The researchers then calculated the likely amount of carbon to be pulled out of the atmosphere through weathering
and carbon feedback after Earth's cooling 45 million years ago when great mountain ranges like the Andes and The himalayas were formed first.
The paper suggests that mountainous regions may play a particularly important role in drawing carbon out of the atmosphere
& Environmental Studies (F&es) calculated that concentrations of tropospheric ozone aerosol particles and methane during the mid-Pliocene epoch were twice the levels observed in the preindustrial era--largely
Those reactive compounds altered Earth's radiation balance contributing a net global warming as much as two to three times greater than the effect of carbon dioxide according to the study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
The traditional view she said is that forests affect climate through carbon storage and by altering the color of the planet's surface
The answer might be found in highly reactive compounds that existed long before humans lived on the planet Unger says.
Wildfires meanwhile are a major source of black carbon and primary organic carbon. Forest cover was vastly greater during the Pliocene a period marked not just by warmer temperatures
Previous studies have dismissed such feedbacks suggesting that these compounds would have had limited impact since they would have been washed from the atmosphere by frequent rainfall in the warmer climate.
The new study argues otherwise saying that the particles lingered about the same length of time--one to two weeks--in the Pliocene atmosphere compared to the preindustrial.
and aerosol particles right back she said. Reducing and preventing the accumulation of fossil-fuel CO2 is the only way to ensure a safe climate future now.
The expansive project has involved everything from research to better understand specific health benefits of whole grains to exploration of new ways to get products high in their healthy compounds onto the market.
Award in Molecular Toxicology (T32es015457. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of California Los angeles (UCLA) Health Sciences.
Patrick Jantz Scott Goetz and Nadine Laporte describe their findings in an article entitled Carbon stock corridors to mitigate climate change
while also providing opportunities for climate change mitigation in the form of carbon sequestration and avoiding emissions from deforestation.
The team used a high-resolution data set of vegetation carbon stock (VCS) to map 16257 corridors through areas of the highest biomass between 5600 protected areas in the tropics.
which forests contain significant carbon stocks and are important for tropical biodiversity. Part of the study focused on the Legal Amazon where the team used economic and biological information combining species richness
The study published today in the journal Science is the first to show how pathogens switch from targeting one species to another through changes at the molecular level.
'For the first time we have found a direct molecular mechanism underpinning the change in host specialisation'said Dr van der Hoorn.'
We've looked at this process on a single-particle level said lead author Hoggard.
Instead of looking at a device that has many junctions we've looked at one particle at a time.
We had to measure a lot of particles to get good statistics. Dark-field scattering and photoluminescence spectroscopy of more than 200 nanoparticles helped them determine that it takes about 160 femtoseconds (quadrillionths of a second) for an electron to transfer from the particle to highly conducting graphene the single-atom-thick form of carbon.
Plasmons are the collective excitation of free electrons in metals that when stimulated by an energy source like sunlight
The homogeneous line width obtained via single-particle spectroscopy is a measure of the range of wavelengths that resonantly excite a surface plasmon.
The position and the width of the peak can give us information about the particle itself
#Scientists unveil molecular mechanism that controls plant growth, developmenta joint study published in Cell by the teams headed by Miquel Coll at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
At the molecular level the hormone serves to unblock a transcription factor a DNA BINDING-PROTEIN protein which in turn activates
and play a critical role in storing atmospheric carbon says Dr. William Hoffmann associate professor of plant
Climate modelers examining atmospheric carbon dioxide levels use these types of models to make projections on carbon storage
The global phosphorus cycle is besides nitrogen also increasingly growing out of balance with carbon the subject of another recent paper by the same group of researchers and a new European Research Council grant for continued research by IIASA
The change in the stoichiometry of nitrogen and carbon from rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations relative to phosphorus has no equivalent in Earth's history
In a study published online today in JAMA Neurology Rutgers scientists discuss their findings in which levels of DDE the chemical compound left
Rutgers scientists--the first to link a specific chemical compound to Alzheimer's disease--believe that research into how DDT
and how the chemical compound interacts with the Apoe4 gene Richardson says. Although the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease--with five million Americans suffering now and millions more expected to fall prey with the graying of the Baby boom Generation--is known not scientists believe that late-onset Alzheimer's may be linked to a combination of genetic environmental and lifestyle factors.
