These losses can become larger as under certain conditions the fusarium pathogen produces toxic chemicals known as mycotoxins.
Timothy Durrett assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics was part of the collaboration that used various plant
Pheromones are released chemicals from the body of animals and insects that are used to attract mates or relay danger.
What we demonstrated in this study is a more environmentally friendly approach that avoids the need to use toxic chemicals
A paper published in Analytical Chemistry describes how researchers at NPL have created a synthetic gas standard for the first time
The bulk of demand for gas standards comes from atmospheric monitoring stations around the world.
A new improved measurement technique--cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS)--has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of atmospheric measurements taken.
--i e. by weighing the gas in the cylinder--that are traceable to the International system of Units (SI) offers a means of broadening availability.
By using high accuracy gravimetry we were able to prepare a gas mixture that accurately replicated the natural occurring isotopic carbon dioxide.
Euan G. Nisbet Foundation Professor of Earth sciences at Royal Holloway maintains an Atlantic network of greenhouse gas measurements.
Standards are a critical problem in greenhouse gas measurement. Developing high accuracy reference standards of carbon dioxide and methane with international comparability and traceability to the SI will greatly contribute to our work
and to improving our understanding of how greenhouse gases affect the atmosphere. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by National Physical Laboratory.
#Rapeseed-based animal feed cuts greenhouse gases by up to 13 per centthe use of rapeseed cake in the production of livestock feed cuts methane
The project seeks to take advantage of rapeseed crops to improve agricultural productivity and at the same time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
A waste product in this process is used at the same time to produce animal feed with the resulting cost-cutting for farmers and greater efficiency in the emission of greenhouse gases.
Eating strawberries also improved other parameters such as the general plasma lipid profile antioxidant biomarkers (such as Vitamin c or oxygen radical absorbance capacity) antihemolytic defences and platelet function.
This is the first time a study has been published that supports the protective role of the bioactive compounds in strawberries in tackling recognised markers and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
which compounds of this fruit are behind their beneficial effects but all the signs and epidemiological studies point towards anthocyanins the vegetable pigments that afford them their red colour.
In fact this year they will publish another study in the journal'Food Chemistry'in which they will demonstrate that consuming strawberries increases the antioxidant function of blood flow erythrocytes and mononuclear cells.
Silman Messinger and Marcus Wright a chemistry lab manger and key developer of Wake Forest's environmental drone program are also applying their drone technology to explore climate change in the Peruvian Amazon.
So we wanted to elucidate the molecular basis of that resistance in the population and design a field applicable diagnostic assay for its monitoring.'
They identified the GSTE2 gene as being upregulated--producing a lot of protein--in Benin mosquitoes. They found that a single mutation (L119f) changed a non-resistant version of the GSTE2 gene to a DDT resistant version.
X-ray crystallography of the protein coded by the gene illustrated exactly how the mutation conferred resistance by opening up the'active site'where DDT molecules bind to the protein so more can be broken down.
'For the first time we have been able to identify a molecular marker for metabolic resistance (the type of resistance most likely to lead to control failure) in a mosquito population
improve food securitylivestock production is responsible for 12%of human-related greenhouse gas emissions primarily coming from land use change
But our results show that targeting the production side of agriculture is a much more efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Such diets are efficient not only from the perspective of greenhouse gas reduction but also from farm profit maximization and food production.
which policies would be the most effective for cutting greenhouse gas emissions while also maintaining food availability.
but also food insecurity in developing countries because it ignores the social cost of policies that focus just on greenhouse gas abatement..
as a result of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Changing livestock production systems remains a challenge. The researchers say that policies to provide education
whether a flower's chemical or physical traits determine the likelihood that pathogens are transmitted for example
Like crystals these states greatly suppress variations in the density of particles--as in the individual granules of a substance--across large spatial distances
Disordered hyperuniform materials possess a hidden order explained co-corresponding author Salvatore Torquato a Princeton professor of chemistry.
whose group studies the geometry and dynamics of densely packed objects such as particles. Torquato then worked with the paper's first author Yang Jiao who received his Ph d. in mechanical
The french National Centre for Scientific research and The french chemical company Solvay. Previously disordered hyperuniformity had only been observed in specialized physical systems such as liquid helium simple plasmas and densely packed granules.
