot therefore conclude which food items cheetahs devour in the long run explains Christian Voigt from the IZW.
Herbivores have different food webs. One is based on shrubs trees and herbs whose photosynthesis contains intermediate products with three carbon atoms (C3).
In contrast grasses exhibit a C4 photosynthesis. These food webs can be differentiated with the help of the involved carbon isotopes.
Herbivores typically only belong to one food web and the isotope ratio hence deposits in their body tissue.
Small antelopes such as springbok or steenbok specialise on shrubs and herbs whereas the oryx antelope feeds on grass--just like the cattle.
One step up in the food chain the isotope ratio of the prey transfers to its predator.
The study shows that herbivores of the C4 food chain to which cattle belong are nearly irrelevant to the cheetah's diet.
Grazers are considered only occasionally as prey by males when they occur in groups of two or three animals.
Wine residue, herbal additives found in palace cellar jarsa Bronze age palace excavation reveals an ancient wine cellar according to a study published August 27 2014 in the open-access journal PLOS
Wine production distribution and consumption are thought to have played a role in the lives of those living in the Mediterranean
and Near east during the Middle Bronze age (1900-1600 BC) but little archaeological evidence about Bronze age wine is available to support art
and documentation about the role wine played during this period. During a 2013 excavation of the Middle Bronze age Canaanite palace in modern-day Israel the researchers in this study found 40 large storage vessels in an enclosed room located to the west of the central courtyard.
An organic residue analysis using mass spectrometry revealed that all of the relatively uniform jars contained chemical compounds indicative of wine.
or additives within similarly shaped wine jars including honey storax resin terebinth resin cedar oil cyperus juniper and possibly mint myrtle and cinnamon.
and skills necessary to produce a complex beverage that balanced preservation palatability and psychoactivity. According to the authors these results may contribute to a greater understanding of ancient viticulture and the Canaanite palatial economy.
and has spread to more than a dozen states in the past century particularly in the Southeast. Typically found along roads
and has been found to impact native plant species invertebrate populations and soil nutrients. In a new study recently published in the journal Ecology UGA researchers found that Japanese stiltgrass also is affecting arachnid predators:
When Devore and Maerz originally found lower survival of American toads at eight locations in Georgia where stiltgrass is actively invading they initially speculated that the grass was reducing the toads'food supply by reducing insect populations--few native insects eat the Asian
and other foods labelled organic but whether they're getting what the label claims is another matter.
and Food Chemistry could help prevent organic food fraud. Researchers from the Bavarian Health and Food safety Authority and the Wuerzburg University note that the demand for organic food is growing at a rapid clip.
Its global market value nearly tripled between 2002 and 2011 when it reached $62. 8 billion.
But because organic food can fetch prices often twice as high as conventionally produced food the risk for fraudulent labeling has grown just as fast.
which has been used to authenticate foods including honey and olive oil. They analyzed tomatoes grown in greenhouses and outdoors with conventional or organic fertilizers.
and its further refinement could help root out fraudulently labelled foods. The authors acknowledge funding from the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection.
which some experts believe is linked to a Westernised diet and lifestyle. To assess if following dietary
and lifestyle recommendations reduces risk of prostate cancer researchers at the Universities of Bristol Cambridge
and Oxford looked at the diets and lifestyle of 1806 men aged between 50 and 69 with prostate cancer and compared with 12005 cancer-free men.
and foods rich in lycopene--that have been linked to prostate cancer. Men who had optimal intake of these three dietary components had a lower risk of prostate cancer.
Tomatoes and its products--such as tomato juice and baked beans--were shown to be most beneficial with an 18 per cent reduction in risk found in men eating over 10 portions a week.
This is thought to be due to lycopene an antioxidant which fights off toxins that can cause DNA and cell damage.
Vanessa Er from the School of Social and Community Medicine at the University of Bristol and Bristol Nutrition BRU led the research.
The researchers also looked at the recommendations on physical activity diet and body weight for cancer prevention published by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR).
