and revealed new pathways and information about how plants fix carbon. The findings published in Comparative analyses of C4
You really want something that penetrates into your teeth and breaks down the stain molecules.
The main reason why strawberries don't work as teeth whiteners is their chemistry. They may taste great
Apples and lemons also popularly advocated as tooth whiteners have no hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide suggesting their effectiveness as tooth whiteners would be limited as well
although Kwon did not directly test those fruits. The strawberry-baking soda remedy had another downside:
Molecular biological analyses of tissue samples always confront scientists with the same problem: how to retrieve the genome of a specific pathogen from a mixture of DNAS in a patient and its microbial cohabitants?
By using a stable isotope of nitrogen (N) researchers assessed the absorption efficiency of various nitrogen sources for both species. They observed that the best absorbed source was followed urea by ammonia glycine and finally the nitrate.
These differences among the four sources can be explained due to their physicochemical properties as polarity hygroscopicity and solubility of compounds.
Coronaviruses have a spike protein that is activated by a protease and mediates membrane fusion and entry into a host cell.
The location on the spike protein where a protease activates this process is called a cleavage site.
This is the first characterization of a natural coronavirus with a spike protein containing two furin cleavage sites said Millet the paper's first author.
#Chemical derived from broccoli sprouts shows promise in treating autismresults of a small clinical trial suggest that a chemical derived from broccoli sprouts
In a report published online in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences during the week of Oct 13 the researchers say that many of those who received a daily dose of the chemical sulforaphane experienced substantial improvements in their social interaction
and molecular sciences who has researched these vegetable compounds for the past 25 years. We are far from being able to declare a victory over autism
Unfortunately its root causes remain elusive though progress has been made Talalay says in describing some of the biochemical and molecular abnormalities that tend to accompany ASD.
In addition the chemical later turned out to improve the body's heat-shock response--a cascade of events used to protect cells from the stress caused by high temperatures including those experienced
Talalay notes that the scores of those who took sulforaphane trended back toward their original values after they stopped taking the chemical just like
& Communication Technology were first in the world to demonstrate single-atom spin qubits in silicon reported in Nature in 2012 and 2013.
Now the team led by Dzurak has discovered a way to create an artificial atom qubit with a device remarkably similar to the silicon transistors used in consumer electronics known as MOSFETS.
Postdoctoral researcher Menno Veldhorst lead author on the paper reporting the artificial atom qubit says It is really amazing that we can make such an accurate qubit using pretty much the same devices as we have in our laptops and phones.
Meanwhile Morello's team has been pushing the natural phosphorus atom qubit to the extremes of performance.
Dr Juha Muhonen a postdoctoral researcher and lead author on the natural atom qubit paper notes:
The phosphorus atom contains in fact two qubits: the electron and the nucleus. With the nucleus in particular we have achieved accuracy close to 99.99%.
The high-accuracy operations for both natural and artificial atom qubits is achieved by placing each inside a thin layer of specially purified silicon containing only the silicon-28 isotope.
This isotope is perfectly nonmagnetic and unlike those in naturally occurring silicon does not disturb the quantum bit.
or millions of qubits and may integrate both natural and artificial atoms. Morello's research team also established a world-record coherence time for a single quantum bit held in solid state.
because bacteria-based biofertilizers constitute an alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers that are expensive and less sustainable from the environmental point of view.
and where appropriate replace conventional chemical fertilizers so that their use can be reduced with the resulting economic and environmental benefits.
Conventional chemical fertilizers however supply the soil with chemical elements which despite functioning as a fertilizer can end up contaminating aquifers
and conventional chemical fertilizers to increase productivity in poor soils and specifically to combat the impact of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogen
#Wild tomato species focus of antioxidant studytomatoes are known to be rich in antioxidants such as Vitamin c lycopene Î-carotene and phenolics.
or inhibiting oxidation processes caused by free radicals are of interest to consumers for their health-related contributions
They tested each population for total water-soluble antioxidant activity phenolic content fruit weight fruit shape fruit color and Vitamin c content.
