Early exposure to fruit and late exposure to rice/oat was associated with an increased risk of T1dmb (HR 2. 23
when wheat/barley (HR 0. 47) were introduced appeared to be associated with a decreased risk the results also indicate.
The fiber spun at Rice is unique for the strength of its knots. Most fibers are most likely to snap under tension at the knot
but Rice's fiber demonstrates what the researchers refer to as 100 percent knot efficiency where the fiber is as likely to break anywhere along its length as at the knot.
The new work from the Rice lab of chemist James Tour appears online today in the journal Advanced Materials.
Credit goes to the unique properties of graphene oxide flakes created in an environmentally friendly process patented by Rice a few years ago.
which makes our flakes about ten thousand times larger said Rice graduate student Changsheng Xiang lead author of the new paper.
But the new carbon fibers spun at room temperature at Rice already show impressive tensile strength and modulus and have the potential to be even stronger when annealed at higher temperatures.
The Rice researchers also created a second type of fiber using smaller 9-micron flakes of graphene oxide.
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Colin Young Gabriel Cerioti Chi-Chau Hwang and Zheng Yan;
Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice.
The most numerous species from Chogha Golan are wild barley goat-grass and lentil which are all wild ancestors of modern crops.
In horizon II dating to 9. 800 years ago domesticated emmer wheat appears. The plant remains from Chogha Golan represent a unique long-term record of cultivation of wild plant species in the eastern Fertile Crescent.
Plants including multiple forms of wheat barley and lentils together with domestic animals later accompanied farmers as they spread across western Eurasia gradually replacing the indigenous hunter-gather societies.
Resistance gene found against Ug99 wheat stem rust pathogenthe world's food supply got a little more plentiful thanks to a scientific breakthrough.
Eduard Akhunov associate professor of plant pathology at Kansas State university and his colleague Jorge Dubcovsky from the University of California-Davis led a research project that identified a gene that gives wheat plants resistance to one of the most deadly races of the wheat
The discovery may help scientists develop new wheat varieties and strategies that protect the world's food crops against the wheat stem rust pathogen that is spreading from Africa to the breadbaskets of Asia
and can cause significant crop losses. Other Kansas State university researchers include Harold Trick professor of plant pathology;
The team's study Identification of Wheat Gene Sr35 that Confers Resistance to Ug99 Stem Rust Race Group appears in the journal Science.
Wheat stem rust is caused by a fungal pathogen. According to Akhunov since the 1950s wheat breeders have been able to develop wheat varieties that are largely resistant to this pathogen.
However the emergence of strain Ug99 in Uganda in 1999 devastated crops and has spread to Kenya Ethiopia Sudan
and Yemen though has yet to reach the U s. Until that point wheat breeders had two
As a first line of defense wheat breeders and researchers began looking for resistance genes among those that had already been discovered in the existing germplasm repositories he said.
The Sr35 gene was one of those genes that was discovered in einkorn wheat grown in Turkey Akhunov said.
Until now however we did not know what kind of gene confers resistance to Ug99 in this wheat accession.
To identify the resistance gene Sr35 the team turned to einkorn wheat that is known to be resistant to the Ug99 fungal strain.
Einkorn wheat has limited economic value and is cultivated in small areas of the Mediterranean region. It has been replaced by higher yielding pasta and bread wheat varieties.
Researchers spent nearly four years trying to identify the location of the Sr35 gene in the wheat genome which contains nearly two times more genetic information than the human genome Once the researchers narrowed the list of candidate genes they used two complementary approaches to find the Sr35 gene.
First they chemically mutagenized the resistant accession of wheat to identify plants that become susceptible to the stem rust pathogen.
It was a matter of knocking out each candidate gene until we found the one that made a plant susceptible Akhunov said.
what proteins are transferred by the fungus into the wheat plants and recognized by the protein encoded by the Sr35 gene.
and did indeed inhibit the growth of staple crops wheat corn and soybeans. The chemical-specific changes in the soil microbial community generated a negative feedback on crop growth the scientists said noting that the chemicals also would have a direct toxic effect on other plants.
#Rotation-resistant rootworms owe their success to gut microbesresearchers say they now know what allows some Western corn rootworms to survive crop rotation a farming practice that once effectively managed the rootworm pests.
