Single-atom-thick patterns combine conductor and insulatorrice University scientists have taken an important step toward the creation of two-dimensional electronics with a process to make patterns in atom-thick layers that combine a conductor and an insulator.
Even at one atom thick the hexagonal array of carbon atoms has proven its potential as a fascinating electronic material.
and h-BN via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) created sheets with pools of the two that afforded some control of the material's electronic properties.
and exposed material was etched away with argon gas. A focused ion beam system was used later to create even finer patterns down to 100-nanometer resolution without masks.
they're not doped by the carbon. And the graphene still looks very good. That's important because we want to be sure
Diets high in saturated fat can increase cholesterol and cause heart disease while those rich in omega-3 and other polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the risk of heart disease studies have shown.
Traditional cattle feed mixtures of corn grains alfalfa hay and grass silage result in dairy products with low concentrations of omega-3 and other polyunsaturated fats according to Gerd Bobe the lead scientist
At six pounds per day saturated fatty acids in whole milk fat dropped 18 percent polyunsaturated fatty acids increased 82 percent and omega-3 levels rose 70 percent compared to feeding no flaxseed.
Still saturated fat accounted for more than half of the fatty acids in the dairy products while the increase in polyunsaturated fats compromised no more than nearly nine percent of the total.
Researchers also noted that the refrigerated butter was softer and less adhesive thanks to fewer saturated fatty acids.
and used gas and liquid chromatography to analyze juice compounds. They found that orange juice from the fruit with HLB symptoms was often higher in limonin
but that the compounds were generally below levels that could be detected by human taste panels.
Their results were published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. In another study they investigated how HLB infection affects juice quality in the same three varieties of orange with respect to cultivar maturity and processing methods.
The pine beetles produce pheromones chemical signals that attract enough competitors and predators to prevent outbreaks says Sharon Martinson a member of the research team and first author on the new paper.
if we continue increasing our emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activity.
A simple way to measure climate sensitivity is to calculate how much the mean air temperature will rise
If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at our current rate we risk doubling that atmospheric CO2 level in roughly 2050.
We used a method that enables us to view the entire earth as one giant'laboratory'where humankind has been conducting a collective experiment through our emissions of greenhouse gases and particulates deforestation and other activities that affect climate.
and more effective toxicity tests for airborne chemicals scientists from Rice university and the Rice spinoff company Nano3d Biosciences have used magnetic levitation to grow some of the most realistic lung tissue ever produced in a laboratory.
Bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells cooperate in a two-step version of photosynthesis using different kinds of chloroplasts.
and wine appears in ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Yoji Hayasaka and colleagues point out that Australia
The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
and found that Abscisic acid was the key signaling molecule. We are familiar with how animals use a fight or flight strategy to face external challenges.
The content of the heavy oxygen isotope O18 in the ice cores tells us about the temperature in clouds
and often the goat is the only source of animal protein in their diet explains Rosa Garcã a. The team led by Koldo Osoro Otaduy manager of the Animal Production Systems Area at SERIDA
In a study of 36 weanling-age pigs researchers found that a dose of lipid-producing Rhodococcus opacus bacteria increased circulating triglycerides.
which the body converts to a close cousin of Vitamin a may lower the risk for the most common form of diabetes
while gamma tocopherol the major form of Vitamin e in the American diet may increase risk for the disease.
tocopherol with risk for the disease. Type-2 diabetes affects about 15 percent of the world's population
whether beta carotene and gamma tocopherol are respectively protective and harmful themselves or merely markers whose blood levels dovetail with the presence
Moreover the fact that both beta carotene and gamma tocopherol interact with the same gene variant to influence diabetes risk
albeit in opposite directions suggests that the protein the gene called SLC30A4 codes for may play a crucial role in the disease.
Indeed that protein is relatively abundant in insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas where it aids the transport of zinc into those cells.
The most well-studied gene variations are substitutions of one type of chemical unit of DNA for another one at a single position along the genome.
but finite (about 3 billion chemical units long) the environment contains an infinite number of substances from dietary micronutrients to synthetic pollutants to
and many other vegetables and gamma tocopherol which is relatively abundant in vegetable fats such as soybean corn and canola oils and margarine.
This vitamin was already known as being'good'with respect to type-2 diabetes so it was no surprise that we saw it too said Butte
High blood levels of gamma tocopherol appeared to be associated with increased risk for the disease.
which purified beta carotene and gamma tocopherol will be fed to lab mice. This may show whether those substances themselves are critical to preventing
It also may throw light on precisely how these substances affect the production or performance of the protein for which the implicated gene codes.
