For this reaction they exploit a transition from a metastable wurtzite compound in the form of nanorods to the more stable kesterite compound.
With the help of solution-based chemical processing the chemists around Ajay Singh and Kevin Ryan at the University of Limerick have fabricated films of highly ordered wurtzite nanorods
It also constituted an overall reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 200 tons per year. In the first year of the Shorepower Project staff will work with the partner towns of Cambridge Easton Salisbury and Snow Hill.
and vendors to inventory each municipality's energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions develop recommendations for achieving energy savings and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and build capacity for ongoing tracking and evaluation.
He reviewed ways Governor Martin O'Malley's administration through its Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 25 percent by 2020 (starting with 2006 levels.
Functional proteins in human milk are essential for key biological functions such as immune system development explains Ruige Wu from the A*STAR Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology.
However some of these proteins are not found or are present at lower concentrations in infant formula products compared to human milk.
Recently some manufacturers began advertising that their products contained elevated levels of functional proteins such as Î-lactalbumin and Immunoglobulin g.
The ability to measure these functional proteins is very important to control and monitor the quality of infant formula products explains Wu.
Regulation of these products requires an easy and inexpensive quantitative method to detect low levels of functional proteins in milk which also contains abundant other proteins.
However Wu explains that existing techniques based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use expensive equipment and time-consuming methods with pretreatment alone taking several hours.
The device separates the functional proteins from other more abundant proteins in the formula using isoelectric focusing.
In this process the proteins move through a gel with a ph gradient and the point at
Since each protein has a slightly different charge separation occurs. This takes just two minutes.
The functional proteins are transferred then into the embedded capillary for further separation according to their mass-to-charge ratio explains Wu.
and measured the amount of protein present --while still on the CE column--using ultraviolet detection.
The concentrations of functional proteins are determined from the respective absorbance values and calibration curves she says.
The reliability of the device was tested with infant milk formula samples spiked with known amounts of various functional proteins.
or similar protein rich products she says. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by The Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR.
and other minerals vitamins including Vitamin d protein fat and sugar in the form of lactose.
and there is a bit of Vitamin d in there too (Vitamin d is necessary for calcium absorption). What's more those early European farmers especially in the low sunlight regions of the North would have had trouble making sufficient Vitamin d in the skin throughout most of the year
and it's widely thought there was not a lot of Vitamin d in their mainly cereal-based diet.
For them milk could have been the new superfood says Sverrisdã ttir. But what about our cousins in sunny Spain?
They have plenty enough sunlight for most of the year to make Vitamin d and yet still many are lactase persistent.
if natural selection is driving lactase persistence evolution in a place where people have no problems making Vitamin d in their skin then clearly the Vitamin d
and cheese because fermentation converts much of the lactose into fats. But in famine conditions such as
and other compounds (found in berries tea and chocolate) could offer protection from type 2 diabetes--according to research from the University of East Anglia (UEA) and King's college London.
Findings published today in the Journal of Nutrition reveal that high intakes of these dietary compounds are associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation.
This is one of the first large-scale human studies to look at how these powerful bioactive compounds might reduce the risk of diabetes.
what we are seeing is that people who eat foods rich in these two compounds--such as berries herbs red grapes wine-are less likely to develop the disease.
And those who consumed the most flavone compounds had improved levels of a protein (adiponectin) which helps regulate a number of metabolic processes including glucose levels.
What we don't yet know is exactly how much of these compounds are necessary to potentially reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes she added.
Bumblebees are essential to our food chain so it's critical we understand how wild bees might be impacted by the chemicals we are putting into the environment.
#Modified proteins as vaccines against peach allergya research conducted by the Centre for Plant Biotechnology
and Genomics (UPM-INIA) and led by Araceli DÃ az Perales has studied the allergy to peach the most common food allergy and the Pru p 3 protein.
As a result of this research work they have developed three hypoallergenic variants of this protein. All can be good candidates for the usage of specific immunotherapy for peach allergy
According to this the usage of hypoallergenic molecules (with lower ability of binding antibodies) but with the ability to stimulate the immune system would be a useful tool for immunotherapy.
which is caused mainly by the Pru p 3 proteins. The current treatment of this allergy consists of avoiding peach consumption neither fresh nor processed peaches (juices jam.