The Solanum peruvianum population was determined to be best for improvement of Vitamin c content with 3-fold variation for the trait and individuals
which had twice as much Vitamin c as cultivated tomato. Our work shows that wild tomato species harbor alleles that could be useful for improvement of antioxidant traits in cultivated tomato Doä anlar noted.
and provides the algae with the compounds they need for photosynthesis. The algae in turn produce oxygen help the coral to remove waste products
Grã ndahl points out that algae contain vitamins amino acids and minerals indeed the entire list of the periodic elements including iron.
This is important as reduction in these compounds in the mothers could presumably decrease negative developmental effects in their fetus and newborns according to Dr. Reid.
#Due to landscape fragmentation, Brazils rainforests are releasing more carbon dioxide than previously thoughtbecause of the deforestation of tropical rainforests in Brazil significantly more carbon has been lost than was assumed previously.
To estimate the additional carbon emissions at the forest edges the UFZ scientists developed a new approach that integrates the results from remote sensing ecology and forest modelling.
For their study they initially modelled the percentage loss of carbon in forest border after the deforestation of the surrounding area.
Tree mortality increases so that they can't store as much carbon as healthy trees in the centre of the forest the core area says Dr. Sandro PÃ tz the main author of the study.
This makes it possible to determine the percentage loss of carbon of forest fragments of different sizes.
Due to the changed microclimate at the forest edges more than 68 million tonnes of carbon are lost in ten years.
This means that the additional loss of carbon in the entire rainforest of the Amazon due to the peripheral effects amounts to approx. 600 million tonnes in ten years.
For the first time the UFZ researchers also calculated how much this border effect would affect the storage of carbon in tropical forests worldwide.
Currently there are 830 billion tonnes of carbon in the atmosphere. Every year the carbon increases by four billion tonnes.
A quarter of this is caused by deforestation around the globe. Because the calculations of the UFZ model indicate that ten percent of the forest areas in the tropics worldwide lie at the edges of forests these degradation effects result in an increase of up to 0. 2 billion tonnes of carbon getting
into the atmosphere per year. This share has so far not been included in the carbon balance calculations.
It is forgotten a process in the global carbon circulation of the vegetation Huth states. This aspect has been included not directly in the calculations of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
However this effect should urgently be taken into account the ecologist demands. The UFZ scientists'results are also interesting for practical aspects in climate protection policy.
because the relative loss of carbon is only minimal at the edges at that size.
and the chemical properties of the soil in which rice grows. They found that iron content in soil slowly increases as rice is growing
#Natural gene selection can produce orange corn rich in Provitamin a for Africa, U s. Purdue researchers have identified a set of genes that can be used to naturally boost the Provitamin a content of corn kernels a finding that could help combat Vitamin a deficiency in developing countries and macular degeneration in the elderly.
Professor of agronomy Torbert Rocheford and fellow researchers found gene variations that can be selected to change nutritionally poor white corn into biofortified orange corn with high levels of Provitamin a carotenoids--substances
that the human body can convert into Vitamin a. Vitamin a plays key roles in eye health and the immune system as well as in the synthesis of certain hormones.
This study gives us the genetic blueprint to quickly and cost-effectively convert white or yellow corn to orange corn that is rich in carotenoids--and we can do
so using natural plant breeding methods not transgenics said Rocheford the Patterson Endowed Chair of Translational Genomics for Crop Improvement.
Vitamin a deficiency causes blindness in 250000 to 500000 children every year half of whom die within a year of losing their eyesight according to the World health organization.
which has minimal amounts of Provitamin a carotenoids is a dietary mainstay. Insufficient carotenoids may also contribute to macular degeneration in the elderly a leading cause of blindness in older populations in Europe
Previous research by Rocheford and his colleagues identified two genes that contribute to Provitamin a carotenoid levels in corn kernels
and using a number of these favorable genes could be an effective way to rapidly convert white and yellow corn varieties to orange corn with higher levels of Provitamin a and total carotenoids.
We now have the genetic information needed to begin developing a major public-private sector collaboration with the goal of providing orange corn with high levels of Provitamin a to farmers throughout Sub-saharan africa he said.
Their research--in collaboration with Harvestplus and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center also known as CIMMYT--has yielded varieties of orange corn with markedly higher amounts of Provitamin a carotenoids.
and reduce the amount of corn African consumers would need to eat to attain enough Provitamin a Rocheford said.
