or an oral alkaline medication for one year. The treatments were dosed to decrease dietary acid by half.
Until now the beneficial effects of zinc in combating infection have not been understood fully at the molecular level.
When a pathogen is recognized a series of molecules wake up from dormancy to create a process that activates the innate immune response.
Under most circumstances that carbon stays locked inside Earth's rigid continental crust. One process that can release carbon dioxide from these carbonates is interaction with magma he said.
But if this effect declines or climate warming occurs due to something other than a carbon dioxide increase we expect to see a significant release of carbon from tropical ecosystems.
whether tropical forests are absorbing carbon dioxide or releasing it--and this in turn depends on whether the tropical climate was warmer and dryer than usual or wetter and cooler.
The team studied how these year-to-year variations in carbon dioxide concentration relate to long-term changes in the amount of carbon stored in tropical rainforests.
By combining this relationship with the year-to-year variation in carbon dioxide as seen in the real world the team were able to determine that about 50 billion tonnes of carbon would be released for each Degree celsius of warming in the tropics.
Fortunately this carbon release is counteracted by the positive effects of carbon dioxide fertilisation on plant growth under most scenarios of the 21st century
so that overall forests are expected to continue to accumulate carbon. The researchers are however certain that tropical forests will suffer under climate change
Even a simple chemical compound behaves differently as a nanoparticle mostly due to the increased specific surface area and reactivity.
The fact that these potentially dangerous particles are being taken up by such a common crop suggests a need to review what materials are used in agriculture around the world.
which may provide a route for these potentially dangerous particles to get into our bodies if the content of the water is not more tightly managed.
Particles emanating from this boundary produce a striking narrow ribbon which had yet to be explained despite more than a dozen possible theories.
In a new retention model researchers from the University of New hampshire and Southwest Research Institute suggest that charged particles trapped in this region create the ribbon as they escape as neutral atoms.
The Sun continually sends out a solar wind of charged particles or ions traveling in all directions at supersonic speeds.
IBEX cameras measure energetic neutral atoms (ENAS) that form when charged particles become neutralized. As solar wind ENAS leave the solar system the majority move out in various directions never to re-enter.
However some ENAS leave the solar system and impact other neutral atoms becoming charges particles again.
These newly formed pickup ions begin to gyrate around the local interstellar magnetic field just outside the solar system.
In the regions where the magnetic field is perpendicular to their initial motion they scatter rapidly
From those regions some of those particles return to the solar system as secondary ENAS--ENAS that leave the solar system
The paper Spatial Retention of Ions Producing the IBEX Ribbon by N. A. Schwadron and D. J. Mccomas was published Feb 4 in the Astrophysical Journal.
These compounds penetrate the body mainly through food but also through air or the skin. According to professor Arrebola the mechanism of action by which COPS increases the risk of diabetes is still unknown.
#Scientists use Amazon Cloud to view molecular machinery in remarkable detailin this week's Nature Methods Salk researchers share a how-to secret for biologists:
The method promises to speed research into the underlying causes of disease by making single-molecule microscopy of practical use for more laboratories.
The latest frontier in basic biomedical research is to better understand the molecular machines called proteins and enzymes.
In the case of human cells some of the parts of the assembly line can be as small as single molecules.
Unfortunately in the past conventional light microscopes could not clearly show objects as small as single molecules. The available alternatives such as electron microscopy could not be used effectively with living cells.
The challenge for biologists is that the molecules they want to see are often only a few tens of nanometers in size.
You have no idea how many single molecules are distributed within that blurry spot so essential features
which represent single molecules. The downside to these approaches is that it can take several hours to several days to crunch all the numbers required just to produce one usable image.
which are molecular machines that appear to encourage cancer cells to spread. In one instance they dropped the time needed to process an image from a whole day to 72 minutes.
and can also affect international travelers said Leonard Both M. Sc. a researcher involved in the work from the Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit at St george's University of London in the United kingdom. An untreated rabies infection is nearly 100 percent fatal
Science and policy in the Amazon have focused largely on forests and their associated biodiversity and carbon stocks.
but it will help locallyafforestation planting trees in an area where there have previously been no trees can reduce the effect of climate change by cooling temperate regions finds a study in Biomed Central's open access journal Carbon Balance and Management.
and cooler sequestering carbon protecting biodiversity and air quality and preventing soil erosion. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Biomed Central Limited.