Only the recommendation on plant foods--high intake of fruits vegetables and dietary fibre--was found to be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer.
and that additional dietary recommendations should be developed. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Bristol.
#Piglet weaning age no bar to litter frequencyuniversity of Adelaide research has shown that piglets can be weaned later with no negative effects on sow birthing frequency.
The research is supported by the Pork CRC which is based at the Roseworthy campus. Story Source:
and the new analysis does not suggest that shortages of food or other plant-based resources will cease to be a problem.
however little is known about the ways in which corn plants utilize the essential nutrient. Now researchers at the University of Missouri have found that boron plays an integral role in development and reproduction in corn plants.
Scientists anticipate that understanding how corn uses the nutrient can help farmers make informed decisions in boron deficient areas
and expertise at MU including genomics translational experiments with frog eggs research in the field cellular testing
#New gluten-free ingredient may cause allergic reaction, expert warnsa popular new ingredient in gluten-free products could be causing an allergic reaction according to a Kansas State university food safety specialist.
Lupin a legume belonging to the same plant family as peanuts is showing up as a wheat replacement in an increasing number of gluten-free products.
The U s. Food and Drug Administration is now issuing an alert urging consumers with peanut
and soybean allergies to read labels before buying these products. Lupin is colored a yellow bean that's very popular in Europe Mediterranean countries Australia
and New zealand said Karen Blakeslee Kansas State university extension specialist in food science and coordinator of the Rapid Response Center.
and may not realize that lupin has the same protein that causes allergic reactions to peanuts and soybeans.
If you do start seeing any symptoms of an allergic reaction stop eating the food immediately
The FDA expects lupin to become a popular product in the gluten-free arena because of its many health qualities.
Manufacturers are required to list lupin on the food label. The FDA is actively monitoring complaints of lupin allergies by U s. consumers.
Echoing its recent comment letter on the Food and Drug Administration's proposed tobacco oversight rule the association recommends strict laws that curb the intense marketing
'It was said completely serendipitous Mcglone who works in the Animal and Food Sciences department of the College of Agriculture and Natural sciences.
For example data gathered on height spring bud flush and fall bud set from the clonally-replicated poplars growing in three plantations indicated that in warmer climates trees with earlier bud flush and later bud set were favored.
Given the importance of poplar trees not just for their role in the ecosystem for instance in capturing carbon
One third of our food is dependent on the pollination of fruits nuts and vegetables by bees and other insects.
Another unexpected result was that honeybees seem to be derived from an ancient lineage of cavity-nesting bees that arrived from Asia around 300000 years ago and rapidly spread across Europe and Africa.
Now the research is published in the latest edition of the journal Molecular Nutrition & Food Research and Dr Olajide will start to disseminate his findings at academic conferences.
He is still working on the amounts of pomegranate that are required in order to be effective. But we do know that regular intake
and regular consumption of pomegranate has a lot of health benefits--including prevention of neuro-inflammation related to dementia he says recommending juice products that are 100 per cent pomegranate meaning that approximately 3. 4 per cent will be punicalagin the compound
African mothers normally treat sick children with natural substances such as herbs. My mum certainly used a lot of those substances.
and intolerance and thus avoid incorrect diets which under certain circumstances may cause malnutrition. Lack of iron load transforms milk protein into allergenone of the most important milk allergens the so-called beta-lactoglobulin belongs to the protein family of lipocalins.
Slowed down on replay their wings thrum like helicopter blades as they hover near food.
when they expect nectar. They pull their beaks back shake their heads and spit out the tasteless liquid.
They also are fooled not by the sugar substitute that sweetens most diet cola. These hummingbirds look mad.
but only now can scientists explain the complex biology behind their taste for sugar. Their discovery required an international team of scientists fieldwork in the California mountains and at Harvard university's Concord Field Station plus collaborations from Harvard labs on both sides of the Charles river.
Now in a paper published in Science the scientists show how hummingbirds'ability to detect sweetness evolved from an ancestral savory taste receptor that is mostly tuned to flavors in amino acids.