Their larvae emerge the following spring and feast on the roots of newly planted corn.
Controlling rootworms is an expensive concern faced by all Midwest corn growers said study co-author Joseph Spencer an insect behaviorist at the Illinois Natural history Survey (part of the Prairie Research Institute
I.).Yield losses the use of insecticides and corn hybrids engineered to express rootworm-killing toxins in their tissues cost U s. growers at least $1 billion a year.
Rotation-resistant rootworms are most abundant in regions where rotated corn and soybean fields are the dominant components of the agricultural landscape.)
and the University of California at Davis. Vegetables and fruits don't die the moment they are harvested said Rice biologist Janet Braam the lead researcher on a new study this week in Current Biology.
Braam is professor and chair of Rice's Department of Biochemistry and Cell biology. Braam's team simulated day-night cycles of light and dark to control the internal clocks of fruits
Using controlled lighting in a sealed chamber Rice graduate student and study lead author Danielle Goodspeed found she could entrain the circadian clocks of postharvest cabbage
In the cabbage experiments Braam Goodspeed and Rice co-authors John Liu Zhengji Jim Sheng and Wassim Chehab found they could manipulate cabbage leaves to increase their production of anti-insect metabolites at certain times of day.
Agronomists sometimes try to crossbreed species such as barley and wheat in hopes of creating new crops.
That can be done if the different species are related closely and share the same number of chromosomes
or more times bigger than typical grain sizes of cosmic graphite grains. 2 The VLTI is formed from a combination of the four 8. 2-metre VLT Unit Telescopes or the four moveable
and found that yields of four key crops--maize rice wheat and soybean--are increasing 0. 9-1. 6 percent every year.
The top three countries that produce rice and wheat were found to have very low rates of increase in crop yields.
and food production trajectories are at substantial odds Ray says for example in Guatemala where the corn-dependent population is growing at the same time corn productivity is declining.
They develop gastrointestinal and other symptoms from eating wheat barley rye and other grains that contain gluten-related proteins.
--which now include non-gluten-containing cereals like corn rice teff quinoa millet buckwheat and sorghum.
Boye also noted that canary seeds have more protein than other common cereals are rich in other nutrients
but understanding how they work in the context of the ant community could help researchers create similar methods for processing cellulosic biofuel feedstocks such as corn stalks and grasses.
and tin oxide showed an initial capacity better than the theoretical capacity of tin oxide alone according to Rice chemist James Tour.
The Rice team sees the potential for GNRS to contribute to their development. Tour and his colleagues developed a method for unzipping nanotubes into GNRS revealed in a 2009 cover story in Nature.
In the new experiments the Rice lab mixed graphene nanoribbons and tin oxide particles about 10 nanometers wide in a slurry with a cellulose gum binder and a bit of water spread it on a current collector
cycles said lead author Jian Lin a postdoctoral researcher at Rice who believes it could handle many more without losing significant capacity.
Other labs at Rice have made breakthroughs that help solve the expansion problem by breaking treated silicon into a powder achieving great capacity and many cycles.
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Zhiwei Peng Changsheng Xiang Gedeng Ruan and Zheng Yan and Douglas Natelson a Rice professor of physics and astronomy and of electrical and computer engineering.
Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice.
Illinois has a lot of land that is subpar for corn and soybeans such as the southern part of state and northern parts of the state along rivers.
Successes and failures from the first billion acressince 1996 farmers worldwide have planted more than a billion acres (400 million hectares) of genetically modified corn and cotton that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium
The Rice labs of lead investigator Jun Lou Pulickel Ajayan and Boris Yakobson all professors in the university's Mechanical engineering and Materials Science Department collaborated with Wigner Fellow Wu
Last year Lou and Ajayan revealed their success at making intricate patterns of intertwining graphene and hbn among them the image of Rice's owl mascot.
The question now is how to bring all the 2-D materials together said co-author Sina Najmaei a Rice graduate student.
Now we can grow grain sizes as large as 100 microns Lou said. That's still only about the width of a human hair but in the nanoscale realm it's big enough to work with he said.