The research combines sediment core studies of the waxy molecules from plant leaves with pollen analysis yielding data of unprecedented scope and detail on what types of vegetation dominated the landscape surrounding the African
It is the combination of evidence both molecular and pollen evidence that allows us to say just how long we've seen Serengeti-type open grasslands said Sarah J. Feakins assistant professor of Earth sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters Arts
if laboratories striving to grow graphene from carbon atoms kept winding up with big pesky diamonds.
Boron atoms have a strong preference to clump into three-dimensional shapes rather than assemble into pristine single-atom sheets like carbon does
Through first-principle calculations of the interaction of boron atoms with various substrates the team came up with several possible paths experimentalists may take toward 2-D boron.
But boron could have vacancies--missing atoms--without affecting its properties. That's the theory.
because the atoms have to spill onto the surface and stick but not too strongly.
Then like graphene these atom-thick boron sheets could be applied to other surfaces for testing and ultimately for use in applications.
The study also calculated methods for creating sheets via saturation of boron atoms on the surface of boride substrates and the evaporation of metal atoms from metal borides that leaves just the target atoms in a sheet.
Boron is carbon's neighbor on the periodic table with one less electron which might bring in lots of new physics and chemistry especially on the nanoscale.
It forms at the global minimum (energy) for carbon atoms--they go there willingly. But boron is a different story.
which production system farmers used beef production has a carbon footprint ranging from 10.7 to 22.6 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per kg of hot carcass weight.
The industry has reduced also its carbon footprint by 16.3 percent per billion kilograms of beef produced.
According to Mitloehner beef producers can further reduce their carbon impact by using new technologies like growth promotants.
and that the burning of fossil fuels is releasing an additional 9 billion metric tons of excess atmosphere-warming carbon each year both the planet and the American economy stand to benefit from a large-scale domestic advanced
Instead of differences in protein quality we showed that maple trees have lower quantities of protein than oak partly explaining why they are less nutritious than oak leaves said Barbehenn an associate research scientist in the Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental
#Emission trading schemes limit green consumerismschemes that aim to regulate greenhouse gas emissions can limit consumers'attempts to reduce their carbon footprints according to an economist at the University of East Anglia (UEA.
He argues that understanding what polices such as the EU ETS cover is crucial for individuals wanting to contribute to reducing their carbon footprint
and improving the insulation of your home substantially reduces your carbon footprint. These unregulated sectors make up more than half of GHG emissions in participating countries
He suggests that carbon footprint labels measuring the life-cycle emissions of a product do not give consumers helpful guidance on how to reduce actual emissions
and those that are notmy analysis shows that basing decisions to reduce carbon footprints on both regulated and unregulated emissions as recommended by government agencies NGOS
and established carbon footprint labels can increase total emissions said Dr Perino whose findings are based on a mathematical model of consumption choices.
Prof Corinne Le Qu r director of UEA's Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research which works to develop sustainable responses to climate change urged consumers to continue their efforts to reduce their carbon footprint.
It is critical that we significantly reduce our carbon emissions to tackle climate change she said.
and easiest way to reduce our own carbon emissions. This discussion paper takes a viewpoint at the level of individuals on the consequences of the European Emissions Trading scheme
I strongly urge people to pursue their efforts to reduce their carbon footprint whether they live within Europe or within any other industrialised economy.
increasing uptake of carbon dioxidetrees in the con ti nen tal U s. could send out new spring leaves up to 17 days ear lier in the com ing cen
##Zoomable map of poplar proteins offers new view of bioenergy cropresearchers seeking to improve production of ethanol from woody crops have a new resource in the form of an extensive molecular map
The study is featured on the cover of January's Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. The ability to comprehensively measure genes and proteins helps us understand the range of molecular machinery that a plant uses to do its life functions said ORNL's Robert Hettich.
This can provide the information necessary to modify a metabolic process to do something specific such as altering the lignin content of a tree to make it better suited for biofuel production.
#Shedding light on role of Amazon forests in global carbon cycleearth's forests perform a well-known service to the planet absorbing a great deal of the carbon dioxide pollution emitted into the atmosphere from human activities.
or wind their decay also releases carbon back into the atmosphere making it critical to quantify tree mortality
This new tool will enhance understanding of the role of forests in carbon sequestration and the impact of climate change on such disturbances.
which need to be included in forest carbon budgets Their findings were published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere the ocean the biosphere and Earth's crust. Fewer trees mean not only a weakening of the forest's ability to absorb carbon
but the decay of dead trees will also release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Large-scale tree mortality in tropical ecosystems could
The researchers estimated that hundreds of millions of trees were destroyed potentially equivalent to a significant fraction of the estimated mean annual carbon accumulation for the Amazon forest.