Besides reducing pollutants in the air these buffers can protect water quality store carbon cool urban heat islands
and the bioinformatics analysis. The outstanding work lays an important foundation for molecular breeding of water buffalo and sheds new light on the understanding of its origin and domestication process.
which transfers thermal energy through the vibrations of neighboring atoms and molecules. Most people assume that fur
Further the products of these reactions are transported to the oceans in rivers where they ultimately form carbonate rocks like limestone that lock away carbon on the seafloor for millions of years preventing it from forming carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
and assess how they were broken down and weathered by the fungi associated with the roots of the trees. â#As reported in Biogeosciences the researchers found that low atmospheric CO2Â acts as a â#carbon starvationâ##brake.
because low CO2Â reduces plantsâ##ability to perform photosynthesis meaning less carbon-energy is supplied to the roots and their fungi.
They will now continue to work on understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of the lingonberries.
We now need to identify the odor molecules that allow people to detect and differentiate differentiate levels of fat.
Fat molecules typically are not airborne meaning that they are unlikely to be sensed by sniffing food samples said lead author Sanne Boesveldt Phd a sensory neuroscientist.
and tested them in the lab. In spring they measured levels of chlorophyll the molecule that helps leaves photosynthesize--turn light into energy
If you don't get it right Yang says you might miss a lot of the carbon absorption. The news wasn't all bad for the cameras however.
When light at a specific wavelength is absorbed by the gas of interest localized heating of the molecules leads to a temperature
For this reaction they exploit a transition from a metastable wurtzite compound in the form of nanorods to the more stable kesterite compound.
and other compounds (found in berries tea and chocolate) could offer protection from type 2 diabetes--according to research from the University of East Anglia (UEA) and King's college London.
Findings published today in the Journal of Nutrition reveal that high intakes of these dietary compounds are associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation.
This is one of the first large-scale human studies to look at how these powerful bioactive compounds might reduce the risk of diabetes.
what we are seeing is that people who eat foods rich in these two compounds--such as berries herbs red grapes wine-are less likely to develop the disease.
And those who consumed the most flavone compounds had improved levels of a protein (adiponectin) which helps regulate a number of metabolic processes including glucose levels.
What we don't yet know is exactly how much of these compounds are necessary to potentially reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes she added.
According to this the usage of hypoallergenic molecules (with lower ability of binding antibodies) but with the ability to stimulate the immune system would be a useful tool for immunotherapy.
The results show that these two molecules (Pru p 3. 02 and Pru p 3. 03) could be good candidates for the usage of specific immunotherapy for allergy to peach.
although it would be required further trials of these two molecules with animal to verify its effectiveness in the treatment for allergy to peach.
#Researchers detune a molecule: Scientists control the bonds between atoms in a buckyballrice University scientists have found they can control the bonds between atoms in a molecule.
The molecule in question is carbon-60 also known as the buckminsterfullerene and the buckyball discovered at Rice in 1985.
The scientists led by Rice physicists Yajing Li and Douglas Natelson found that it's possible to soften the bonds between atoms by applying a voltage and running an electric current through a single buckyball.
The researchers detailed their discovery this week in the online Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
But in general if we can manipulate the charge distribution on molecules we can affect their vibrations.
Natelson's group built the nano antenna a few years ago to trap small numbers of molecules in a nanoscale gap between gold electrodes.
Once the molecules are in place the researchers can chill them heat them blast them with energy from a laser or electric current and measure the effect through spectroscopy
With continuing refinement the researchers found they could analyze molecular vibrations and the bonds between the atoms in the molecule.
The nano antenna is able to detect the tone of detuned vibrations between atoms through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) a technique that improves the readings from molecules
Think of these molecules as balls and springs Natelson said. The atoms are the balls and the bonds that hold them together are the springs.
If I have a collection of balls and springs and I smack it it would show certain vibrational modes.
When we push current through the molecule we see these vibrations turn on and start to shake Natelson said.