The ORNL electron microscopy images make it possible to view these grain boundaries directly. The Rice researchers see many possible ways to combine the materials not only in two-dimensional layers but also as three-dimensional stacks.
Natural crystals are made of structures bound by the Van der waals force but they're all of the same composition Lou said.
Co-authors of the Nature Materials paper are Rice research associate Xiaolong Zou graduate students Gang Shi and Sidong Lei and Wu Zhou at Oak ridge National Laboratory.
Computations were performed on Rice's DAVINCI system and at the Cyberinfrastructure for Computational Research both funded by NSF.
Agmip's effort has produced new knowledge that better predicts global wheat yields while reducing political and socioeconomic influences that can skew data
along with temperature increases and precipitation changes will affect wheat yield globally. The improved crop models can help guide the world's developed
For the study the team looked at simulated yield from 27 different wheat crop models.
Through SALUS Basso forecasted the impact of changes in temperature precipitation and CO2 emissions on wheat yield from contrasting environment across the planet.
SALUS has been employed in several other projects monitoring grain yield and water use in water-sensitive areas such as the Ogallala aquifer (spanning from South dakota to Texas) Siberia India and Africa.
In the case of Celtic Europe grape wine displaced a hybrid drink of honey wheat/barley and native wild fruits (e g. lingonberry and apple) and herbs (such as bog myrtle yarrow and heather.
cool-season grasses and grains such as timothy alfalfa wheat oats barley and rice; soybeans; non-grassy herbs and forbs.
C4 grains include corn and millet. CAM plants include tropical succulent plants such as cactus salt bush and agave.
Today North americans eat about half C3 plants including vegetables fruits and grains such as wheat oats rye and barley and about half C4
which largely comes from corn sorghum and meat animals fed on C4 grasses and grains Cerling says.
The highest C4 diets likely are in Central america because of the heavily corn-based diet. If early humans ate grass-eating insects
and Technology suggests that in 40 years a hotter planet would cut the yield of corn grown for ethanol in the U s. by an average of 7 percent
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) that by 2022 the nation derive 15 billion gallons per year of ethanol from corn to blend with conventional motor fuels according to principal investigator Pedro Alvarez the George R
. Brown Professor and chair of Rice's Civil and Environmental Engineering Department. Alvarez is a member of the Science Advisory board of the U s. Environmental protection agency and chair of Rice's Energy and Environment Initiative.
The policy is based on the idea that blending ethanol into gasoline cuts harmful emissions from vehicles
In a 2010 white paper on U s. biofuels policy produced by Rice's Baker Institute for Public Policy authors including Alvarez
and Rice alumna Rosa Dominguez-Faus found no scientific consensus on the climate-friendly nature of U s.-produced corn-based ethanol
they calculated it takes 50 gallons of water to grow enough Nebraska corn to produce the amount of ethanol needed to drive one mile.
The team built computer simulations based on crop data from the nation's top 10 corn-producing states--Iowa Illinois Nebraska Minnesota Indiana Ohio South dakota Wisconsin Missouri
The researchers found states in the Corn belt (Iowa Illinois Indiana Ohio and Missouri) and the Great lakes (Minnesota and Wisconsin) where corn growth is fed primarily by rainfall would be subject to more intense but less frequent precipitation especially during the summer.
On the Northern Plains of South dakota Nebraska and Kansas where the growth of corn for ethanol already depends heavily on irrigation the study found that crop yields would decline
The production of one liter of corn ethanol requires between 350 and 1400 liters of water from irrigation depending on location.
The projected increases in water intensity due to climate change highlight the need to reevaluate the corn ethanol elements of the Renewable Fuel Standard Dominguez-Faus said.
which predicted that grain boundaries can be strong and earlier experiments which indicated that they were much weaker than the perfect lattice.
Large-area sheets required for applications must contain many small grains connected at grain boundaries
and it was unclear how strong those grain boundaries were. This our second Science paper reports on the strength of large-area graphene films grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
and were able to create test samples without harming the graphene notes the paper's lead author Gwan-Hyoung Lee a postdoctoral fellow in the Hone lab. Our findings clearly correct the mistaken consensus that grain boundaries of graphene
But CVD graphene is stitched'together from many small crystalline grains--like a quilt--at grain boundaries that contain defects in the atomic structure Kysar explains.