The carbonin those trees which would eventually be released into the atmosphere as CO2 as the trees decompose was about equal to the net amount of carbon absorbed by all U s. forests in a year.
Besides understanding how forests affect carbon cycling the new technique could also play a vital role in understanding how climate change will affect forests.
when oil is heated to temperatures suitable for deep frying potentially carcinogenic compounds can form in the fried food.
These toxic compounds are increased with reuse of oil and increased length of frying time. Foods cooked with high heat also contain high levels of advanced glycation endproducts or AGES
but some health benefits of berries may not make it past your mouthresearch has suggested that compounds that give colorful fruits their rich hues especially berries promote health
The Ohio State university study also showed that bacteria living in the mouth are responsible for most of the breakdown of these compounds that occurs in saliva.
An understanding of the metabolism of these compounds and the relative activities of the compounds in the consumed fruit and their metabolic products is needed to make scientifically sound dietary recommendations
The bacteria are converting compounds that are present in the foods into metabolites Failla said.
If on the other hand the metabolites produced by the metabolism of anthocyanins are the actual health-promoting compounds there will be greater interest in fruits that contain anthocyanins that are less stable in the oral cavity Failla said.
Single-atom-thick patterns combine conductor and insulatorrice University scientists have taken an important step toward the creation of two-dimensional electronics with a process to make patterns in atom-thick layers that combine a conductor and an insulator.
Even at one atom thick the hexagonal array of carbon atoms has proven its potential as a fascinating electronic material.
they're not doped by the carbon. And the graphene still looks very good. That's important because we want to be sure
and used gas and liquid chromatography to analyze juice compounds. They found that orange juice from the fruit with HLB symptoms was often higher in limonin
but that the compounds were generally below levels that could be detected by human taste panels.
and found that Abscisic acid was the key signaling molecule. We are familiar with how animals use a fight or flight strategy to face external challenges.
The content of the heavy oxygen isotope O18 in the ice cores tells us about the temperature in clouds
They are full of metabolic compounds that are good for us he says. We think that's what is killing the cancer.
He also wants to determine which of the compounds released by the rice callus have cancer-killing properties
The effect creates an excess of strengthening sugar molecules in the willows'stems which attempt to straighten the plant upwards.
Such'calcareous'microfossils are critical for using the radiocarbon technique to determine the age of the sediments
Some of the radiocarbon dating work was undertaken at the Natural Environment Research Council Radiocarbon Facility (Environment.
while fruit is rich in antioxidants and other beneficial compounds. The authors emphasise that their results do not prove cause
However creating the one-atom thick sheets of carbon known as graphene in a way that could be integrated easily into mass production methods has proven difficult.
When graphene is grown lattices of the carbon grains are formed randomly linked together at different angles of orientation in a hexagonal network.
A piece of charcoal found directly underneath the cache was dated radiocarbon to 4800 years ago.
Dickau's group radiocarbon dated charcoal from the base levels of the shelter and discovered it was occupied first more than 9000 years ago much earlier than Ranere originally proposed.
Blueberries and strawberries contain high levels of naturally occurring compounds called dietary flavonoids also found in grapes and wine blackberries eggplant and other fruits and vegetables.
Excessive heat causes some of the lysine in DDGS to bond with sugars and form Amadori compounds.
The lysine bound in these compounds is called unreactive lysine; pigs cannot digest it. Lysine that is not bound is referred to as reactive lysine;
An orange tree can convert this amino acid into cinnamic acid a precursor to compounds thought to be important to the tree's defense system.
and understand the nucleus of the atom at CERN. Frode à degaard has embarked already upon follow-up research.
They are also the most carbon rich forests in the tropics with high carbon sequestration potential meaning their degradation
The new study describes researchers'use of molecular biological methods to design and assemble the viral genome completely in a test tube in a form that can be introduced easily
Scientists from Rice the Dutch firm Teijin Aramid the U s. Air force and Israel's Technion Institute this week unveiled a new carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber that looks
but behaves like both metal wires and strong carbon fibers. The research team includes academic government and industrial scientists from Rice;
The phenomenal properties of carbon nanotubes have enthralled scientists from the moment of their discovery in 1991.
