They looked at the following fiber intake total insoluble (whole grains potato skins etc) soluble (legumes nuts oats barley etc) cereal fruit vegetable and other sources.
They add that an additional 7g of fiber can be achieved through one portion of whole grains (found in bread cereal rice pasta) plus a portion of beans/lentils or two to four servings of fruit and vegetables.
#Corn pest decline may save farmers moneypopulations of European corn borer (ECB) a major corn crop pest have declined significantly in the eastern United states according to Penn State researchers.
The decline suggests that the use of genetically modified ECB-resistant corn hybrids--an expensive yet effective solution that has been adopted widely by farmers--may now be unnecessary in some areas.
ECB which was introduced to North america from Europe in the 1900s used to be the most important pest of corn in the United states said John Tooker assistant professor of entomology.
and $35 million in the northeastern United states. According to Tooker to protect their crops from ECB many farmers have grown a genetically modified type of corn that expresses insecticidal toxins that kill the worms.
These Bt corn hybrids have been adopted widely because they are exceptional for managing ECB--99.9 percent of larvae are expected to die
To understand current ECB populations in Pennsylvania field corn the researchers assessed larval damage in Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids at 29 sites over three years.
Specifically they planted Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids on farm sites across four growing zones in Pennsylvania in 2010 2011 and 2012.
They also evaluated corn ears for ECB damage. Our results confirm that we are seeing widespread population declines of ECB in the East similar to declines that have been found in the Midwestern United states said Eric Bohnenblust graduate student in entomology.
Secondarily planting more non-Bt corn will reduce the potential for ECB to develop resistance to Bt toxins as corn rootworms have done in about a dozen states so far.
According to Tooker growers planting Bt corn hybrids are required to plant set amounts of non-Bt corn as part of a resistance management plan to help prevent evolution of ECB populations that are resistant
to the Bt toxins expressed in corn hybrids. Based on our results we would tell growers to scout their non-Bt acreage toward the end of the growing season he said.
#¢Replace refined grains with whole grains like whole-grain breads and cereals and brown rice.#¢#¢Prewashed salad greens and pre-cut vegetables make great quick meals or snacks.#¢
This method has proven effective as a pest control measure in other crop species such as corn
Annual crops such as cotton and corn already are grown routinely as GMO products with insect resistance genes.
--or about 1/1000th the width of a grain of sand--making them too small to study with light microscopes
300 years agofive-thousand years before it was immortalized in a British nursery rhyme the cat that caught the rat that ate the malt was doing just fine living alongside farmers in the ancient Chinese village of Quanhucun a forthcoming study
& Sciences at Washington University in St louis. Our data suggest that cats were attracted to ancient farming villages by small animals such as rodents that were living on the grain that the farmers grew ate
and other wildlife unearthed near Quanhucan the research team demonstrated how a breed of once-wild cats carved a niche for themselves in a society that thrived on the widespread cultivation of the grain millet.
and pigs from the ancient village were eating millet but deer were not. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes show that cats were preying on animals that lived on farmed millet probably rodents.
At the same time an ancient rodent burrow into a storage pit and the rodent-proof design of grain storage pots indicate that farmers had problems with rodents in the grain stores.
Other clues gleaned from the Quanhucun food web suggest the relationship between cats and humans had begun to grow closer.
Another ate fewer animals and more millet than expected suggesting that it scavenged human food
Given the present trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions agricultural models estimate that climate change will directly reduce food production from maize soybeans wheat and rice by as much as 43 percent by the end of the 21st century.
Vapors that rise from contaminated groundwater can be sucked inside according to Rice environmental engineer Pedro Alvarez.
The Rice study detailed this week in the American Chemical Society journal Environmental science and Technology emerges as the Environmental protection agency (EPA) prepares technical guidance for higher ratios of ethanol in fuels.
Computer simulations at Rice determined that fuel with 5 percent or less ethanol content does not rise to the level of concern
So the Rice lab led by Alvarez with the participation of researchers from Chevron Shell and the University of Houston programmed a three-dimensional vapor intrusion model to simulate the degradation migration and intrusion pathways of methane and benzene under various site conditions.
Alvarez said the paper's lead author Rice graduate student Jie Ma has done extensive work to characterize bacterial activity at spill sites.
and the Shared University Grid at Rice (SUGAR) both administered by Rice's Ken Kennedy Institute for Information technology.