We still know nothing about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this beautiful and highly organized arrangement in birds.
and keep the corn cubs for food we have come a long way says Per Morgen professor at the Institute of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark.
and this is the important compound in the production of the new acid. The scientists paired silicate particles with chlorosulfonic acid and this made the acid molecules attach themselves to the silicate compounds.
The result was an entirely new molecule--the acid RHSO3H --which can replace the enzymes in the work of breaking down cellulose to sugar explains Per Morgen.
He is particularly proud that all levels in this new way of producing bioethanol are environmentally friendly and accessible for all The catalyst acid is made â#rom readily available plant left overs
and it can be reused many times. The recipe cannot be patented and the bioethanol is produced from cellulosic plants that cannot otherwise be used for anything else.
Scientists hope to replace chemical control with genetic control though farmers might be advised to spray even resistant varieties at the end of a season depending on conditions.
Nutrient-rich foods and beverages provide vitamins minerals protein carbohydrates and other essential nutrients that offer health benefits with relatively few calories.
or low-fat dairy beans nuts and seeds in the appropriate amounts you are able to get many of the nutrients your body needs all with relatively low amounts of calories says registered dietitian nutritionist and Academy spokesperson
Beauvais also recommends limiting added sugars and reducing the major sources of solid fats. Drink few regular sodas fruit drinks
#High cost of fruits, vegetables linked to higher body fat in young childrenhigh prices for fresh fruits
BMI is a reliable indicator of total body fat which is related to the risk of life-threatening diseases.
and therefore how much carbon they are keeping out of the atmosphere--that is as long as scientists know how to interpret the measurements of forest growth.
The forest wasn't storing that much more carbon; taller trees were growing a few meters to the side
Forest chips were 2-3 times more expensive than natural gas and coal but cheaper than heavy oil.
or virus particle on the flowers that they visit and these may then infect wild bees.
S. polyrhiza turns out to have one of the smallest known plant genomes at about 158 million base pairs and fewer than 20000 protein-encoding genes.
The most surprising find was insight into the molecular basis for genes involved in maturation--a forever-young lifestyle said senior author Joachim Messing director of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University.
Genes for another compound related to cell walls called expansins which are involved with cell wall and root growth were reduced also.
which traits will allow researchers to create new varieties of duckweed with enhanced biofuel traits such as increased reduction of cellulose or increased starch or even higher lipid production.
and assimilated by the plant to become part of DNA proteins and many other compounds. Uptake is controlled by a number of factors including availability demand
and the plant's energy status. But there is much about the transport proteins involved in the process that isn't understood.
Frommer had developed previously technology to spy on transport protein activity by using fluorescent tags in a cell's DNA to monitor the structural rearrangements that a transporter undergoes as it moves its target molecule.
These coatings included significant amounts of soil organic carbon microbes and pathogens. After the coatings dried they were incorporated into the topsoil layer of the alluvial soils using tillage equipment. â#oebecause the flooding occurred during the non-growing season for corn
The next steps in realizing the potential of this research are to determine just how these antibodies recognize their target antigen molecules and bind to them.
Public demand has led to the rapid development of organic farming in recent years to provide healthy food products that are free of chemical additives
The system is designed to monitor liquid gas and soil hydraulic properties and allows real time continuous tracking of water in deep sections of the vadose zone from land surface to groundwater.
While groundwater pollution is attributed usually to a large array of chemicals high nitrate concentration in aquifer water is the main cause for drinking-water well shutdowns.
New study narrows possibilities for gaining control of nanotube typea single-walled carbon nanotube grows from the round cap down so it's logical to think the cap's formation determines
In the study by Yakobson research scientist Evgeni Penev and postdoctoral researcher Vasilli Artyukhov that was published recently by the American Chemical Society journal ACS Nano the Rice researchers found that the elastic energy landscapes
One is the energy portion dictated by the catalyst; another one may be the energy of the caps per se.
A nanotube is an atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and rolled into a tube.
