but also increases its presence in thin animals used as a control group.''Beige fat'cells are found in scattered lentil-sized deposits beneath the inguinal skin in obese diabetic Zucker rats.
but this cannot be concluded definitively as MRSA can be transferred between the animals during transport. MRSA found in tank milk from dairy cattle Last year was the first year that tank milk was examined for the presence of MRSA.
Staphylococci are bacteria found in humans animals and in our surrounding environment. Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal nasal and skin flora in approx. 50%of the population.
Animal and meat production in Denmark A large majority of the meat products produced in Denmark come from pigs.
Through carbon credit sales from avoided deforestation the Makira REDD+Project will finance the long-term conservation of one of Madagascar's most pristine remaining rainforest ecosystems harboring rare and threatened plants and animals
By linking bat captures with vegetation measurements from nearby plots the researchers were able to reveal how these animals declined as successive rounds of logging took their toll on forest structure and crucially the availability of tree cavities.
and ancestral genetic toolkit that enabled animals and fungi to evolve into diverse multicellular life forms.
Jeffrey Silberman a professor of biological sciences isolated a new unicellular anaerobic eukaryote and worked with former graduate student Matt Brown and others in the lab of Andrew Roger at Dalhousie University in Halifax Nova scotia Cananda on the genomics and description of this organism
and proteins that most people think are specific to being multicellular in animals are already present in their unicellular relatives.
and modified bit by bit in the single-cell lineages that share a common ancestry with animals.
Silberman and Brown study the origins and relationships among single-celled eukaryotes which have nucleus amoebae and flagellates some
Animals plants and fungi are all eukaryotes; that is they have complex cells with organelles such as a nucleus and mitochondria.
Eukaryotes and humans have more in common than most people realize Silberman said. Silberman and Brown perform comparative DNA sequence analyses of a type of eukaryote called protists to help find their particular placement or branch on the tree of life.
By isolating formerly unexamined anaerobic protists--a diverse group of unicellular microorganisms --and looking at the independent ways they have formed different types of mitochondria the researchers hope to reveal essential commonalities among all eukaryotes perhaps even clues that explain their origin.
Genomic analyses of single cell organisms that are specifically related to multicellular lineages often provide clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution of multicellular life.
which is a unicellular eukaryote but distinguished itself with its conspicuous long flagella. Most importantly the phylogenetic tree established the organism as a distant
but unequivocal relative to a supergroup of eukaryotes that include fungi and animals. It provides a glimpse of the various components of cell-to-cell adhesion
which in animals plays a key role in cell-to-cell signaling and adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
We increasingly recognize the fact that we share a common environment with the animals we keep
and of the concept of'One Health'in action--controlling infections in animals can have a major impact on public health.
and about 75 percent of the antibiotics consumed by the animals. For the study researchers utilized Geisinger's sophisticated electronic health record system to identify patients with MRSA infections and skin and soft tissue infections.
Patients received an exposure score based on their distance from the production the number of animals at livestock operations the amount of manure spread on crop fields and the size of the field.
Isolated peptides from the venom of spiders or other venomous insectivorous animals such as centipedes and scorpions may have the potential to serve as bioinsecticides.
The work published Sept. 11 in the journal Biology Letters could help Indian farmers protect their crops from marauding elephants and save the lives of both people and animals.
e g. chloroplasts in plant cells which are involved in photosynthesis mitochondria in both animal and plant cells engaged in respiration
or proanthocyanidins are thought to play diverse roles such as defense against herbivores and pathogens or ultraviolet protection.
which can cause disease in animals and humans. Influenza a viruses can be divided into subtypes of which the majority have been found in wild birds.
and Le Le in the Memphis Zoo are making contributions toward shifting production of biofuels away from corn
and Da Mao in the Toronto Zoo will be joining the quest by making their own contributions.
That underscores the importance of saving endangered and threatened animals. Brown and her students based at Mississippi State university now have identified more than 40 microbes living in the guts of giant pandas at the Memphis Zoo that could make biofuel production from plant waste easier and cheaper.