These grain boundaries can severely limit the strength of large-area graphene if they break much more easily than the perfect crystal lattice
when tested right at a grain boundary is about 90%as strong as the ideal crystal This is an exciting result for the future of graphene
Very little is known about the effects of grain boundaries in 2d materials Kysar adds. Our work shows that grain boundaries in 2d materials can be much more sensitive to processing than in 3d materials.
This is due to all the atoms in graphene being surface atoms so surface damage that would normally not degrade the strength of 3d materials can completely destroy the strength of 2d materials.
or with cereal rather than milk used in dairy products such as cheese yogurt and ice cream. The dairy industry has set a goal of 25 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.
and his colleagues Melissa Montalbo-Lomboy and Priyanka Chand has shown that pretreating a wide variety of feedstocks (including switch grass corn stover
Grewell's team also found that hydrolysis of corn starch could be accelerated greatly using ultrasonics.
In a conventional ethanol plant ground corn is steamed with jet cookers at boiling point temperatures. This breaks down the corn leaving a starch mash that is then cooled
and treated with enzymes in a process known as hydrolysis to release glucose for fermentation. The Iowa State team replaced the initial steaming with ultrasound sonically smashing the corn into tiny particles in the same way physicians use ultrasound to shatter kidney stones.
The smaller corn fragments provided more surface area for enzymatic action and therefore resulted in fermentation yields comparable to jet cooking.
The potential cost savings for this method says Grewell are very encouraging. Economic models he explains have shown that once implemented this technology could have a payback period of less than one year.
Groundwork laid for block copolymer solar cellsa new version of solar cells created by laboratories at Rice
The photovoltaic devices created in a project led by Rice chemical engineer Rafael Verduzco and Penn State chemical engineer Enrique Gomez are based on block copolymers self-assembling organic materials that arrange themselves into distinct layers.
The Rice/Penn State cells reach about 3 percent efficiency but that's surprisingly better than other labs have achieved using polymer compounds.
The Rice lab discovered a block copolymer--P3ht-b-PFTBT--that separates into bands that are about 16 nanometers wide.
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Yen-Hao Lin and Kendall Smith; Penn State graduate student Changhe Guo and undergraduate Matthew Witman;
wheat maize rice barley rye millet sorghum soybean sunflower potato cassava sugarcane sugar beet oil palm rapeseed (canola) and groundnut (peanut.
Experiments show Zhang-Rice singlet state in different class of materialsphysicists at the University of Arkansas have collaborated with scientists in the United states
An article detailing the finding Zhang-Rice physics and anomalous copper states in A-site ordered perovskites was published Monday May 13 in Scientific Reports an online journal published by the journal Nature.
Derek Meyers a doctoral student in physics at the U of A found that the way electrons form in superconductive material--known as the Zhang-Rice singlet state--was present in a chemical compound that is very different
because we know that the Zhang-Rice quantum state which used to be the hallmark of this high-temperature superconductor could be found in totally different crystal structures.
In this material the electrons combine into a unique quantum state called the Zhang-Rice singlets Chakhalian explained.
Diamond happens to be a good example according to Rice materials scientist Pulickel Ajayan and Honda chief scientist Avetik Harutyunyan.
They then transferred the tiny graphene sheets to diamond quartz and other metals for further study by the Rice team.
In a previous study the Rice lab found graphene shows materials coated with graphene can get wet
and the active materials of electrochemical cells a remarkable step toward building high-power energy devices said Rice research scientist
Rice graduate student Kaushik Kalaga; Masahiro Ishigami an assistant professor of physics at the University of Central Florida;
Ajayan is the Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor in Mechanical engineering and Materials Science and of chemistry at Rice.
The researchers formulated six corn-soybean meal diets to test the effects of saturated fat additives on carcass fat quality in pigs.
To counteract this problem producers have included saturated fats such as corn germ beef tallow palm kernel oil and glycerol in diets containing DDGS
For this study corn germ beef tallow palm kernel oil and glycerol were added each to a diet containing DDGS.
and a control diet containing corn-soybean meal but no DDGS. Firmness of fat was tested by measuring the distance of belly flop.
of which (60%)comes down to rice wheat maize millet and sorghum. The decline in the diversity of crops and animals is occurring in tandem with the need to sharply increase world food production
The connections between the crystals called grain boundaries can be as important as the crystals themselves in determining the material's performance on a large scale.