As an example Japan imported wheat from 600000 hectares of foreign farmland to meet the demand of their capital and surrounding region in 2005.
Current crops involved include wine and raisin grape vineyards rice alfalfa almond walnut peach lemon avocado and corn farms.
The work by Kono and his Rice colleagues appeared online recently in the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters.
Rice's growing expertise in separating nanotubes by type allowed Kono and his group to test for terahertz peaks in batches of pure metallic nanotubes known as armchairs as well as nonmetallic semiconducting tubes.
They are being investigated at Rice and elsewhere for use in sophisticated electronic and medical applications.
Rice alumni Erik Hároz now a postdoctoral researcher at Los alamos National Laboratory and Lei Ren a researcher at TGS co-authored the paper with undergraduate student Zehua Jin postdoctoral researcher Xuan Wang
senior research scientist Rolf Arvidson and Andreas LÃ ttge a research professor of Earth science and chemistry all of Rice.
#New rearing method may help control western bean cutwormthe western bean cutworm is a destructive insect pest of dry beans and corn.
Economic damage to corn occurs by larval feeding on ears which is controlled not by commercial transgenic hybrids that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1ab
but partial control has been observed by corn varieties that express Cry1 F toxins. The new rearing procedure described in the article allowed the researchers to gather the first reported data for western bean cutworm susceptibility to Cry toxins using laboratory dose-response bioassays.
The key advance is the grain size of the copper substrate. The large grains are several centimeters in size--lunkers by microelectronics standards
A unique combination of computational techniques and experimental data helped Rice theorists predict intermediate configurations of proteins that until now have been hard to detect.
and at great cost by eliminating some of the trial and error in identifying new sites on proteins that could be manipulated more easily to treat disease said Rice biological physicist Jos Onuchic.
but it has been hard to extract said Faruck Morcos a postdoctoral researcher at Rice and lead author of the paper.
Onuchic and his colleagues at the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics based at Rice's Bioscience Research Collaborative are working to fix that.
Simulations at Rice that combined DCA and structural data revealed competing residue contacts that were unique to configurations of proteins with multiple conformations
This would complement corn ethanol since it would allow the use of land unsuited or marginal to corn and other row crops he said.
Long and his colleagues calculated the total land area needed to produce enough Miscanthus to meet the U s. Renewable Fuel Standard mandate for cellulosic ethanol production by the year 2022.
We use only about a fifth of that in our row-crop agriculture--cotton corn soybean wheat etc.
But the increases were compared small to the effects of fertilizing crops such as Zea mays (corn) and probably not large enough to justify the added cost of fertilizer the team reported.
and corn there has been little focus on control in orchardgrass. Therefore further investigations are warranted to verify the life histories of the bluegrass
The combined work of two Rice labs has addressed each of those hurdles in a pair of new publications.
One paper by the labs of Rice scientists Naomi Halas and Peter Nordlander Aluminum for Plasmonics demonstrates that the color of aluminum nanoparticles depends not only on their size and shape but also critically on their oxide content.
and lead author Vikram Kulkarni a Rice graduate student found electrons gained the capability to tunnel from one layer to another in the nanoparticle.
They used the power of Rice's Bluebiou supercomputer to track a massive number of electrons.
Lead authors of Aluminum for Plasmonics are Rice graduate students Mark Knight and Nicholas King. Co-authors include graduate student Lifei Liu and Henry Everitt a chief scientist at the U s army's Charles Bowden Research Lab Redstone Arsenal Ala. and an adjunct professor at Duke university.
Rice alumnus Emil Prodan an assistant professor of physics at Yeshiva University New york is co-author of Quantum Plasmonics:
#Delaying resistance to Bt corn in western corn rootwormcorn that contains proteins that protect it from insect damage has been grown in the U s. since the mid-1990s.
Known as Bt corn because the proteins are derived from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis these plants have been grown widely by farmers.
While Bt corn has been highly effective against the European corn borer it has been less so against the western corn rootworm
In Resistance to Bt Corn by Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the U s. Corn belt Drs.