The hollow tubes of pure carbon which are nearly as wide as a strand of DNA are about 100 times stronger than steel at one-sixth the weight.
Unfortunately carbon nanotubes are also the prima donna of nanomaterials; they are difficult to work with despite their exquisite potential.
and alignment of the carbon nanotubes in the fibers is said critical study co-author Yeshayahu Talmon director of Technion's Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute who began collaborating with Pasquali about five years ago.
and mixed prairie also had very wide carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in the harvested material--as much as 257 to 1 for miscanthus.
The present study shows that carbon not only leads the charge to make carbonate fluid but also helps to make silicate magma at significant depths.
Not only that this deep magma is the main agent to bring all the key ingredients for life--water and carbon--to the surface of the Earth.
They use powerful hydraulic presses to partially melt rocks of interest that contain tiny amounts of carbon to simulate
of which would reduce injector fouling carbon deposits and piston ring sticking common issues with some biodiesel formulations.
However a forest contributes more ecosystem services than timber production such as biological diversity carbon storage and berries.
By examining the role played by the occurrence of diverse tree species for six different ecosystem services (tree growth carbon storage berry production food for wildlife occurrence of dead wood
and the amount of pine to berry production while carbon storage was found in plots with more birch
which is the compound behind the pain-relieving effect of salicylic acid found in aspirin. UCF professors Pedro F. Quintana-Ascencio and John Fauth worked with Kimberli Ponzio
A collaborative effort by the Rice lab of chemist James Tour and the Moscow lab of chemist Stepan Kalmykov determined that microscopic atom-thick flakes of graphene oxide bind quickly to natural and human-made radionuclides
and gas recovery and help reboot American mining of rare earth metals he said. Graphene oxide's large surface area defines its capacity to adsorb toxins Kalmykov said.
and granulated activated carbon commonly used in nuclear cleanup. Graphene oxide introduced to simulated wastes coagulated within minutes quickly clumping the worst toxins Kalmykov said.
The researchers focused on removing radioactive isotopes of the actinides and lanthanides--the 30 rare earth elements in the periodic table--from liquids rather than solids or gases.
Environmental requirements have essentially shut down U s. mining of rare earth metals which are needed for cell phones Tour said.
what were just ions in a solution he said. Then you can skim it off
but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.
â#¢Natural gas replacing coal would reduce carbon emissions. But due to its lower cost natural gas would also replace some low-carbon energy such as renewable or nuclear energy.
Overall changes result in a smaller reduction than expected due to natural gas replacing these other low-carbon sources.
In a sense natural gas would become a larger slice of the energy pie. â#¢Abundant less expensive natural gas would lower energy prices across the board leading people to use more energy overall.
and revealed new pathways and information about how plants fix carbon. The findings published in Comparative analyses of C4
You really want something that penetrates into your teeth and breaks down the stain molecules.
The main reason why strawberries don't work as teeth whiteners is their chemistry. They may taste great
Apples and lemons also popularly advocated as tooth whiteners have no hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide suggesting their effectiveness as tooth whiteners would be limited as well
although Kwon did not directly test those fruits. The strawberry-baking soda remedy had another downside:
Molecular biological analyses of tissue samples always confront scientists with the same problem: how to retrieve the genome of a specific pathogen from a mixture of DNAS in a patient and its microbial cohabitants?
By using a stable isotope of nitrogen (N) researchers assessed the absorption efficiency of various nitrogen sources for both species. They observed that the best absorbed source was followed urea by ammonia glycine and finally the nitrate.
These differences among the four sources can be explained due to their physicochemical properties as polarity hygroscopicity and solubility of compounds.
and molecular sciences who has researched these vegetable compounds for the past 25 years. We are far from being able to declare a victory over autism
Unfortunately its root causes remain elusive though progress has been made Talalay says in describing some of the biochemical and molecular abnormalities that tend to accompany ASD.
& Communication Technology were first in the world to demonstrate single-atom spin qubits in silicon reported in Nature in 2012 and 2013.
Now the team led by Dzurak has discovered a way to create an artificial atom qubit with a device remarkably similar to the silicon transistors used in consumer electronics known as MOSFETS.