As an alternative this allergy research has defined the regions of this allergenic protein that is involved in the antibody binding and the stimulation of the immune system cells.
After that researchers developed three hypoallergenic variants of this protein that can be used as a vaccine.
These variants are the result of modifying epitopes (regions of binding antibodies) of this protein
Although the 1 variant (Pru p 3. 01) showed quite similar allergenic activity with the natural protein the variants Pru p 3. 02 and Pru p 3. 03
The results show that these two molecules (Pru p 3. 02 and Pru p 3. 03) could be good candidates for the usage of specific immunotherapy for allergy to peach.
although it would be required further trials of these two molecules with animal to verify its effectiveness in the treatment for allergy to peach.
For instance the agricultural giant Monsanto adds a gene to cotton that makes it resistant to Roundupâ
#Researchers detune a molecule: Scientists control the bonds between atoms in a buckyballrice University scientists have found they can control the bonds between atoms in a molecule.
The molecule in question is carbon-60 also known as the buckminsterfullerene and the buckyball discovered at Rice in 1985.
The scientists led by Rice physicists Yajing Li and Douglas Natelson found that it's possible to soften the bonds between atoms by applying a voltage and running an electric current through a single buckyball.
The researchers detailed their discovery this week in the online Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
But in general if we can manipulate the charge distribution on molecules we can affect their vibrations.
when a buckyball attaches to a gold surface in the optical nano antenna used to measure the effects of an electric current on intermolecular bonds through a technique called Raman spectroscopy.
Natelson's group built the nano antenna a few years ago to trap small numbers of molecules in a nanoscale gap between gold electrodes.
Once the molecules are in place the researchers can chill them heat them blast them with energy from a laser or electric current and measure the effect through spectroscopy
With continuing refinement the researchers found they could analyze molecular vibrations and the bonds between the atoms in the molecule.
The nano antenna is able to detect the tone of detuned vibrations between atoms through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) a technique that improves the readings from molecules
Think of these molecules as balls and springs Natelson said. The atoms are the balls and the bonds that hold them together are the springs.
If I have a collection of balls and springs and I smack it it would show certain vibrational modes.
When we push current through the molecule we see these vibrations turn on and start to shake Natelson said.
The Stark effect is seen when molecules'spectral responses shift under the influence of an electric field.
The Molecular Foundry a Department of energy User Facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory collaborated on the calculations component.
Natelson's group had spied similar effects on oligophenylene vinylene molecules used in previous experiments also prompting the buckyball experiments.
and they're very chemically stable Natelson said of the soccer-ball-shaped molecules. We know how to put them on surfaces
He noted other researchers are looking at similar effects through the molecular manipulation of graphene the single-atomic-layer form of carbon.
I don't want to make some grand claim that we've got a general method for tuning the molecular bonding in everything Natelson said.
But if you want chemistry to happen in one spot maybe you want to make that bond really weak
There's a long-sought goal by some in the chemistry community to gain precise control over where and when bonds break.
and Molecular Foundry director Jeffrey Neaton a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley and a member of the Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley.
The Robert A. Welch Foundation the Department of energy the Israel Science Foundation and the Lise Meitner Center for Computational Chemistry supported the work.
storing more carbon as they agein a finding that overturns the conventional view that large old trees are unproductive scientists have determined that for most species the biggest trees increase their growth rates
and sequester more carbon as they age. In a letter published today in the journal Nature an international research group reports that 97 percent of 403 tropical and temperate species grow more quickly the older they get.
In ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry scientists are reporting for the first time a method to authenticate the varietal purity and origin of cacao beans the source of chocolate's main ingredient cocoa.
To our knowledge this is the first authentication study in cacao using molecular markers the researchers state.
The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena Germany have now found that ants also keep harmful leaf pathogens in check.
and the food bodies rich in proteins and lipids which they require. The acacia also provides shelter the so-called domatia in the hollows of its swollen thorns.
Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology have looked now more deeply into the insect-plant interaction asking
and other microorganisms in our considerations says Wilhelm Boland head of the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute.
The above story is provided based on materials by Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
or triple the price of other protein sources and rightfully so might hold beef to an even higher standard of excellence said Dan Thomson Kansas State university veterinarian professor and director of the Beef cattle Institute.
Beef is one of the purest most wholesome and most humanely raised forms of protein that we produce worldwide Thomson said.
The researchers found that the electrostatic properties of the glue that coats spider webs causes them to reach out to grab all charged particles from pollen and pollutants to flying insects.
This explains how webs are able to collect small airborne particles so efficiently and why they spring towards insects.
'Electrical attraction drags these particles to the webs so you could harvest and test webs to monitor pollution levels--for example to check for pesticides that might be harming bee populations.'
'Even more fascinating you would be able to detect some airborne chemicals just by looking at the shape of the webs!
and would include any particles and chemicals that are drawn electrically to the web. We already know that spiders spin different webs
when on different drugs for example creating beautiful webs on LSD and terrible webs on caffeine.
if any airborne chemicals affect the animal's behaviour.''Working with Dr Donald Edmonds from Oxford university's Department of physics Professor Vollrath showed that webs like that of the garden cross spider also cause local distortions in Earth's electric field
They do this by making proteins that repress the growth of the plant. This process is reversed
--which breaks down the proteins that repress growth. Growth repression can be problematic for farmers as crops that suffer from restricted growth produce smaller yields.
They found that plants produce a modifier protein called SUMO that interacts with the growth repressing proteins.
The researchers believe that by modifying the interaction between the modifier protein and the repressor proteins they can remove the brakes from plant growth leading to higher yields even
The interaction between the proteins can be modified in a number of ways including by conventional plant breeding methods and by biotechnology techniques.
What we have found is a molecular mechanism in plants which stabilises the levels of specific proteins that restrict growth in changing environmental conditions.
This mechanism works independently of the Gibberellin hormone meaning we can use this new understanding for a novel approach to encourage the plant to grow even when under stress.
You may think that climate change is being caused by burning oil coal and gas. But not so fast!
Methane from cows--a greenhouse gas 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide--makes up 20%of greenhouse emissions from agriculture or about 1%of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
It is therefore possible to imagine a dairy herd producing the same volume of milk for lower greenhouse gas emissions.
The TMEM95 gene encodes a protein on the surface of the sperm heads. The protein probably mediates the binding process between the sperm and egg cells.
If it is missing fertilization will not occur. Our findings indicate that genetic defects in TMEM95 could also cause infertility in men elaborates Pausch.
which have just been discovered in the last 12 years as plant-growth promoting bacteria are said not pathogenic the study's senior author Ann Hirsch a professor of molecular cell and developmental biology in the UCLA College of Letters and Science.
This will have a major impact especially on people in the developing world in producing protein-rich crops.
Previous research using stable isotope analyses suggests the diet of these homimins was composed largely of C4 plants like grasses and sedges.
and this food would have contained sufficiently high amounts of minerals vitamins and the fatty acids that would have been particularly important for the hominin brain.
On the basis of recent isotope results these hominins appear to have survived on a diet of C4 foods
while others like flame retardants are relatively new compounds that are used still by industry today Lohmann said.
According to Lohmann seal milk is about 50 percent fat enabling young seals to grow rapidly.
even though most of the compounds were banned 40 years ago. Lohmann also speculates that some older pollutants that had been frozen in glaciers may be released again as the glaciers melt due to climate change.
That could cause wildlife to be exposed re to chemicals that previously were locked safely away in the ice he said.