Chinas economic boom thwarts its carbon emissions goalsefforts to reduce China's carbon dioxide emissions are being offset by the country's rampant economic growth according to new research from the University of East Anglia (UEA.
Research published today in Nature Climate Change reveals how carbon efficiency has improved in nearly all Chinese provinces.
According to the study China the world's largest producer of CO2 emissions increased its carbon intensity by 3 per cent during a period of unprecedented economic growth.
This was despite its pledge to reduce carbon intensity by up to 45 per cent by 2020 (relative to the 2005 level.
The less economically advantaged province of Guizhou achieved a 98 per cent gain in carbon efficiency but concurrent production increases led to a 125 per cent efficiency loss.
Consequently the net carbon efficiency of the province fell by 27 per cent. The most marked improvements occurred in the economically advanced coastal areas and the heavily industrialised inland regions.
While the implementation of new less wasteful technologies helped most provinces boost their carbon efficiency China's emissions-intensive capital projects offset those advances.
For example Inner Mongolia replaced many inefficient carbon-intensive factories with large-scale modern facilities. This resulted in metal smelting and cement production increasing 14-fold between 2002-2009.
Likewise the carbon efficiency of China's coal-fired power plants improved by 10 per cent
Official Chinese statistics for the first half of 2014 show an encouraging 5 per cent decrease in carbon intensity the most significant drop in many years.
Fungi get around this plant immunity by injecting proteins into the host plant cells. These'effector proteins'enable the fungi to escape the plant's immune system
and allow the fungal cells to enter the plant unrecognised. Exeter scientists have shown now that signalling organelles known as'early endosomes'act as long distance messengers in the fungi.
This rapid communication between the point of invasion and the fungal cell nucleus enables the fungus to produce the effector proteins that help evade the plant's immune response from the moment the fungus enters the host tissue.
In order to efficiently protect crops we must better understand molecular mechanisms like these that occur in the very earliest stages of infection.
and carbon to cycle in ecosystems but there was little evidence that human-induced loss of these animals has effects at the level of the whole ecosystem on services such as agricultural yield said Mark Bradford an Associate professor at the Yale
Quality is measured by the concentration of proteins in the plants. Bradford says the experiment differed from earlier research in two important ways:
#U s. releases 13th Report on Carcinogensfour substances have been added in the U s. Department of health and human services 13th Report on Carcinogens a science-based document that identifies chemical biological and physical agents that are considered cancer hazards for people living
Ortho-toluidine used to make rubber chemicals pesticides and dyes has been reevaluated and is listed now as a known human carcinogen.
Ortho-toluidine is a synthetic chemical produced in other countries and imported into the United states by several companies in high volumes.
It is used primarily to make rubber chemicals pesticides and dyes. It is used also in some consumer and medical products.
Three substances added to the new report as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenthe chemical 1-bromopropane is a colorless to pale yellow liquid used as a solvent in many commercial industries.
It is a natural component of coal tar and petroleum and is found in tobacco smoke.
Pentachlorophenol and by-products of its synthesis are complex mixtures of chemicals used as wood preservatives.
#Novel phenolic compounds discovered in barley, beernovel forms of phenolic compounds have been discovered from barley and beer.
The results will open new interesting possibilities for evaluation of possible health benefits of barley and beer.
These compounds are found in barley grains but also in beers brewed from barley malts. Japanese research teams have linked previously beer hordatines to some physiological effects.
Increasingly local adaptation to climate is being studied at the molecular level by identifying which genes control climate adaptation
and the carbon availability than how hot or dry the climate is. This allows diverse microbial communities to thrive wherever the soil conditions are equally diverse.
Specifically to control the molecular orientation and packing at electrode surfaces the team combined knowledge about graphene and organic crystals.
Though it was difficult Briseno says they managed to get the necessary compounds to stack like coins.
Stacked compounds are ideal for charge transport since this configuration has the largest charge transport anisotropy.
Charge transport anisotropy is a phenomenon where electrons flow faster along a particular crystallographic direction due to close molecule-molecule interactions.