The grain boundaries become important in any technology says Hone. Say for example we want to make a solar cell.
and that means that there will be thousands of grain boundaries. We need to understand what they do so we can control them.
The team used atomic-resolution electron microscopy to examine the grain boundaries of this material and saw lines of misaligned atoms.
Once they knew where to find the grain boundaries and what they looked like the team could study the effect of a single grain boundary on the properties of the Mos2.
To do this they built tiny transistors the most basic component in all of electronics out of the crystals
and saw that the single defective line of atoms at the grain boundaries could drastically change the key electronic and optical properties of the Mos2.
#Agriculture in China predates domesticated rice: Discovery of ancient diet shatters conventional ideas of how agriculture emergedarchaeologists have made a discovery in southern subtropical China
They have uncovered evidence for the first time that people living in Xincun 5000 years ago may have practised agriculture--before the arrival of domesticated rice in the region.
Current archaeological thinking is that it was the advent of rice cultivation along the Lower Yangtze river that marked the beginning of agriculture in southern China.
Now thanks to a new method of analysis on ancient grinding stones the archaeologists have uncovered evidence that agriculture could predate the advent of rice in the region.
If they were planted at Xincun this implies that'agriculture'did not arrive here with the arrival of domesticated rice as archaeologists currently think
The adoption of domesticated rice was slow and gradual in this region; it was not a rapid transformation as in other places.
People may have been busy with other types of cultivation ignoring rice which may have been in the landscape
because it records the data in a regular array of single-grain magnetic islands (see image) that can be much smaller than multiple grain bits in continuous media according to Lin.
Ideally bit-patterned media will achieve one grain per bit because the magnetic cells are patterned in isolated and ordered arrays known as'islands'.
This may explain the difference between bladderworts and junk-heavy species like corn and tobacco--and humans.
and wheat said Robert Vanburen a graduate student in Ming's lab and collaborator on the study.
and shifting rainfall patterns caused by climate change threaten the future viability of food staples such as maize and wheat.
Schulte Moore works with Iowa farmers to incorporate native grassland habitat alongside corn and soy fields.
because it was characterized first at the University can create an iron barrier in rice roots that reduces arsenic uptake.
Rice grown as a staple food for a large portion of the world's population absorbs arsenic from the environment and transfers it to the grain.
The risks of arsenic in rice were highlighted recently in the national press when arsenic was detected in baby foods made from rice.
In regions of the world where rice is the major component of the human diet the health of entire communities of people can be impacted negatively by arsenic contamination of rice.
Arsenic may occur naturally in the soil as it does in many parts of Southeast asia
Despite the health risks arsenic in rice poses to millions of people around the world there are currently no effective agricultural methods in use to reduce arsenic levels.
and microbes adjacent to rice roots--can be used to block the arsenic uptake. Bais first identified the bacterial species in soil samples taken from rice fields in California.
The pair's preliminary research has shown that UD1023 can mobilize iron from the soil and slow arsenic uptake in rice roots but the researchers have not yet determined exactly how this process works
and whether it will lead to reduced levels of arsenic in rice grains. We have a bacterium that moves iron
and we want to see if creating an iron shield around the rice roots will slow arsenic movement into other parts of the plant Bais said.
Sherrier and Bais who received a 2012 seed grant for the project from Delaware's National Science Foundation Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR) ultimately want to determine how UD1023 slows arsenic movement into rice roots
and whether it will lead to reduced levels of arsenic in the rice grains the edible portion of the plant.
That is the most important part Bais said. We don't know yet whether we can reduce arsenic in the grains
or reduce the upward movement of arsenic towards the grain but we're optimistic. Bais says that
and her colleagues have utilized now this type of sodium transporter in breeding research to engineer wheat plants that are more tolerant to salt in the soil boosting wheat yields by a whopping 25 percent in field trials.
A recent discovery of protein transporters that move sugar throughout the plant has been used to develop rice plants that confer pest resistance to crops the biologists said providing a novel way to simplify the engineering of crops with high yields and pest resistance
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