#Amount, types of fat we eat affect health, risk of diseasehealthy adults should consume between 20 percent
and 35 percent of their calories from dietary fat increase their consumption of omega-3 fatty acids
and limit their intake of saturated and trans fats according to an updated position paper from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
and dietetic technicians registered to translate research on fat and fatty acids into practical dietary recommendations for consumers.
and Dietetics that dietary fat for the healthy adult population should provide 20 percent to 35 percent of energy with an increased consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and limited intake of saturated and trans
fats. The Academy recommends a food-based approach through a diet that includes regular consumption of fatty fish nuts
Registered dietitian nutritionists can help consumers understand that a total diet approach is more beneficial than simply reducing dietary fat
and convenience foods. â#¢Fat is a critical nutrient and certain types of fat such as omega-3s and omega-6s are needed for good health.
For this and other health reasons a fat-free diet is recommended not. â#¢Fish is an excellent source of the omega-3s EPA and DHA;
flax walnuts and canola oil are good sources of ALA omega-3. â#¢Both the amount of fat (how much) and the type of fat
Some fats improve your health (omega-3s help your heart and brain) while some are detrimental to your health (trans fat increases heart disease risk factors).
and Jihyoun Jeon and Suresh Moolgavkar of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research center. This study was funded in part by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (R01-CA-152956.
#Microbe community changes may reduce Amazons ability to lock up carbon dioxideut Arlington researchers focusing on the Amazon recently found that widespread conversion from rainforest to pastureland has significant effects on microorganism communities that may
lead to a reduction in the region's role as a reservoir for greenhouse gas.
or sink for carbon dioxide a gas that has been linked to climate change. Through photosynthesis the Amazon absorbs 1. 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere every year in a process that requires input of nitrogen.
Because the carbon and nitrogen cycles are linked so strongly our previous results indicated that changes in carbon dioxide sequestration will gathered occurrodrigues'team samples of soil from the Fazenda Nova Vida site in Rondonia Brazil one of three states
The bigger the tree the more carbon it stores and a study in New Phytologist explores global variance in tree height identifying temperature as the most important factor behind the tallest species. Height gives canopy trees the focus
of much forest carbon research a competitive advantage as they can place leaves at higher light levels
If trees will get bigger in the future they will store more carbon than they do now
if the emission of greenhouse gases is to be reduced. Society the authorities and politicians will have to think about introducing incentives
and the research project leader whose lab focuses on urban entomology insect behavior and chemical ecology.
#Suburban sprawl cancels carbon footprint savings of dense urban coresaccording to a new study by researchers at the University of California Berkeley population-dense cities contribute less greenhouse gas emissions
& Technology (ES&T) uses local census weather and other data--37 variables in total--to approximate greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the energy transportation food goods
and services consumed by U s. households so-called household carbon footprints. Interactive carbon footprint maps for more than 31000 U s. zip codes in all 50 states are available online at http://coolclimate. berkeley. edu/maps.
The goal of the project is to help cities better understand the primary drivers of household carbon footprints in each location said Daniel Kammen Class of 1935 Distinguished Professor of Energy in the Energy and Resources Group
and the Goldman School of Public Policy and director of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory.
A key finding of the UC Berkeley study is that suburbs account for half of all household greenhouse gas emissions
The average carbon footprint of households living in the center of large population-dense urban cities is about 50 percent below average
Metropolitan areas look like carbon footprint hurricanes with dark green low-carbon urban cores surrounded by red high-carbon suburbs said Christopher Jones a doctoral student working
Unfortunately while the most populous metropolitan areas tend to have the lowest carbon footprint centers they also tend to have the most extensive high carbon footprint suburbs.
Taking into account the impact of all urban and suburban residents large metropolitan areas have a slightly higher average carbon footprint than smaller metro areas.
The UC Berkeley researchers found that the primary drivers of carbon footprints are household income vehicle ownership
Other important factors include population density the carbon-intensity of electricity production energy prices and weather.
A 10-fold increase in population density in central cities yields only a 25%reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
and high carbon suburbanization would result as a side effect Jones said. Increasing population density in suburbs appears to be an even a worse strategy he said.