We can't say based on just this study that'Vitamin e is bad for you'said Patel.
He noted that blood levels of alpha tocopherol--another form of Vitamin e that predominates in most supplements--showed no deleterious interaction with the predisposing gene variant in the new study.
Wusirika thinks the rice callus culture may be attacking cancer with the same sort of plant chemicals that make vegetables so healthy to eat.
They are full of metabolic compounds that are good for us he says. We think that's what is killing the cancer.
He also wants to determine which of the compounds released by the rice callus have cancer-killing properties
when it comes to combating global warming caused by emissions of ozone-forming chemicals location matters.
Scientists and policy analysts are interested in learning how curbing the emissions of these chemicals can improve human health
of these chemical emissions vary around the world. The chemicals which are produced from sources such as planes factories
and automobiles are converted to ozone in the presence of sunlight and subsequently transported by wind around our planet.
Among these chemicals are nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons. By combining satellite observations of how much heat ozone absorbs in Earth's atmosphere with a model of how chemicals are transported in the atmosphere the researchers discovered significant regional variability--in some places by more than a factor of 10--in how efficiently ozone trapped heat
in Earth's atmosphere depending upon where the ozone-forming chemical emissions were located. This variability was found within individual continents and even among different regions with similar emission levels within individual countries.
High-latitude regions such as Europe had a smaller impact than lower-latitude regions like North america.
Ozone was observed to be a more efficient greenhouse gas over hot regions like the tropics or relatively cloud-free regions like the Middle east.
Variations in chemicals that lead to the production of ozone are driven by industry and human population.
The researchers found that the top 15 regional contributors to global ozone greenhouse gas levels were located predominantly in China
Bowman and Henze found considerable variability in how different types of emissions contribute to ozone's greenhouse gas effect.
and natural--industrial and transportation sources make up a quarter of the total greenhouse gas effect
They also found that nitrogen dioxide contributes about two-thirds of the ozone greenhouse gas effect compared to carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons.
One question that's getting a lot of interest in policy initiatives such as the United nations'Environment Programme Climate and Clean Air Coalition is controlling short-lived greenhouse gases like methane
They are autumnal fruits highly valued by wildlife because of its large size its abundance and its high calorie lipid and carbohydrate.
The study reveals that voles liked these larvae (rich in proteins) and feed on them decreasing the harm produced by these worms over the acorns.
The effect creates an excess of strengthening sugar molecules in the willows'stems which attempt to straighten the plant upwards.
whose chemical contents were the precursors to Aspirin willows are seen now as important crops for energy and the environment.
The trends are consistent with the projected effects of increased concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels.
when to secrete specific chemicals when to divide and when to spread. They hypothesized that disrupting this system would leave the parasites incapable of growing
life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel requirements--the researchers identified PV electricity for battery electric vehicles as the superior sun-to-wheels conversion method.
We estimate that using marginal lands for growing cellulosic biomass crops could provide up to 215 gallons of ethanol per acre with substantial greenhouse gas mitigation.
However this is the first study to provide an estimate for the greenhouse gas benefits as well as an assessment of the total potential for these lands to produce significant amounts of biomass he added.
Such'calcareous'microfossils are critical for using the radiocarbon technique to determine the age of the sediments
Some of the radiocarbon dating work was undertaken at the Natural Environment Research Council Radiocarbon Facility (Environment.
and ingest more samples from this rock which it will analyze for information about its mineral and chemical composition.
One line of evidence comes from inspection of light-toned veins with Curiosity's laser-pulsing Chemistry and Camera (Chemcam) instrument
while fruit is rich in antioxidants and other beneficial compounds. The authors emphasise that their results do not prove cause
However creating the one-atom thick sheets of carbon known as graphene in a way that could be integrated easily into mass production methods has proven difficult.
When graphene is grown lattices of the carbon grains are formed randomly linked together at different angles of orientation in a hexagonal network.
The researchers grew polycrystalline graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy for analysis to examine at the atomic scale grain boundaries on a silicon wafer.
They reported their results in the journal ACS Nano. We obtained information about electron scattering at the boundaries that shows it significantly limits the electronic performance compared to grain boundary free graphene Lyding said.