Briseno says The biggest challenge in producing this architecture was finding the appropriate substrate that would enable the molecules to stack vertically.
and determined the mechanism of crystallization the polymer chemist adds. Vertical nanopillars are ideal geometries for getting around these challenges Briseno says
#Floridas climate boosts soil-carbon storage, cuts greenhouse emissionswarm temperatures and a wet landscape increase soil's ability to store carbon
Soil-stored carbon can slow the build up of carbon-based gases in the atmosphere a phenomenon believed to be a cause of global climate change.
So it's vital to preserve soil carbon said Sabine Grunwald a UF soil and water science professor who led the research.
Soils serve as a natural container to hold carbon that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases that accelerate global climate change.
In addition to environmental stewardship landowners can make money by storing carbon. Participants in the state's Florida Stewardship Program are sitting on an estimated $300 million worth of carbon.
Because it's so wet Florida's soil has stored historically more carbon than any state except perhaps Alaska
which has not been studied extensively Grunwald said. With Florida's rapid population growth in the past 45 years from 5 million to about 18 million land use has changed considerably.
That change has caused carbon-rich wetlands to increase 140 percent while carbon-poor agricultural land decreased about 20 percent according to the study.
In the first study of its kind UF researchers reviewed data from 1251 soil samples collected across Florida from 1965 to 1996.
They studied carbon sequestration rates from 1965 to 2010. Researchers studied land use land cover and climate change to see how those factors affect the soil's ability to store carbon.
Organic carbon in soil includes dead plant and animal tissue and makes up most global soil carbon.
Land cover is what's On earth's surface whether it's dirt pavement water or trees among other things.
Land use means how people utilize public and private land such as agriculture forestry or conservation land.
Together land use land cover and climate change account for 46 percent of soil carbon sequestration the study showed.
They found higher average annual temperatures correlated with higher soil carbon sequestration specifically in crops mesic upland forest pineland
Among land-use types researchers also found sugarcane in the soils of the Everglades Agricultural area near Lake Okeechobee and wetlands stored the most soil carbon
#An apple a day could keep obesity awayscientists at Washington state University have concluded that nondigestible compounds in apples--specifically Granny smith apples--may help prevent disorders associated with obesity.
The study thought to be the first to assess these compounds in apple cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest appears in October's print edition of the journal Food Chemistry.
We know that in general apples are a good source of these nondigestible compounds but there are differences in varieties said food scientist Giuliana Noratto the study's lead researcher.
The tart green Granny smith apples benefit the growth of friendly bacteria in the colon due to their high content of nondigestible compounds including dietary fiber and polyphenols and low content of available carbohydrates.
Despite being subjected to chewing stomach acid and digestive enzymes these compounds remain intact when they reach the colon.
and Red delicious in the amount of nondigestible compounds they contain. The nondigestible compounds in the Granny smith apples actually changed the proportions of fecal bacteria from obese mice to be similar to that of lean mice Noratto said.
The discovery could help prevent some of the disorders associated with obesity such as low-grade chronic inflammation that can lead to diabetes.
#Causes of California drought linked to climate changethe extreme atmospheric conditions associated with California's crippling drought are far more likely to occur under today's global warming conditions than in the climate that existed before humans emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases.
and statistical techniques to show that a persistent region of high atmospheric pressure hovering over the Pacific ocean that diverted storms away from California was much more likely to form in the presence of modern greenhouse gas concentrations.
Our research finds that extreme atmospheric high pressure in this region--which is linked strongly to unusually low precipitation in California--is much more likely to occur today than prior to the human emission of greenhouse gases that began during the Industrial revolution in the 1800s said Diffenbaugh an associate professor of environmental Earth
which the atmosphere is growing increasingly warm due to human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
In the other set of experiments greenhouse gases were kept at a level similar to those that existed just prior to the Industrial revolution.
We've demonstrated with high statistical confidence that the large-scale atmospheric conditions similar to those associated with the Triple R are far more likely to occur now than in the climate before we emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases Rajaratnam said.
and fixing nitrogen by manipulating the molecular mechanisms that regulate these functions. If this can be done with legumes such as soybeans perhaps this trait can be transferred to other crops that don't fix nitrogen he added.