Aaron Gassmann (Iowa State university) Michael Gray (University of Illinois) Eileen Cullen (University of Wisconsin) and Bruce Hibbard (University of Missouri) examine why Bt corn has been more effective against the European corn borer
One approach to IRM is not necessarily optimal for all insect pests according to the authors who recommend that growers use the following IPM approaches to delay further rootworm resistance to Bt corn:
or other crops to break the corn rootworm life cycle between growing seasons. -Occasionally rotate to a non-Bt corn hybrid
and consider use of a rootworm soil insecticide during planting. -Consider using corn that contains different Bt proteins than ones that may have performed poorly in the past.
-Consider using pyramided Bt hybrids which is defined as corn that contains multiple Bt proteins targeting corn rootworm.
-If crop rotation is not an option and corn containing multiple Bt proteins is not available suppression of rootworm adults by using insecticides for one
or two growing seasons may be an appropriate remediation step. -Most importantly implement a long-term integrated approach to corn rootworm management based on scouting information and knowledge of corn rootworm densities that uses multiple tactics such as rotation with other crops
rotation of Bt proteins and the use of soil insecticides at planting with a non-Bt hybrid.
Introduction of second crops generally corn following the primary soybean crop has increased local incomes across economic sectors the report noted.
More than two thirds of the world's plants depend on this soil-dwelling symbiotic fungus to survive including critical agricultural crops such as wheat cassava and rice.
That theory suggests that human activities such as rice agriculture were responsible for the increasing methane concentrations. Opponents of that theory argue that human activities during that time did not produce significant amounts of methane
and the development of rice agriculture and cattle domestication likely had an influence on methane emissions.
#¢Commercial starch--such as cornstarch or rice starch--is made of starch granules. These little particles don't do mixed much
or wheat straw more efficient. For the experiments the offset round-bale unroller was used to apply hay
and wheat straw mulch to between-row areas of'Crimson Sweet'watermelon in 2009 and 2010.
One-year-old wheat straw and new hay had the lowest levels of weed biomass compared with new wheat straw and the no-mulch control.
and wheat straw mulches can be weed an effective control practice when used in conjunction with cultivation Wilhoit stated.
The hay and wheat straw mulches were weed effective in control even at application rates in the 15000 to 20000 pound-per-acre range.
Planetary scientists use images to identify the distribution of grain sizes of large-scale (centimeter or larger diameter) rocks and small-scale (less than 1 cm) grains.
These grain sizes tell scientists about the processes that distributed the particles from their source regions to where they are now.
The researchers are exploring the use of this algorithm to quantify grain sizes in the images from the Mars Exploration Rovers Microscopic Imager (MI) as well as Curiosity's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI.
The grain size distributions identified in those images have the potential to reveal subtle trends with composition not considered previously.
The questionnaire used as a reference asked consumers how often they ate vegetables pasta rice
Increased refined grain consumption coupled with the low consumption of healthy foods led the study authors to conclude that policies programs
In the wild Arabidopsis thaliana uses the same genetic changes in the biosynthesis of the growth factor gibberellin to cut its size in half as found in semi-dwarf varieties of rice
and barley that have been bred by people. When expressing the same phenotype various plant species apparently fall back on the same genes in their genotype.
However long stalks in a grain field present a danger to the yield. Tall rice or barley varieties buckle over too easily under the load of their heavy panicles or ears.
During the green revolution in the 1960s numerous high-yield varieties with half the normal height were produced for agriculture in developing countries.
Many of the rice and barley varieties owe their short stature to a gibberellin deficiency.
The genetic changes in the semi-dwarf rice and barley varieties of the green revolution prevent a final step in the biosynthesis of gibberellin.
whether Arabidopsis plants in the wild that grow to only half the height as other members of their same species also have mutated a GA20OX1 allele as the short rice
and barley varieties of the green revolution do. We would like to know whether the same genetic causes are found for the same phenotype through natural selection in the wild as are found through the artificial selection of plant breeding explains Koornneef.
The new method created by engineers in Rice's Multiscale Materials Modeling Lab accurately calculated the ability of two zeolites small cage-like molecules with enormous surface area to trap and store gas molecules.
We think we can get there said Rice materials scientist Rouzbeh Shahsavari who calculated capacities for two of what he called remarkably large and colossal cages
The study by Shahsavari graduate student Navid Sakhavand and former Rice postdoctoral researcher Prakash Muthuramalingam now a postdoctoral researcher at Universit Paris-Est appears online in the American Chemical Society
The Rice lab's method involved several steps. First the team performed first-principle calculations to describe the very weak atomic interactions--the Van der waals-related London dispersion forces--among each of the three types of gas molecules and the two ZIFS.