That's what Justin was able to measure with these spectroscopy measurements. Basically a grain boundary is a resistor in series with a conductor.
milk is rich in Vitamin d and this may boost brain power the evidence suggests. So to improve your chances of winning Nobel prizes you should
#Supplements and cows milk play biggest roles in determining Vitamin d levels in childrentaking a Vitamin d supplement
and drinking cow's milk are the two most important factors that determine how much Vitamin d is in a child's body new research has found.
and maintaining optimal Vitamin d levels in early childhood may be important to health outcomes in later childhood
Vitamin d deficiency is a risk factor for a number of illnesses including asthma and allergies in children.
Yet dietary records of Canadian infants show that at 12 months they are receiving only 11 per cent of their recommended daily allowance of Vitamin d through food such as oily fish fortified dairy products and cereals.
Lighter skin produces more Vitamin d than darker skin colours. Dr. Maguire studied Vitamin d blood tests of 1896 health children under 6 years of age.
The children were part of TARGET Kids!(The Applied Research Group for Kids! a unique collaboration between children's doctors and researchers from St michael's Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children.
Researchers found the two factors most strongly associated with higher Vitamin d stores in children under 6 years of age were taking a daily Vitamin d supplement
Both of those factors were better at predicting a child's Vitamin d stores than skin colour
or measures of exposure to the sun. When it comes to maintaining sufficient Vitamin d stores in young children the story is about dietary intake of Vitamin d through Vitamin d supplementation
and cow's milk said Dr. Maguire who was surprised to find that 57 per cent of the children were taking a regular Vitamin d supplement.
Research published by Dr. Maguire in the journal Pediatrics in December found that drinking two cups of cow's milk per day was enough to maintain adequate Vitamin d levels in most children.
and fat may not affect the health outcomes of older adults ages 75 and up suggesting that placing people of such advanced age on overly restrictive diets to treat their excess weight
or a diet containing high amounts of refined sugar both of which may contribute to obesity are associated with adverse medical conditions
The Western pattern was characterized by higher intakes of bread eggs fats fried vegetables alcohol and soft drinks and the lowest intakes of milk and whole fruit.
A piece of charcoal found directly underneath the cache was dated radiocarbon to 4800 years ago.
Dickau's group radiocarbon dated charcoal from the base levels of the shelter and discovered it was occupied first more than 9000 years ago much earlier than Ranere originally proposed.
Blueberries and strawberries contain high levels of naturally occurring compounds called dietary flavonoids also found in grapes and wine blackberries eggplant and other fruits and vegetables.
#Using lysine estimates to detect heat damage in distillers dried grains with solublesdistillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are a good source of energy and protein in swine diets.
Excessive heat causes some of the lysine in DDGS to bond with sugars and form Amadori compounds.
The lysine bound in these compounds is called unreactive lysine; pigs cannot digest it. Lysine that is not bound is referred to as reactive lysine;
pigs can use it for protein synthesis. Some sources of DDGS are heat damaged. And therefore the digestibility of the lysine in particular is said poor animal sciences professor Hans Stein.
total crude protein concentration total analyzed lysine concentration reactive lysine concentration as determined using the furosine procedure and lysine to crude protein ratio.
Using the lysine to crude protein ratio as a second independent variable in the regression equation improved the predictions.
Researchers could not accurately predict lysine digestibility using the concentration of crude protein alone. The practical outcome of this is that you can't analyze only for crude protein.
You will need to have some kind of an estimate of lysine or furosine to know if your source of DDGS is heat damaged Stein said.
For a 2012 study in the Journal of Proteome Research the scientists used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the amino acid composition of juice from oranges grown on HLB-positive or HLB-negative trees.
An orange tree can convert this amino acid into cinnamic acid a precursor to compounds thought to be important to the tree's defense system.
It has developed resistance to against more than 50 insecticides including DDT Bt toxins among others making the use of chemicals as a control measurement become ineffective.
and fosmid clones technologies yielding 343 Mb draft genome with 18071 predicted protein-coding genes.
and it may play an important role in the development of its ability to detoxify a wide range of chemicals.
Remarkably it appears that the very genetic adaptations that allow DBM to detoxify the chemicals in its food plants
and understand the nucleus of the atom at CERN. Frode à degaard has embarked already upon follow-up research.
They are also the most carbon rich forests in the tropics with high carbon sequestration potential meaning their degradation
The new study describes researchers'use of molecular biological methods to design and assemble the viral genome completely in a test tube in a form that can be introduced easily
and lower in trans fats but also contained significantly more sugar and calories compared to products without the Stamp.
and lower in trans fats sugar and sodium without higher calories than products that did not meet the ratio.