When the genome of the black Perigord truffle was mapped in 2010 we thought that the fungus had sufficient genes to create its flavour on its own junior professor Richard Splivallo from the Institute for Molecular Life sciences at the Goethe University explained.
The researchers were able to show that bacteria produce a specific class of volatile cyclic sulphur compounds
because the compounds we investigated are only found in the white truffle Tuber borchii. For this reason in the future they plan to study compounds which are found in the PÃ rigord
and Piermont truffles and are common to all types of truffles. We don't just want to know which part of the truffle flavour is produced by bacteria.
Now researchers at A*STAR have used a process known as friction stir processing (see image) to produce an evenly distributed mix of nanosized aluminum oxide (Al2o3) particles in aluminum1.
It also reduced the amount of airborne particles produced during powder placement and friction stir processing explains Guo.
smaller aluminum matrix grains can flow past each other more smoothly than larger particles enhancing the strength of the material.
while nitrogen pollution has changed soil chemistry in Canada and Panama. Continents apart these changes have all been documented by the Smithsonian-led Center for Tropical forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory CTFS-Forestgeo
Many of the changes occurring in forests worldwide are attributable to human impacts on climate atmospheric chemistry land use
and seed production collect insects survey mammals quantify carbon stocks and flows within the ecosystem take soil samples
#Goats better than chemicals for curbing invasive marsh grassherbivores not herbicides may be the most effective way to combat the spread of one of the most invasive plants now threatening East Coast salt marshes a new Duke university-led
Land managers traditionally have used chemical herbicides to slow phragmites'spread but with only limited and temporary success. Now field experiments by researchers at Duke
For more than two decades we've declared major chemical and physical warfare on this grass using all the latest humanmade weapons Silliman said.
But sugars may also be part of a deadly game of tag between plant and insect according to scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology.
Like all cereals and other members of the grass family maize plants defend themselves with chemistry.
and Jonathan Gershenzon from the Department of Biochemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena Germany have discovered recently a previously unknown detoxification strategy in these pest insects.
Modern and highly sensitive mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods showed that the benzoxazinoid identified in the larval frass was no longer identical to the substance in the plant leaves.
and the original plant compound was simply the stereochemical configuration of one atom. The crucial change however is the fact that the insect metabolite is no longer reactive to the plant enzyme
The importance of the three-dimensional structure of molecules and the stereospecificity of chemical reactions is overlooked often.
The chemical chirality of the compounds is the key here explains Jonathan Gershenzon director of the Department of Biochemistry.
These insects can teach us humans a lot about an important chemical concept the idea that a compound
even though the atoms are connected in the same way. The term chirality is derived from the Greek word for hand
That two mirror molecules can have a completely different mode of action became widely known in the aftermath of the tragic effects the sedative drug Contergan had on unborn children in the early 1960s.
The above story is provided based on materials by Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Understanding the controls on water movement through biochar-amended soils is critical to explaining other frequently reported benefits of biochar such as nutrient retention carbon sequestration
and reduced greenhouse gas emissions said lead author Rebecca Barnes an assistant professor of environmental science at Colorado College who began the research while serving as a postdoctoral research associate at Rice.
Moreover the surface chemistry of biochar--both on external surfaces and inside pores--is likely to promote absorption and further slow the movement of water.
and can be influenced dramatically by high winds the team expects to see a substantial increase In front Range fire activity in the low and mid-elevations in the coming years as temperatures continue to warm a result of rising greenhouses gases in Earth's atmosphere.
In a first-of-its kind study that combined molecular and environmental data professor Meng-Hua Li et al. performed a search for genes under environmental selection from domesticated sheep breeds.
#NASA, partners target megacities carbon emissionsdriving down busy Interstate 5 in Los angeles in a nondescript blue Toyota Prius Riley Duren of NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory Pasadena California is a man
In his trunk a luggage-sized air-sampling instrument sniffs the outside air through a small tube to measure the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
and his team build confidence in greenhouse gas measurements taken from aircraft and satellites which can cover large areas more effectively.
A NASA aircraft soon appears overhead carrying a prototype satellite instrument that records high-resolution images of methane that scientists can use to identify gas plumes.