A perfect conducting metallic nanotube would have arranged the atoms in armchairs so-called because cutting the nanotube in half would make the top look like a series of wells with atoms for armrests.
Turn the hexagons 30 degrees though will make a semiconducting zigzag nanotube. Nanotubes can be one
Yakobson suspects the answer lies in tuning the interaction between the catalyst and the nanotube edge.
Yakobson is Rice's Karl F. Hasselmann Professor of Mechanical engineering and Materials Science a professor of chemistry and a member of the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology.
Warning against abrupt stop to geoengineering method (if started) As a range of climate change mitigation scenarios are discussed University of Washington researchers have found that the injection of sulfate particles into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight
and supported by strict reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The new study published today 18 february in IOP Publishing's journal Environmental Research Letters has highlighted the risks of large
This rate of increase caused by the build up of background greenhouse gas emissions would be well beyond the bounds experienced in the last century
Furthermore the researchers used a simple climate model to study a variety of plausible greenhouse gas scenarios and SRM termination years over the 21st century.
The primary control over the magnitude of the large temperature increases after an SRM shutoff is the background greenhouse gas concentrations.
Thus the greater the future emissions of greenhouse gases the larger the temperature increases would be
#New pomegranate-inspired design solves problems for lithium-ion batteriesan electrode designed like a pomegranate--with silicon nanoparticles clustered like seeds in a tough carbon rind--overcomes several remaining
obstacles to using silicon for a new generation of lithium-ion batteries say its inventors at Stanford university and the Department of energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Silicon anodes could store 10 times more charge than the graphite anodes in today's rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
and encasing the nanoparticles in carbon yolk shells that give them room to swell and shrink during charging.
and coated each cluster with a second thicker layer of carbon. These carbon rinds hold the pomegranate clusters together
and provide a sturdy highway for electrical currents. And since each pomegranate cluster has just one-tenth the surface area of the individual particles inside it a much smaller area is exposed to the electrolyte thereby reducing the amount of gunk that forms to a manageable level.
Although the clusters are too small to see individually together they form a fine black powder that can be used to coat a piece of foil
Meanwhile some 2 billion people suffer from deficiencies in micronutrients most importantly iron vitamin A iodine and zinc.
This typically results from not eating enough foods rich in essential vitamins and minerals such as animal-source foods fruits vegetables and legumes.
Eating foods that contain Vitamin c may reduce your risk of the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke according to a study released today that will be presented at the American Academy of Neurology's 66th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia April 26 to May 3 2014.
Vitamin c is found in fruits and vegetables such as oranges papaya peppers broccoli and strawberries. Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke
Participants were tested for the levels of Vitamin c in their blood. Forty-one percent of cases had normal levels of Vitamin c 45 percent showed depleted levels of Vitamin c
and 14 percent were considered deficient of the vitamin. On average the people who had had a stroke depleted levels of Vitamin c
while those who had had not a stroke had normal levels of the vitamin. Our results show that Vitamin c deficiency should be considered a risk factor for this severe type of stroke as were high blood pressure drinking alcohol
and being overweight in our study said study author Stã phane Vannier MD with Pontchaillou University Hospital in Rennes France.
More research is needed to explore specifically how Vitamin c may help to reduce stroke risk. For example the vitamin may regulate blood pressure.
Vannier adds that Vitamin c appears to have other benefits like creating collagen a protein found in bones skin and tissues.
Vitamin c deficiency has also been linked to heart disease. The study was supported by the University of Rennes France.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Academy of Neurology (AAN. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length g
#Rice seed treatments effective, worth investment: Studywhen every extra expense makes a difference in profitability farmers often wonder which management decisions are worth the extra cost.
One recent example is the development of seeds treated with insecticides to discourage early damage by crop pests.
#Carbon nanotube fibers outperform copper in carrying electrical currenton a pound-per-pound basis carbon nanotube-based fibers invented at Rice university have greater capacity to carry electrical current
But a series of tests at Rice showed the wet-spun carbon nanotube fiber still handily beat copper carrying up to four times as much current as a copper wire of the same mass.
Scanning electron microscope images show typical carbon nanotube fibers created at Rice university and broken into two by high-current-induced Joule heating.