It took the combined power of Rice's DAVINCI and SUGAR supercomputers to find results for all the variations.
According to the researchers the combination of expanded and patterned tile drainage increased fertilizer use due to more corn production
The Rice lab of bioengineer Jane Grande-Allen found through studies of pigs'heart valves that age plays a critical role in the valves'progressive hardening
and humans but as the Rice team discovered it finds its way over time into the collagen-rich interior of the valve tissues.
The paper's lead author Liezl Balaoing a graduate student of Grande-Allen and Rice research scientist Joel Moake studied valves from pigs of three ages:
what they apply to corn. Human-made fertilizers can be fuel-intensive to produce and use for example it takes the energy of about a gallon of diesel to produce 4 pounds of nitrogen fertilizer.
#Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: Is it an allergy? Patients with non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) and other food sensitivities showed clinical laboratory
and histological characteristics suggesting they may be suffering from a non-Ige-mediated food allergy according to the article Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity as an Allergic Condition:
Personal Experience and Narrative Review published online today in The American Journal of Gastroenterology. In this review lead author Antonio Carroccio M d. from the University of Palermo in Palermo Italy examines prior data regarding NCWS
and other relevant medical literature focusing on NCWS patients who may suffer from non-Ige-mediated wheat allergy.
Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is characterized by symptoms that can involve the gastrointestinal tract the nervous system the skin and other organs.
The only common denominator of NCWS is wheat consumption: the symptoms disappear on exclusion of wheat from the diet
and reappear on wheat consumption. Food allergies are divided typically into two areas: Ige mediated or non-Ige mediated.
In Ige mediated food allergies people develop symptoms almost immediately after eating and when blood and skin tests are carried out there is a positive marker.
and his colleagues reviewed data on 276 patients diagnosed with NCWS using a double-blind placebo-controlled wheat challenge.
The data indicating a possible wheat allergy diagnosis and other data in the literature were examined.
The review also suggests a link in wheat withdrawal and the intestinal microbiota. A change in diet with wheat withdrawal can also cause a change in the intestinal microbiota.
This is now considered a crucial element in IBS pathogenesis. Future studies in NCWS patients should consider the role of diet in the microbiota and in turn on the intestinal immune system Dr. Carroccio added.
Based on his review Dr. Carroccio concluded Non-celiac wheat sensitivity can now be considered the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms which overlap those commonly attributed to functional disorders.
and it must be underlined that we must utilize the double blind placebo-controlled challenge method to confirm the suspicion of non-celiac wheat sensitivity
Crafting a better enzyme cocktail to turn plants into fuel fasterscientists looking to create a potent blend of enzymes to transform materials like corn stalks
The breakdown of large sugar polymers into smaller compounds that can then be converted further to fuel compounds is the final crucial step in the effort to make fuels from materials like switchgrass and corn stalks.
what stands between you and a tankful of fuel created from corn stalks or switchgrass.
The ultimate goal is to begin with a plant material like corn stalks for instance and to subject it to a cocktail of enzymes that would convert those plants to fuel said chemist Aaron Wright who led the PNNL team.
Attracted by the richness of the dirt settlers began to plow up the prairie more than a century and a half ago replacing the native plants with corn wheat soybeans and other crops.
when cereals were fermented to make bioethanol. With Dr Emily Burton of Nottingham Trent University he was able to secure funding from the EPSRC for a CASE*studentship that allowed them to develop
and fermenting wheat and other agricultural feedstocks bioethanol has particular potential for use as a petrol substitute.
Dr Burton believes the project helps address an issue often raised in connection with cereal-based biofuels:
Explaining this increase Khan pointed out that for a 200-bushel corn crop about 46 pounds of potassium is removed in the grain whereas the residues return 180 pounds of potassium to the soil--three times more than the next corn crop needs
Khan emphasized the overwhelming abundance of soil K noting that soil test levels have increased over time where corn has been grown continuously
and the critical role of crop residues in recycling K the researchers wondered why producers have been led to believe that intensive use of KCL is a prerequisite for maximizing grain yield and quality.
because KCL was 93 percent ineffective for increasing grain yield. Instead of yield gain the researchers found more instances of significant yield reduction.
and promotes accumulation of this heavy metal in potato and cereal grain. This contaminates many common foods we eat--bread potatoes potato chips French fries--and some we drink such as beer.