The pilot buzzes the landfill several times to capture images of the invisible gas then the plane departs
The instruments in the Prius and airplane are just two of many elements of the Megacities Carbon Project an international multi-agency pilot initiative to develop
Cities and their power plants are the largest sources of human-produced greenhouse gas emissions and are the largest human contributors to climate change.
Duren is principal investigator for the LA component of the Megacities Carbon Project. He hopes to work with international partners to deploy a global urban carbon monitoring system that will eventually allow local policymakers to fully account for the many sources
and sinks or storage sites of carbon and how they change over time. Los angeles and Paris are pilot cities in the initiative.
Efforts are underway to add other cities around the world. When fully established in late 2014 the LA network will consist of 15 monitoring stations around the LA basin Most will use commercially available high-precision greenhouse gas analyzers to continuously sample local air.
The LA network encompasses the portions of the South Coast Air Basin that produce the most intense greenhouse gas emissions in California.
The LA megacity sprawls across five counties 150 municipalities many freeways landfills oil wells gas pipelines America's largest seaport mountains and even dairies all within an area
There's an urgent need to get a handle on explosive growth in carbon emissions from fossil-fuel use by cities
In many cases we know very little about the carbon emissions of individual cities said LA Megacities Carbon Project Co-Principal investigator Charles Miller of JPL.
The United nations predicts that Earth's urban population will double by 2050 dramatically increasing the number and size of megacities and their carbon footprints.
Cities are serving as bellwethers of society's carbon emission trends. While many are experiencing growth in emissions others are leading the charge to reduce them.
These rapid changes in the carbon emissions from megacities represent both a mega-problem and an opportunity said Duren.
The Megacities project combines direct surface measurements of urban greenhouse gases from instruments located in air sampling stations atop radio towers
Other instruments track winds and vertical motion of the atmosphere--both of which are key to interpreting the greenhouse gas measurements.
NASA's recently launched Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite is capable of detecting the enhanced levels of carbon dioxide over the world's largest cities
The result will be independent accurate assessments of carbon emissions and a better understanding of the factors that affect them.
Toward an Urban Carbon Monitoring System With Some Challenging Twistsultimately the concept of a global carbon-monitoring system focused on the largest carbon emitters hinges on the ability to extend pilot efforts like those in LA and Paris
which both release and absorb carbon. Doing so requires more frequent and dense measurements and the ability to sense multiple species of greenhouse gases from Earth's surface and from space.
Another important method involves measuring radiocarbon isotopes. That's something scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) will begin contributing to the LA Megacities effort in the coming months.
Because cities concentrate emissions into small areas they produce intense changes in the atmosphere. This makes them a better target for measurement than countries or states.
Directly monitoring the carbon emissions of entire countries probably won't be feasible for at least another decade
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from cities is a significant challenge said James Whetstone special assistant to the director for greenhouse gas measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST
and demonstrate the performance of advanced greenhouse gas measurement methods that can be applied to cities and metropolitan areas.
but that are needed to independently quantify progress toward greenhouse gas emission targets Whetstone added. The pilot effort in LA and companion efforts in Paris build upon existing research infrastructure and collaborations with smaller cities.
The project team is also working with scientists in Sao paulo to establish a companion effort there to study another unique urban carbon system.
In addition to hosting the gas analyzers these super-sites also use natural sunlight to track carbon dioxide methane carbon monoxide and other gases in columns of the atmosphere over LA.
Satellites such as NASA's OCO-2 and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Satellite (GOSAT) periodically sample the air over Los angeles and a subset of other cities around the world.
A follow-on version of NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 that may ultimately fly on the International Space station is being designed with a city mode that will provide frequent maps of the carbon dioxide emissions of many of the world's largest emitters.
It may someday serve as part of an international constellation of carbon monitoring satellites providing frequent comprehensive mapping of greenhouse gases across entire cities and broader regions.
and atmospheric moisture future satellites will also use'chemical cameras'to map the distributions of greenhouse gases
CLARS provides a way to test this by mapping chemicals in the air over Los angeles. The methods we're testing today can ultimately fill a critical need for decision makers to determine
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