Just a year ago the journal Science reported that Pasquali's lab in collaboration with scientists at the Dutch firm Teijin Aramid created a very strong conductive fiber out of carbon nanotubes.
Certain types of carbon nanotubes can carry far more electricity than copper. The ideal cable would be made of long metallic armchair nanotubes that would transmit current over great distances with negligible loss
and materials scientists working on carbon nanotubes. That has generated some confusion in the literature over the right comparisons to make he said.
The outcome is that these fibers have the highest CCC ever reported for any carbon-based fibers Kono said.
but we have the advantage that carbon fiber is light. So if you divide the CCC by the mass we win.
Pasquali is a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering chemistry and materials science and nanoengineering. Tsentalovich Kono and Pasquali are members of the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology.
and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with corn production in Ontario. Their findings are published today in the Agricultural Institute of Canada's (AIC) Canadian Journal of Soil science.
According to the paper's authors most of the energy used during corn production comes from the use of natural gas
The article Energy and Greenhouse Gas Intensity of Corn (Zea mays L.)in Ontario: A regional assessment by Susantha Jayasundara Claudia Wagner-Riddle Goretty Dias and Kumudinie Kariyapperuma is available Open Access in the Canadian Journal of Soil science.
or manipulating the valence electrons in an atom's outermost orbital shell to strike the perfect conductive balance.
Most high-temperature superconductors contain atoms with only one orbital impacting performance--but what about mixing those elements with more complex configurations?
Now researchers at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have combined atoms with multiple orbitals
Using advanced electron diffraction techniques the scientists discovered that orbital fluctuations in iron-based compounds induce strongly coupled polarizations that can enhance electron pairing--the essential mechanism behind superconductivity.
Flowing electricity can have a similar effect on the atomic lattices of superconductors repelling the negatively charged valence electrons in the surrounding atoms.
For example each barium atom alone has 56 electrons but we're only concerned with the two in the outermost layer.
After an electron beam strikes the sample it bounces off the charged particles to reveal the configuration of the atomic lattice
The CBED data revealed that the arsenic atoms--placed above and below the iron in a sandwich-like shape (see image)--exhibited little shift or polarization of valence electrons.
However when the scientists transformed the compound into a superconductor by doping it with cobalt the electron distribution radically changed.
The quadrupole polarization of the iron which indicates the orbital fluctuation couples intimately with the arsenic dipole polarization--this mechanism may be key to the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity in these iron-based compounds.
and particles at the edge of our solar system that appears to be a directional roadmap in the sky of the local interstellar magnetic field.
Establishing a consistent local interstellar magnetic field direction using IBEX low-energy neutral atoms and galactic cosmic rays at ten orders of magnitude higher energy levels has wide-ranging implications for the structure of our heliosphere
and identified four chemicals from the trails of virgin and mated female Asian longhorned beetles--Anoplophora glabripennis--that were not found in the trails of males.
The team also found that every trail sample contained all four of these chemical components
We found that virgin females do not begin to produce a sufficient amount of the correct pheromone blend--that is the correct ratios of the four chemicals to each other--until they are about 20 days old
The researchers published their findings in the current issue of the Journal of Chemical Ecology.
We now have more information about the series of complex behaviors as well as chemical and visual cues
and if there are other behaviors that might be mediated by these chemicals. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Penn State.
The liquor separates into dry cocoa and cocoa butter or fat. Chocolate Ingredientscocoa is heated and combined with other ingredients such as sugar
White chocolate has cocoa butter but no chocolate liquor. Chocolate contains protein magnesium and flavanols (antioxidants.
Dark chocolate has caffeine; white chocolate does not. Dairy-based chocolate provides calcium. Chocolate Safetythe roasting process kills bacteria on the cocoa seeds.