Abnormal proteins from buttock fat linked to metabolic syndromepeople who are shaped apple--with fat more concentrated around the abdomen--have long been considered more at risk for conditions such as heart disease
New research provides further evidence that the protective benefits of having a pear-body shape may be more myth than reality The UC Davis study found that fat stored in the buttock area--also known as gluteal adipose tissue--secretes abnormal levels of chemerin
and omentin-1 proteins that can lead to inflammation and a prediabetic condition know as insulin resistance in individuals with early metabolic syndrome.
and gluteal fat was thought to protect against diabetes heart disease and metabolic syndrome said Ishwarlal Jialal lead author of the study
and a professor of pathology and laboratory medicine and of internal medicine at UC Davis. But our research helps to dispel the myth that gluteal fat is'innocent.'
'It also suggests that abnormal protein levels may be an early indicator to identify those at risk for developing metabolic syndrome.
The UC Davis team found that in individuals with early metabolic syndrome gluteal fat secreted elevated levels of chemerin
and low levels of omentin-1--proteins that correlate with other factors known to increase the risk for heart disease and diabetes.
High chemerin levels for example correlated with high blood pressure elevated levels of C reactive-protein protein (a sign of inflammation) and triglycerides insulin resistance and low levels of HDL cholesterol.
Complete blood counts lipid profiles and blood glucose blood pressure and C reactive-protein protein levels were measured in all participants. Levels of four proteins secreted by adipose tissue--chemerin resistin visfatin
and omentin-1--were measured also in plasma and in subcutaneous fat samples from gluteal tissue.
The abnormal levels of these two proteins were also independent of age body mass index and waist circumference.
Scientists from Rice the Dutch firm Teijin Aramid the U s. Air force and Israel's Technion Institute this week unveiled a new carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber that looks
We finally have a nanotube fiber with properties that don't exist in any other material said lead researcher Matteo Pasquali professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and chemistry at Rice.
but behaves like both metal wires and strong carbon fibers. The research team includes academic government and industrial scientists from Rice;
The phenomenal properties of carbon nanotubes have enthralled scientists from the moment of their discovery in 1991.
The hollow tubes of pure carbon which are nearly as wide as a strand of DNA are about 100 times stronger than steel at one-sixth the weight.
Unfortunately carbon nanotubes are also the prima donna of nanomaterials; they are difficult to work with despite their exquisite potential.
but the production rates for these solid-state fibers have proven quite slow compared with fiber-production methods that rely on a chemical process called wet spinning.
and alignment of the carbon nanotubes in the fibers is said critical study co-author Yeshayahu Talmon director of Technion's Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute who began collaborating with Pasquali about five years ago.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas and nitrate can contaminate drinking water supplies and leads to coastal ocean problems.
and mixed prairie also had very wide carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in the harvested material--as much as 257 to 1 for miscanthus.
at the moment the scientists are working also on potato plants on behalf of a Japanese chemical company. They use their knowledge to get crops to yield a far greater amount of biomass.
and be able to disable plants'growth limits using chemical mutagenesis as well--that is to say using normal growing techniques.
This process involves using chemical additives to bring about changes in a seed's DNA sequence.
Unlike peas beans are attacked not by pea weevils as they contain a protein called Î-amylase inhibitor (Î AI) that causes the weevils feeding on beans to starve before they cause any damage.
The present study shows that carbon not only leads the charge to make carbonate fluid but also helps to make silicate magma at significant depths.
Not only that this deep magma is the main agent to bring all the key ingredients for life--water and carbon--to the surface of the Earth.
They use powerful hydraulic presses to partially melt rocks of interest that contain tiny amounts of carbon to simulate
of which would reduce injector fouling carbon deposits and piston ring sticking common issues with some biodiesel formulations.
which reacts the oily triglyceride content with alcohol using a catalyst. The team has tested now successfully this chemistry on seeds from the mahua and sal trees.
They also demonstrated efficacy with neem seed although suggest the economics of using this species are prohibitive
However a forest contributes more ecosystem services than timber production such as biological diversity carbon storage and berries.
By examining the role played by the occurrence of diverse tree species for six different ecosystem services (tree growth carbon storage berry production food for wildlife occurrence of dead wood
and the amount of pine to berry production while carbon storage was found in plots with more birch
which is the compound behind the pain-relieving effect of salicylic acid found in aspirin. UCF professors Pedro F. Quintana-Ascencio and John Fauth worked with Kimberli Ponzio
A collaborative effort by the Rice lab of chemist James Tour and the Moscow lab of chemist Stepan Kalmykov determined that microscopic atom-thick flakes of graphene oxide bind quickly to natural and human-made radionuclides
The experimental results were reported in the Royal Society of Chemistry journal Physical chemistry Chemical Physics. The discovery Tour said could be a boon in the cleanup of contaminated sites like the Fukushima nuclear plants damaged by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami.
and gas recovery and help reboot American mining of rare earth metals he said. Graphene oxide's large surface area defines its capacity to adsorb toxins Kalmykov said.