That research Brown added also may provide important new information for keeping giant pandas healthy. Ethanol made from corn is the most common alternative fuel in the U s
These studies also help us learn more about this endangered animal's digestive system and the microbes that live in it
Additional plans include expanding the work to include samples from red pandas at the Memphis Zoo
Brown and colleagues also are forging a collaboration to get samples of feces from giant pandas that arrived in the Toronto Zoo earlier in 2013.
The surprise discovery we never expected is that most of the genes responsible for pesticide resistance in the bedbug are active in its outer skin-like shell or cuticle.
Some genes in the cuticle for instance produce substances that tear apart the molecular backbone of insecticides rendering them harmless.
Other genes manufacture biological pumps that literally pump insecticides back out of the cuticle before they can enter the body.
Most were active in the bug's cuticle and block or slow an insecticide from reaching the nerve cells where it can kill.
Zhu said the findings suggest that development of new pesticides should focus on chemicals that shut down or mute genes in the cuticle that thwart today's pesticides.
and our studies on toxic metals in hookah smoke are taking the first steps toward the necessary animal
which could be used as animal feed in various food applications or as a raw material for biofuel production.
Since 1990 livestock numbers have doubled almost to 45 million animals caused in part by the socioeconomic changes linked to the breakup of the former Soviet union the report said.
and a huge surge in the number of grazing animals occurred during just the past decade--especially sheep and goats that cause more damage than cattle.
Related research has found that heavy grazing results in much less vegetation cover and root biomass and an increase in animal hoof impacts.
Estimates of the amount of missing data were based on 7539 peer-reviewed studies about animals fungi seed plants bacteria and various microscopic organisms.
This could be the case in other animals--including humans however the practicality of testing this in mammals would be very difficult and obviously impossible in humans for ethical reasons.
This is something that needs to be explored further in various animals including humans. The research was funded by Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Stockholm University the Schwartz'foundation Lars Hierta's foundation Knut & Alice
Only in the last 5-10000 years have started humans drinking the milk of other animals following advances in our ability to herd animals.
In times of plenty being able to drink the milk of other animals would not have given a particular advantage to those with lactase persistence.
However in situations where food sources became scarce individuals capable of producing lactase as adults would be able to drink the milk of their animals increasing their chances of survival.
Wildlife biologists are forced sometimes to move animals from one population to another. In places where breeding and migratory patterns have been disrupted
Moving animals is inefficient costly and stressful for the animals. There is also no guarantee that the animals will mate Sharma said.
And building manmade corridors is very expensive and logistically challenging. Since we now know that the existing corridors play such a vital role in long-term survival the best way to enable their success is to take a landscape-scale approach to conservation
because both people and animals are reliant on so few treatments against parasitic worms.##The team sequenced the genome of a strain of H contortus that was susceptible to all major classes of drugs against parasitic worms.
#oerevealing new drug targets against H. contortus could provide much-needed new treatment opportunities against parasitic worms in both animals and humans.
The new opportunities for trees and bushes may oust Arctic animals and plants but could also be beneficial to the Greenlanders.
and Aberdeen universities showed there was interaction between the hunter-gatherer and farming communities and a'sharing'of animals and knowledge.
The spread of plants and animals throughout Europe between 6000 and 4000 BC involved a complex interplay between indigenous Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and incoming Neolithic farmers but the scale of the interaction and the extent to
and capturing escaped animals. However the domestic pigs had coloured different and spotted coats that would have seemed strange and exotic to the hunter-gatherers
Furthermore sorghum's special features such as a small diploid genome and phenotypic diversity make it an ideal C4 grass model.
and the bamboos are seen to be as unique as the animals that depend upon them. Story Source:
of which come from the feces of a Southeast Asian animal called a palm civet. Their study appears in ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
More recently cycads also coexisted with large herbivorous mammals such as the ice age megafauna that only went extinct a few tens of thousands of years ago.
Cycads that are living today have large heavy seeds with a fleshy outer coating that suggests they rely on large bodied fruit-eating animals to disperse their seeds.
and dispersed by today's larger-bodied animals such as emus or elephants. If these plants are adapted for dispersal by a set of animals that has been missing from Earth's fauna for tens of thousands of years then how can they still be around today?