This is either the cocoa butter or sugar rising to the top of the chocolate often due to high temperatures
A Geological Society of America Student Research Grant to Streig funded the age-dating of the team's evidence at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
#Madagascar sells first forest carbon credits to Microsoftthe Government of Madagascar has approved carbon sales with Microsoft
and its carbon offset partner The Carbonneutral Company and Zoo Zurich. The carbon credit sales will support the Government of Madagascar's REDD+Project (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus conservation) in the Makira Natural Park and mark the first sale
of government-owned REDD+credits in Africa. Through carbon credit sales from avoided deforestation the Makira REDD+Project will finance the long-term conservation of one of Madagascar's most pristine remaining rainforest ecosystems harboring rare and threatened plants and animals
while improving community land stewardship and supporting the livelihoods of the local people. Through a unique funding distribution mechanism designed by WCS
and the Government of Madagascar the funds from carbon sales will be used by the Government of Madagascar for conservation capacity building
The Government of Madagascar is thrilled to have played the role of pioneer in carbon sales in Africa.
and Zoo Zurich and join us in this effort to conserve Madagascar's unique biodiversity through the sale of future carbon credits said Pierre Manganirina Randrianarisoa the Secretary general of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
and a first for Madagascar in advancing the use of carbon credits to fight climate change while protecting biodiversity and human livelihoods.
The Makira project enables clients to do this by selling carbon credits while also delivering biodiversity value and community support.
Last September the Government of Madagascar and WCS announced that 710588 carbon credits had been certified for sale from the Makira Forest REDD+Project.
REDD+is an international framework that assigns a financial value to the carbon stored in forests offering compensation to developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation while investing in low-carbon paths
REDD+additionally includes the role of conservation sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
and verified by the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and has received a'Gold'level validation by the Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance.
The team led by Professor Richard Evershed of the University of Bristol's School of Chemistry developed new techniques in an effort to identify fish oils in the pots.
Other clues to ancient diets lie within human bones themselves explored by the Cardiff group led by Dr Jacqui Mulville The sea passes on a unique chemical signature to the skeletons of those eating seafood;
The absence of lipid residues of marine foods in hundreds of cooking pots is really significant.
It certainly stacks up with the skeletal isotope evidence to provide a clear picture that seafood was of little importance in the diets of the Neolithic farmers of the region.
Returning to the pots the Bristol team used a compound-specific carbon isotope technique they have developed to identify the actual fats preserved in the cooking pots showing that dairy products dominated the menu right across Britain
Follow-up molecular work will provide us with more information but additional survey work will have to be undertaken to determine the actual population size within the sanctuary.
#Algae research gives hope for renewable carbon-negative source of food, medicinesthe University of Greenwich has won funding for three pieces of research related to algae.
Algae research gives hope for renewable carbon-negative source of food and medicinesbright pink-orange microalgae found in salt lakes
and sunlight into chemical energy five times faster than crops grown in soil. This particular alga is able to produce up to 80%of its mass as fuel
However it also produces a range of compounds of great interest in pharmaceutical cosmetic nutraceutical
The race is on to develop a broader spectrum of compounds from algae which can be turned into high-value products including food and medicines.
because it produces a wide range of compounds appropriate for the'biorefinery'concept which aims to use every element of a biomass.
and Physical sciences Research Council will also explore the conversion of wet seaweed to gas which can in turn be converted to liquid fuel.
The plant a macroalga turns sunlight into chemical energy three times more efficiently than land plants. Current biofuels may not be sustainable says Dr John Milledge Research Fellow at Greenwich and an expert in the commercialisation of algae.
and builds on a range of the university's previous collaborative projects which span its departments of Chemistry Biology Earth sciences and the Durham Business school.**
IOTA is studying the biochemical pathways that produce Dunaliella's essential metabolites--small chemicals synthesised by the microalgae that can form the building blocks of more complex therapeutically useful natural products.
We are focusing on the proteins catalysing these chemical transformations using next-generation DNA sequencing approaches to identify design
So when someone takes it as a vitamin supplement they are also consuming chemicals which could be used for something else.
We need to apply biotechnology to explore the production of a broader spectrum of compounds.
and Food Chemistrydetailing the production and manufacturing process as well as testing that showed both formulations maintained nearly 75%of key cancer-fighting chemicals for approximately 5 weeks in a controlled temperature setting.
Roberts is also planning to study how the body's natural gut bacteria impact the digestion of berry-based compounds.
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