Feasting on nectar and the occasional insect the tiny birds expanded throughout North and South america numbering more than 300 species over the 40 to 72 million years
Before scientists sequenced its genes people assumed that chickens and all birds taste things the same way that mammals do:
The canonical view stated there was a sweet receptor present in animals much smaller than the large families of receptors involved in smell and bitter taste perception--vital for sensing safe food or dangerous predators.
If they are missing the single sweet receptor how are they detecting sugar? More bird genomes were sequenced and still no sweet receptor.
and became highly specialized nectar feeders. A doctoral student in organismic and evolutionary biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology she is a member of the lab of Scott Edwards Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Curator of Ornithology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
After cloning the genes for taste receptors from chickens swifts and hummingbirds--a three-year process--Baldwin needed to test what the proteins expressed by these genes were responding to.
Together they showed that in chickens and swifts the receptor responds strongly to amino acids--the umami flavors--but in hummingbirds only weakly.
Toda mixed and matched different subunits of the chicken and hummingbird taste receptors into hybrid chimeras to understand which parts of the gene were involved in this change in function.
Amino acids and sugars look very different structurally so in order to recognize them and sense them in the environment you need acompletely different lock and key.
but they siphoned up both the sweet nectar and one artificial sweetener that evoked a response in the cell-culture assay unlike aspartame and its ilk.
It's not nectar with its nutritional value but it's still sweet. That gave us the link between the receptor
and behavior Liberles said. This dramatic change in the evolution of a new behavior is a really powerful example of how you can explain evolution on a molecular level.
Consistent with the observations in other countries Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) is the virus most strongly affected by the spread of Varroa throughout New zealand.
#Adherence to diet can be measured from bloodnew results from the Nordic SYSDIET study show that it's possible to assess dietary compliance from a blood sample.
This is especially useful in controlled dietary intervention studies investigating the health benefits of specific diets.
and coworkers the researchers were able to identify the study participants with the greatest apparent compliance to a healthy Nordic diet by testing for a set of diet-related biomarkers in the blood.
The beneficial effects of the diet on cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and blood lipids were also greatest in this group.
Dietary biomarkers are compounds related to a certain food or nutrient that are measurable in bodily tissues and fluids such as blood.
In the SYSDIET study the intervention group was advised to follow a healthy Nordic diet rich in berries vegetables fatty fish canola oil and whole grains.
Several blood biomarkers were assessed to reflect the consumption of different key components of the diet such as serum alpha linoleic acid as a biomarker of canola oil consumption EPA and DHA reflecting fatty
High-fat dairy intake which should be low in the healthy Nordic diet was reflected by serum pentadecanoic acid.
when investigating the health effects of whole diets it's useful to measure multiple biomarkers reflecting the intake of different components of the diet.
and help to better evaluate the impact of the diet. In addition informing participants that compliance will be assessed by dietary biomarkers might further motivate them to adhere to study diets.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Eastern Finland. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
#Turning waste from rice, parsley and other foods into biodegradable plasticyour chairs synthetic rugs and plastic bags could one day be made out of cocoa rice
They mixed the acid with parsley and spinach stems and husks from rice and cocoa pods.
Then they poured the resulting solutions into lab dishes. When tested the films that formed showed a promising range of traits from brittle and rigid to soft and stretchable--similar to commercial plastics.
Sustained care participants (n=198) received automated interactive voice response telephone calls and their choice of free smoking cessation medication (any type approved by the U s. Food and Drug
and area of a fire's spread can be predicted days in advance. That will open doors to scientific advances in everything from firefighting technologies to firefighting resource logistics
and spread but they can come back there on day two and it will light and spread he says.
This situation is termed marginal burning. I began to study why the prescribed fire spreads. Under what conditions does it spread
We found that one of the most sensitive elements that is required for fire to spread is wind
Human nutritionist says to focus on lunchchanges to a supplemental nutrition program are improving the number of fruits eaten daily by children
A Kansas State university human nutritionist says to reach that amount you need to focus on lunch.