A new study proposes that the clumped dispersal mechanism these ancient plants most likely relied upon still serves them well today.
Naturalists are very comfortable with the idea of animals gaining a biological advantage by choosing to live together in high density'colonies'--such as ant nests or seabird rookeries--in certain parts of the landscape notes Hall.
and Diprotodon a rhino sized marsupial quadruped explains Hall. The large heavy and poisonous seeds surrounded by a fleshy and nontoxic fruit-like layer seem well adapted to being swallowed occasionally whole en masse by megafauna
despite their large seed size the primary dispersers of these cycads today are bodied smaller animals;
these animals do not spread the seeds far and wide nor take them to potentially new colonizable habitats.
Thus if cycads evolved to be dispersed by large-bodied frugivores these animals would most likely have deposited many cycads seeds in their dung at once
There's no doubt that cycad ancestors were contemporary with herbivorous dinosaurs for many hundreds of millions of years
Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) and first author of the study. Researchers from theizw the University of Namibia and other Namibian partners found that gemsbok (also called oryx) adjusted its diet according to season.
As a result the use of pesticides and their effect on humans animals and plants have become more important.
Intensive farming is linked also to collapsing populations of wild animals and the endangerment of species such as amphibians.
An interdisciplinary approach can plausibly demonstrate connections between the effects of chemicals in humans and animals and the often indirect consequences on the population community and ecosystem levels.
The researchers forecast changes to natural selection the spread of infections and the sexual development and fertility of wild animals.
herbivorous dietsthe 160 million-year-old fossil of an extinct rodent-like creature from China is helping to explain how multituberculates--the most evolutionarily successful and long-lived mammalian lineage in the fossil
and animals alike as well as ankle joints that were highly adept at rotation. In light of these findings researchers suggest that R. eurasiaticus paved the way for later plant-eating
Such highly mobile ankle joints are associated normally with the foot functions of animals that are exclusively tree-dwellers--those that navigate uneven surfaces.
The fossil--particularly its dentition which reveals teeth designed for shearing plant matter--confirms a 2012 analysis of tooth types that suggested multituberculates consumed an animal-dominated diet for much of their existence later diversifying to a plant-dominated one.
#New species of carnivore looks like a cross between a house cat and a teddy bearobserved in the wild tucked away in museum collections
and even exhibited in zoos around the world--there is one mysterious creature that has been a victim of mistaken identity for more than 100 years.
A team of Smithsonian scientists however uncovered overlooked museum specimens of this remarkable animal which took them on a journey from museum cabinets in Chicago to cloud forests in South america to genetics labs in Washington D c. The result:
the olinguito (Bassaricyon neblina)--the first carnivore species to be discovered in the American continents in 35 years.
If new carnivores can still be found what other surprises await us? So many of the world's species are known not yet to science.
Discovering a new species of carnivore however does not happen overnight. This one took a decade
and was not the project's original goal--completing the first comprehensive study of olingos several species of tree-living carnivores in the genus Bassaricyon was.
even if we didn't find the animal we were looking for I knew our team would discover something cool along the way.
and Kays set off on a three-week expedition to find the animal themselves. Working with Pinto they found olinguitos in a forest on the western slopes of the Andes and spent their days documenting
what they could about the animal--its characteristics and its forest home. Because the olinguito was new to science it was imperative for the scientists to record every aspect of the animal.
They learned that the olinguito is mostly active at night is mainly a fruit eater rarely comes out of the trees
and at least one olinguito from Colombia was exhibited in several zoos in the United states during the 1960s and 1970s.
This is a beautiful animal but we know so little about it. How many countries does it live in?
Logistical and financial support for this study was provided by the Amur-Ussuri Centre for Avian Diversity with additional funding from the Bell Museum of Natural history Columbus Zoo Conservation Fund Denver Zoological Foundation
Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund Minnesota Zoo Foundation National Aviary National Birds of Prey Trust United states Forest Service-International Programs and the University of Minnesota.