Postdoctoral researcher Menno Veldhorst lead author on the paper reporting the artificial atom qubit says It is really amazing that we can make such an accurate qubit using pretty much the same devices as we have in our laptops and phones.
Meanwhile Morello's team has been pushing the natural phosphorus atom qubit to the extremes of performance.
Dr Juha Muhonen a postdoctoral researcher and lead author on the natural atom qubit paper notes:
The phosphorus atom contains in fact two qubits: the electron and the nucleus. With the nucleus in particular we have achieved accuracy close to 99.99%.
The high-accuracy operations for both natural and artificial atom qubits is achieved by placing each inside a thin layer of specially purified silicon containing only the silicon-28 isotope.
This isotope is perfectly nonmagnetic and unlike those in naturally occurring silicon does not disturb the quantum bit.
or millions of qubits and may integrate both natural and artificial atoms. Morello's research team also established a world-record coherence time for a single quantum bit held in solid state.
Conventional chemical fertilizers however supply the soil with chemical elements which despite functioning as a fertilizer can end up contaminating aquifers
and provides the algae with the compounds they need for photosynthesis. The algae in turn produce oxygen help the coral to remove waste products
This is important as reduction in these compounds in the mothers could presumably decrease negative developmental effects in their fetus and newborns according to Dr. Reid.
#Due to landscape fragmentation, Brazils rainforests are releasing more carbon dioxide than previously thoughtbecause of the deforestation of tropical rainforests in Brazil significantly more carbon has been lost than was assumed previously.
To estimate the additional carbon emissions at the forest edges the UFZ scientists developed a new approach that integrates the results from remote sensing ecology and forest modelling.
For their study they initially modelled the percentage loss of carbon in forest border after the deforestation of the surrounding area.
Tree mortality increases so that they can't store as much carbon as healthy trees in the centre of the forest the core area says Dr. Sandro PÃ tz the main author of the study.
This makes it possible to determine the percentage loss of carbon of forest fragments of different sizes.
Due to the changed microclimate at the forest edges more than 68 million tonnes of carbon are lost in ten years.
This means that the additional loss of carbon in the entire rainforest of the Amazon due to the peripheral effects amounts to approx. 600 million tonnes in ten years.
For the first time the UFZ researchers also calculated how much this border effect would affect the storage of carbon in tropical forests worldwide.
Currently there are 830 billion tonnes of carbon in the atmosphere. Every year the carbon increases by four billion tonnes.
A quarter of this is caused by deforestation around the globe. Because the calculations of the UFZ model indicate that ten percent of the forest areas in the tropics worldwide lie at the edges of forests these degradation effects result in an increase of up to 0. 2 billion tonnes of carbon getting
into the atmosphere per year. This share has so far not been included in the carbon balance calculations.
It is forgotten a process in the global carbon circulation of the vegetation Huth states. This aspect has been included not directly in the calculations of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
However this effect should urgently be taken into account the ecologist demands. The UFZ scientists'results are also interesting for practical aspects in climate protection policy.
because the relative loss of carbon is only minimal at the edges at that size.
Chinas economic boom thwarts its carbon emissions goalsefforts to reduce China's carbon dioxide emissions are being offset by the country's rampant economic growth according to new research from the University of East Anglia (UEA.
Research published today in Nature Climate Change reveals how carbon efficiency has improved in nearly all Chinese provinces.
According to the study China the world's largest producer of CO2 emissions increased its carbon intensity by 3 per cent during a period of unprecedented economic growth.
This was despite its pledge to reduce carbon intensity by up to 45 per cent by 2020 (relative to the 2005 level.
The less economically advantaged province of Guizhou achieved a 98 per cent gain in carbon efficiency but concurrent production increases led to a 125 per cent efficiency loss.
Consequently the net carbon efficiency of the province fell by 27 per cent. The most marked improvements occurred in the economically advanced coastal areas and the heavily industrialised inland regions.
While the implementation of new less wasteful technologies helped most provinces boost their carbon efficiency China's emissions-intensive capital projects offset those advances.
For example Inner Mongolia replaced many inefficient carbon-intensive factories with large-scale modern facilities. This resulted in metal smelting and cement production increasing 14-fold between 2002-2009.
Likewise the carbon efficiency of China's coal-fired power plants improved by 10 per cent
Official Chinese statistics for the first half of 2014 show an encouraging 5 per cent decrease in carbon intensity the most significant drop in many years.
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