A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that children between the ages of 2 and 18 are eating more whole fruits
and drinking less fruit juice while vegetable intake remains the same. Sandy Procter assistant professor of human nutrition and coordinator of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in the university's College of Human ecology says the switch from fruit juice to whole fruit is a big improvement.
This is a really positive sign for that age group because that's where we were seeing a lot of concern with overconsumption of fruit juice Procter said.
There has been concerted a real effort to get the message out to well-meaning parents and caregivers that even though 100 percent fruit juice is very nutritious it is very high in calories.
When it is served over to young children it can cause diarrhea and contribute to obesity.
Procter attributes the fruit intake improvements to changes made to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children or WIC.
and vegetables and decreasing the amount of money available for fruit juice. The changes went into effect for all on the program in January 2014.
For vegetables 22 percent reported eating less than one serving of vegetables a day with French fries included as a vegetable option.
Procter emphasizes lunch as the most important meal for fruit and vegetable consumption and says that
if these nutritious components aren't included in lunch it is very hard to reach the recommended five servings a day of fruits and vegetables.
She also says improving dietary patterns in children will lead to healthier food habits later in life.
The Sun is in the disk of the galaxy where the vast majority of the Milky way's young stars are located.
Because of this motion within the disk the stars are considered to be well mixed--like a tossed salad.
Therefore you don't expect to see for example a whole tomato in your salad --or many stars that have similar abundances in close proximity to each other explains Hinkel.
However what Hinkel found is that the nearby'solar salad'is comprised of lettuce at the bottom chunks of tomato in the middle (where the middle of the galactic plane is) then lettuce again on top.
In other words the solar neighborhood does not appear to be mixed a salad; it's a layered salad.
Given all of the motion in the galaxy this was unexpected a very result. But it's also very exciting says Hinkel.
and causing a drastic change in the ability of ecosystems to produce food--specifically meat.
and people who have ranches are producing predominantly meat to make a profit. But in the U s. many people who own ranches don't actually raise cattle.
It is extremely hot and humid with limited food especially when fruit is not in season.
Small bodies require less food which is adaptive for a food-limited location like the rainforest.
Small bodies also generate less heat which in the heat and humidity of the rainforest is adaptive.
New results pave the way for closed loop biofuel refinerieswhile the powerful solvents known as ionic liquids show great promise for liberating fermentable sugars from lignocellulose
The cellulosic sugars stored in the biomass of grasses and other non-food crops and in agricultural waste can be used to make advanced biofuels that could substantially reduce the use of the fossil fuels responsible for the release of nearly 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere each year.
More than a billion tons of biomass are produced annually in the United states alone and fuels from this biomass could be clean green
This means economic technologies must be developed for extracting fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass and synthesizing them into fuels and other valuable chemical products.
A major challenge has been that unlike the simple sugars in corn grain the complex polysaccharides in biomass are embedded deeply within a tough woody material called lignin.
Researchers at JBEI have been cost-effectively deconstructing biomass into fuel sugars by pre-treating the biomass with ionic liquids--salts that are composed entirely of paired ions
The ionic liquids that have emerged from this JBEI effort as a benchmark for biomass processing are based imidazolium molten salts
After 73 hours of incubation with these new bionic liquids sugar yields were between 90-and 95-percent for glucose and between 70-and 75-percent for xylose.
Researchers at the USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research center at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital have incorporated now successfully a cream supplement into premature infants'diets that improved their growth outcomes in the NICU.
This diet consists of mothers'own breast milk or donor human milk as well as a fortifier consisting of protein
Since November 2013 the NICU at Texas Children's Hospital has changed its protocol to add this cream supplement to the diet of infants who weigh less than 1500 grams.
Texas Children's was the first hospital in the world to add human milk-based cream to the diets of very low birth weight infants.
In addition to adding cream to the diets of premature infants since 2009 Texas Children's has reduced significantly its rates of necrotizing enterocolitis one of the most devastating
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011