Surprisingly population dense suburbs have significantly higher carbon footprints than less dense suburbs. Population dense suburbs also tend to create their own suburbs
The project website includes a tool that calculates carbon footprints for essentially every populated U s. zip code city county
Households and cities can calculate their own carbon footprints to see how they compare to their neighbors
When you package low carbon technologies together you find real financial savings and big social and environmental benefits.
in order to craft policies and programs that enable the adoption of energy and carbon-efficient technologies and practices.
One example of this is the Coolcalifornia Challenge a statewide carbon footprint reduction competition to name the Coolest California City.
The researchers identified certain fragments of a protein--CD133--that is found on cancer stem cells of some brain tumors and other cancers.
In the laboratory they cultured the proteins with dendritic cells the immune system's most powerful antigen-presenting cells
Studies in lab mice showed that the resulting vaccine was able to stimulate an immune response against the CD133 proteins without causing side effects such as an autoimmune reaction against normal cells or organs.
CD133 is one of several proteins made at high levels in the cancer stem cells of glioblastoma multiforme.
Because this protein appears to be associated with resistance of the cancer stem cells to treatment with radiation
We have found at least two fragments of the protein that can be targeted to trigger an immune response to kill tumor cells.
Î-carotene is one of the most studied carotenoids and known for its function as pro-Vitamin a and dietary antioxidant.
The students enjoyed either a smoothie a day or the equivalent volume of mineral water for a duration of six weeks.
à ez researcher at the Centre for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM)--Universitat Politã cnica de Valã ncia.
Moreover they constitute an important source of vitamins B and E antioxidant compounds (phytosterols and/or polyphenols) and dietary fibre
The milks derived from nuts are recommended especially for pregnant women because of its richness in folic acid and its good calcium/phosphorus ratio.
for 100 days) and greenhouse gas emission equivalent of 800,000 car trips from one end of the U s. to the other, Â according to the Natural resources Defense Council.
The more you can get along without oil and natural gas, the better. Your goal should be to imagine how your children
and natural gas to grow, process and transport. The whole food distribution chain in the United states is on average 1, 500 miles long,
which are made from oil and natural gas. Figure out a low-fuel way to get some compost and manure,
since we all know that the commercial meat industry is massively reliant on petroleum and natural gas.
Try the Transition Network, The Post Carbon Institute, and  Peak Prosperity.##8: If necessary, reconcile with your family.
and happily, without oil or gas, without food from the supermarket...even without grid power.
With the carbon matching system in place in this neighborhood, traffic patterns can be broken down, and other sources of carbon can be traced.
According to Bartlett, this system helped IBM identify carbon in unexpected places like in methane leaks from utilities.
When you can have this type of project in the neighborhood, he said, you can then redesign a green corridor there.
as we develop more low carbon energy sources, building owners will be able to go to what he calls the energy cafe
giving them an opportunity to cut costs and reduce their carbon footprint. IBM has been working with New york city
The goal, with the help of IBM's carbon intelligence software is to reduce New york city's greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2017.
What will it take to see these predictions happen? All of these predictions are based not on wild fantasy,
Fifty percent of investment today worldwide in equipment and chemicals is in municipal infrastructure. This is the slowest moving, least innovative market for a lot of industries.
New york and Pennsylvania are sitting on an enormous reserve of natural gas, the Marcellus Shale. You're looking for real urgency and drive.
and about 157,000 red-blooded suburban middle-class right-wing Americans is moving toward being the first city in the nation to produce zero net carbon emissions
In the Northeast, replace furnaces that burn heating oil with ones that burn natural gas, and ban the installation of new heating oil furnaces.
Switch city-owned fleet vehicles to electric or natural gas vehicles. Create municipal utility districts to drive the deployment of locally-generated energy.
simultaneously eliminating much of their carbon emissions and reaping significant savings revenues that will remain within their communities,
and another 500,000 shale gas wells domestically to temporarily displace foreign imports, as the oil and gas industry is trying to persuade us to do,
but building solar upon solar wind upon wind, and eliminating our need for fossil fuels permanently, one town at a time, from the bottom up.
 We can kill the carbon monster and create real economic productivity at home using free fuel.
 And if a beleaguered town like Lancaster can aim to be  net zero carbon
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