Focusing on the avian flu virus strain H5n1 research published today in the journal PLOS ONE identifies key stages in the poultry trade chain which lead to its transmission to other birds animals and humans.
and other animals and plotted their genetic relationships in a phylogenetic tree. Corresponding author Ross Fitzgerald of the Roslin Institute and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland says strains of CC97 found in cows appear to be the ancestors of CC97 strains from humans.
Although the CC97 strains from animals were quite genetically diverse the human isolates cluster together in two tight distinct clades
Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite which is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
or if the animals find poor conditions en route understand why they will turn back. Covering an area of approximately 8500 square miles (22000 square kilometers) Botswana's Okavango Delta is one end of the second-longest zebra migration On earth a 360-mile (580-kilometer) round trip
This sheds unprecedented light on what drives animals to migrate he said what cues they use
and her team discovered the migration during field work for Okavango Herbivore Research. Anecdotal evidence--unverified stories--prior to the 1970s described a zebra migration from the Okavango Delta to the Makgadikgadi Salt Pans at the start of the rainy season in September
Guiding light among the starshaving access to NASA's free satellite images that shed light on the environmental conditions migratory animals face is something that Beck finds invaluable.
whether it's zebras or other migratory animals. Understanding the mechanisms that drive migratory behavior is increasingly important Beck said in terms of climate change as migrating animals rely on multiple habitats.
If migrating animals lose any of the habitats they rely on because the timing of their food--insect hatches greening plants for example--no longer coincides with their travel this can have serious consequences for their continued survival.
Under climate change things are likely to accelerate Beck said. Many of the major migrations On earth especially on land have already been lost he explains
and few landscapes are left On earth where the migratory animals do not have to share land resources with agriculture and other human activities.
Understanding when animals might come through what drives them what they're looking for sometimes. Being able to predict that into the future is very useful information to managing those landscapes
so that migratory animals and humans can coexist. Helping zebras continue a journey--newly discovered by the animals
and their observers--may allow them to cope with changes in their environment an outcome that is not so black-and-white.
and Aquaculture the team has proven that a completely plant-based food combination can support fast-growing marine carnivores like cobia
and potentially other high-value high-value marine carnivores. Fish meal was replaced with a food made of corn wheat and soy.
and muscle growth and is found in high levels in carnivorous fish and their prey.
The tiny algae of the greenhouse world were just too small to support big animals said Norris. It's like trying to keep lions happy on mice instead of antelope;
That event lasted about 200000 years and warmed Earth by 5-9°C (9-16°F) with massive migrations of animals and plants and shifts in climate zones.
and animals is speed the of the change. Stanford climate scientists warn that the likely rate of change over the next century will be at least 10 times quicker than any climate shift in the past 65 million years.
and animals recolonized areas that had been under ice. As the climate continued to warm those plants
and animals moved northward to cooler climes. We know from past changes that ecosystems have responded to a few degrees of global temperature change over thousands of years said Diffenbaugh.
and animals would need to migrate to live in annual temperatures similar to current conditions. Around the world including much of the United states species face needing to move toward the poles or higher in the mountains by at least one kilometer per year.
Even a smaller partial shift from crop-intensive livestock such as feedlot beef to food animals such as chicken or pork could increase agricultural efficiency
and exports and calculating conversion efficiencies of animal feed using U s. Department of agriculture data. The researchers assumed humans need an average of 2700 calories per day
and grazing lands and animals were included not in the study. Among the team's findings: In addition to the global findings the research team looked at allocation of crop calories in four key countries:
while a complete shift from animal to plant-based diets may not be feasible even a partial shift would benefit food security.
Alex Feldwinn a computer technician in the Life science Computing Group at UCSB said It really smells like a dead animal--not just a dead animal but a rotting one.
but instead are scavengers like those that pick up crumbs off kitchen floors and spray formic acid to fight off other ants.
The researchers conducted experiments with both embryos and hatchlings that were collected as newly laid eggs from four Pennsylvania ponds--two near agricultural fields and two farther away.