In the U s. the growing use of genetically-modified herbicide-tolerant crops such as corn and soybeans has resulted in severe milkweed declines and thus loss of breeding habitat.
#Yields of new varieties of agricultural crops continue to increaseresearch into varieties of winter wheat spring barley potatoes grown for starch and sugar beet
whether plant breeders are still able to raise the yield of crops such as winter wheat and potatoes today.
This applied to winter wheat spring barley potatoes grown for starch and sugar beets as well as to a lesser extent to ware potatoes.
Over the period under review the yield of the breeds of winter wheat and spring barley appearing in the market for the first time increased by around one per cent per year.
Bert Rijk researcher at the chair group Plant Production Systems at Wageningen University coordinated the study.
They then compared kiwifruit to the genomes of other representative plant species including tomato rice grape and the mustard weed Arabidopsis.
#For fish and rice to thrive in Yolo Bypass, just add waterfrom a fish-eye view rice fields in California's Yolo Bypass provide an all-you-can-eat bug buffet for juvenile salmon seeking nourishment on their journey to the sea.
That's according to a new report detailing the scientific findings of an experiment that planted fish in harvested rice fields earlier this year resulting in the fattest fastest-growing salmon on record in the state's rivers.
The report provided to the U s. Bureau of Reclamation describes three concurrent studies from researchers at the University of California Davis nonprofit California Trout and the California Department of Water Resources.
whether rice fields on the floodplain of Yolo Bypass could be managed to help recover California's populations of Chinook salmon
Researchers found that the fish did not have a preference among the three rice field types tested:
It's like a dehydrated food web said Jeffres of the harvested rice fields. Just add water.
It is covered by floodway easement held by the state of California making other land uses subservient to flood control Agriculture is a major land use in the bypass with rice the primary crop.
Helmers admits the challenges are more complex than changing the inputs to our crops such as corn and soybean.
The research team used a stable isotope of nitrogen N-15 as a tracer to track fertilizer nitrogen applied in 1982 to sugar beet and winter wheat crops on a pair of two-metre-square plots
and wheat plants over the 30-year study. However 32 to 37 per cent of the fertilizer N remained in the soil organic matter in 1985
From 1950 to 2000 there was a noticeable rise in the cultivation of winter wheat rye and winter barley in Germany
In 2009 cucumber became the seventh plant to have published its genome sequence following the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the poplar tree grapevine papaya and the crops rice and sorghum.
To understand the population bottlenecks during domestication researchers made a comparison analysis between vegetable and grain food crops.
and tomato) probably underwent narrower bottleneck events during domestication than the grain food crops (rice maize and soybean).
and millet to find out how they evolved the same ability independently despite not being directly related to one another.
The study's authors say this knowledge could be used to breed super-crops such as faster growing drought-resistant rice.
The next step for the biologists is to recreate the natural evolution of the more advanced photosynthesis by mirroring the genetic and physiological changes in simple laboratory plants and eventually in rice.
#Barley crops affected by disease found on common wild grassa major fungal pathogen which affects barley crops is also present on a common wild grass according to a new study by leading agricultural researchers including the University
Barley is the second most important cereal crop grown in the UK--used as animal fodder in human foods such as health foods soups
High quality malting barley underpins beer and whisky production and is worth around £20 billion to the UK economy.
However barley is susceptible to a number of diseases the most important of which is called leaf blotch
This disease affects the leaves ears and stems of the barley--decreasing grain quality and reducing crop yields by up to forty per cent.
However our research shows that the fungal pathogen that causes barley leaf blotch can be found on wild ryegrasses which are common both as weeds within cereal crop fields and in the surrounding field margins.
In the study both DNA and plant testing showed that the leaf blotch pathogen that affects barley can be found on the wild grasses
and was virulent on commonly grown varieties of barley. Professor Fitt continued: Field margins play an important role in creating areas of habitat to support wildlife
And if this pathogen species can be spread from wild grasses onto barley crops and back again further investigation is needed to identify how widespread this species is and also the role that wild grasses play as sources of disease for other crops such as wheat.
The paper Evolutionary Relationships Between Rhynchosporium lolii sp. nov. and Other Rhynchosporium Species on Grasses is published in PLOS ON.
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