In the probabilistic world of chemical reactions where scarce stuff (low concentrations) infrequently bumps into something with
and granulated activated carbon commonly used in nuclear cleanup. Graphene oxide introduced to simulated wastes coagulated within minutes quickly clumping the worst toxins Kalmykov said.
The researchers focused on removing radioactive isotopes of the actinides and lanthanides--the 30 rare earth elements in the periodic table--from liquids rather than solids or gases.
Environmental requirements have essentially shut down U s. mining of rare earth metals which are needed for cell phones Tour said.
what were just ions in a solution he said. Then you can skim it off
Kalmykov is radiochemistry division head and a professor at Lomonosov Moscow State university. Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice.
The Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative M-I SWACO and the Air force Office of Scientific research funded work at Rice.
Schools have physics chemistry and biology laboratories to teach these subjects. The combination of Raspberry Pi and Piface creates a cheap personal laboratory for computer science that every child can own.
Microbes can then be used to produce various chemicals such as bioethanol from the sugars. Lignocellulosic biomass contains substantial amounts of lignin
Many stars are known to be surrounded by disks of gas and dust and one of the closest beta-Pictoris (Î-Pic) was reported to have comets in 1987.
and Montgomery attributed to large clouds of gas emanating from the nuclei of comets as they neared their central stars.
#Global natural gas boom alone wont slow climate changea new analysis of global energy use economics
and the climate shows that without new climate policies expanding the current bounty of inexpensive natural gas alone would not slow the growth of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide over the long term according to a study appearing today in Nature.
Because natural gas emits half the carbon dioxide of coal many people hoped the recent natural gas boom could help slow climate change
--and according to government analyses natural gas did contribute partially to a decline in U s. carbon dioxide emissions between 2007 and 2012.
But in the long run according to this study a global abundance of inexpensive natural gas would compete with all energy sources--not just higher-emitting coal
Inexpensive natural gas would also accelerate economic growth and expand overall energy use. The effect is that abundant natural gas alone will do little to slow climate change said lead author Haewon Mcjeon an economist at the Department of energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Global deployment of advanced natural gas production technology could double or triple the global natural gas production by 2050
but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.
Thinking Globallyrecent advances in gas production technology based on horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing--also known as fracking--have led to bountiful low-cost natural gas.
Because gas emits far less carbon dioxide than coal some researchers have linked the natural gas boom to recent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United states
. But could these advanced technologies also have an impact on emissions beyond North america and decades into the future?
To find out a group of scientists engineers and policy experts led by PNNL's Joint Global Change Research Institute gathered at a workshop in Cambridge Maryland in April 2013 to consider the long-term impact of an expansion of the current natural gas boom on the rest of the world.
The researchers hailing from the U s. Australia Austria Germany and Italy went home and projected what the world would be like in 2050 with and without a global natural gas boom.
The five teams used different computer models that had been developed independently. Their computer models included not just energy use and production but also the broader economy and the climate system.
but we were surprised how little difference abundant gas made to total greenhouse gas emissions even though it was dramatically changing the global energy system said James Jae Edmonds PNNL's chief scientist at JGCRI.
Swapping out coal for natural gas in a simple model would cut greenhouse gas emissions a result many people expected to see.
â#¢Natural gas replacing coal would reduce carbon emissions. But due to its lower cost natural gas would also replace some low-carbon energy such as renewable or nuclear energy.
Overall changes result in a smaller reduction than expected due to natural gas replacing these other low-carbon sources.
In a sense natural gas would become a larger slice of the energy pie. â#¢Abundant less expensive natural gas would lower energy prices across the board leading people to use more energy overall.
In addition inexpensive energy stimulates the economy which also increases overall energy use. Consequently the entire energy pie gets bigger. â#¢The main component of natural gas methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
During production and distribution some methane inevitably escapes into the atmosphere. The researchers considered both high and low estimates for this so-called fugitive methane.
The combined effect of the three the scientists found is that the global energy system could experience unprecedented changes in the growth of natural gas production
Abundant gas may have a lot of benefits--economic growth local air pollution energy security and so on. There's been some hope that slowing climate change could also be one of its benefits
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