Both embryos and hatchlings from all four environs were exposed first to a low nonlethal concentration of the insecticide.
whether insecticide tolerance played a role in the frogs'acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) a key enzyme in the nervous system of animals.
and animals consumed by grizzly bears. There is precedent for high levels of ungulate herbivory causing problems for grizzly bears who are omnivores that eat both plants and animals.
Before going extinct in the American Southwest by the early 1900s grizzly bear diets shifted toward livestock depredation the report noted
Individual animals were identified using a photo identification catalog maintained at the New england Aquarium that includes most of the adults in the population.
The resulting analyses showed that the animals seen included a higher proportion of reproductively successful animals than were present in other areas that these whales used seasonally.
Undergoing a novel care plan he became a teaching case for veterinary oncologists at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals paving the way to combat cancer in large animals.
I want to do everything humanly possible for my animals said Goldner. When the 4-year-old had a coughing fit
In the first such procedure ever done to treat a sick pig surgeon Jim Flanders who had performed similar procedures in smaller animals joined large-animal surgeon Susan Fubini to surgically implant a vascular access port.
Though little is known about the prognosis for pigs with cancer Nemo has the notable distinction of establishing a precedent giving veterinarians valuable information for helping large animals.
Since arriving in March Nemo has resided at Cornell's hospital for animals. He has a better life there said Goldner.
Cornell Hospital for Animals people play with him and bring him treats and he plays funny tricks like tossing water at the residents.
In earlier research Aroian and his collaborators described a protein Cry5b that can kill intestinal nematode parasites--such as human hookworms--in infected test animals (hamsters.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the study co-authored by ecologist Heather Briggs of the University of California-Santa cruz. About 90 percent of plants need animals mostly insects to transfer pollen between them
All organisms on our planet can be divided between prokaryotes (which include bacteria) and eukaryotes (which include humans plants and animals as well as fungi).
After only four weeks of growth the soil surrounding wheat contained about 3%eukaryotes. This went up to 12-15%for oat and pea.
The change of balance is likely to be marked even more in the field where crops are grown for months rather than weeks.
Analysis has relied previously on amplifying DNA samples. This limits scientists to analysing one taxonomic group at a time such as bacteria.
but instead found it contained a greater diversity of other eukaryotes such as protozoa. The findings of the study could be used to develop plant varieties that encourage beneficial microbes in the soil.
and of plants and animals familiar to us or would the cast of characters be entirely different?
and the Verband Deutscher Zoodirektoren Association of German Zoo Directors the Dresden team led by biologists Dr. Raffael Ernst
Hydrocarbons on the cuticle of bees provide a'family'scent allowing bees from the same hive to recognize each other.
The crop nitrogen isotope analysis suggests that early farmers in Europe used their manure strategically as a resource that was limited by the number of animals they owned
Many animals and insects can see polarized light and use it for navigation communication and more.
Our photodetector discerns polarized light intrinsically much like the photoreceptors in the eyes of animals
and insect-resistant crops based on RNA interference now in exploratory development may have to be tested under elaborate procedures that assess effects on animals'whole life cycles rather than by methods that look for short-term toxicity.
RNA interference is a natural process that affects the level of activity of genes in animals and plants.
The safety concern as with other types of genetic modification and with pesticides generally is that the artificial interfering RNAS will also harm desirable insects or other animals.
and defending against herbivores--already since decades ecologists have suggested that these are important characteristics of successful plants.
and germination rate to the speed of growth the competitive ability and the resistance against herbivores like caterpillars.
Interestingly at the end mainly traits related to interactions between plants and plants or plants and animals were important reports Anne Kempel first author of the study.
--which means that they have to withstand herbivores pathogens and competitors to persist in a community.
SS was delivered to the animals in a controlled way to their drinking water. The team did not get the result they expected.
and animal-welfare issues in large animal-agriculture operations that supply food to supermarket chains may explain why consumers are switching to locally grown and locally processed foods.
or beef production as a sign of herd success but even as milk production goes up the animal's fertility goes down
and to control disease in otherwise healthy animals being raised in crowded or unhygienic conditions that promote disease.
He explains that some countries such as The netherlands have banned routine use of antibiotics in animal feed mainly over concerns about an increase in MRSA.
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