The Stark effect is seen when molecules'spectral responses shift under the influence of an electric field.
The Molecular Foundry a Department of energy User Facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory collaborated on the calculations component.
Natelson's group had spied similar effects on oligophenylene vinylene molecules used in previous experiments also prompting the buckyball experiments.
and they're very chemically stable Natelson said of the soccer-ball-shaped molecules. We know how to put them on surfaces
He noted other researchers are looking at similar effects through the molecular manipulation of graphene the single-atomic-layer form of carbon.
I don't want to make some grand claim that we've got a general method for tuning the molecular bonding in everything Natelson said.
and Molecular Foundry director Jeffrey Neaton a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley and a member of the Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley.
storing more carbon as they agein a finding that overturns the conventional view that large old trees are unproductive scientists have determined that for most species the biggest trees increase their growth rates
and sequester more carbon as they age. In a letter published today in the journal Nature an international research group reports that 97 percent of 403 tropical and temperate species grow more quickly the older they get.
To our knowledge this is the first authentication study in cacao using molecular markers the researchers state.
The researchers found that the electrostatic properties of the glue that coats spider webs causes them to reach out to grab all charged particles from pollen and pollutants to flying insects.
This explains how webs are able to collect small airborne particles so efficiently and why they spring towards insects.
'Electrical attraction drags these particles to the webs so you could harvest and test webs to monitor pollution levels--for example to check for pesticides that might be harming bee populations.'
and would include any particles and chemicals that are drawn electrically to the web. We already know that spiders spin different webs
What we have found is a molecular mechanism in plants which stabilises the levels of specific proteins that restrict growth in changing environmental conditions.
which have just been discovered in the last 12 years as plant-growth promoting bacteria are said not pathogenic the study's senior author Ann Hirsch a professor of molecular cell and developmental biology in the UCLA College of Letters and Science.
Previous research using stable isotope analyses suggests the diet of these homimins was composed largely of C4 plants like grasses and sedges.
On the basis of recent isotope results these hominins appear to have survived on a diet of C4 foods
while others like flame retardants are relatively new compounds that are used still by industry today Lohmann said.
even though most of the compounds were banned 40 years ago. Lohmann also speculates that some older pollutants that had been frozen in glaciers may be released again as the glaciers melt due to climate change.
#Microbe community changes may reduce Amazons ability to lock up carbon dioxideut Arlington researchers focusing on the Amazon recently found that widespread conversion from rainforest to pastureland has significant effects on microorganism communities that may
Because the carbon and nitrogen cycles are linked so strongly our previous results indicated that changes in carbon dioxide sequestration will gathered occurrodrigues'team samples of soil from the Fazenda Nova Vida site in Rondonia Brazil one of three states
The bigger the tree the more carbon it stores and a study in New Phytologist explores global variance in tree height identifying temperature as the most important factor behind the tallest species. Height gives canopy trees the focus
of much forest carbon research a competitive advantage as they can place leaves at higher light levels
If trees will get bigger in the future they will store more carbon than they do now
#Suburban sprawl cancels carbon footprint savings of dense urban coresaccording to a new study by researchers at the University of California Berkeley population-dense cities contribute less greenhouse gas emissions
and services consumed by U s. households so-called household carbon footprints. Interactive carbon footprint maps for more than 31000 U s. zip codes in all 50 states are available online at http://coolclimate. berkeley. edu/maps.
The goal of the project is to help cities better understand the primary drivers of household carbon footprints in each location said Daniel Kammen Class of 1935 Distinguished Professor of Energy in the Energy and Resources Group
and the Goldman School of Public Policy and director of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory.
The average carbon footprint of households living in the center of large population-dense urban cities is about 50 percent below average
Metropolitan areas look like carbon footprint hurricanes with dark green low-carbon urban cores surrounded by red high-carbon suburbs said Christopher Jones a doctoral student working
Unfortunately while the most populous metropolitan areas tend to have the lowest carbon footprint centers they also tend to have the most extensive high carbon footprint suburbs.
Taking into account the impact of all urban and suburban residents large metropolitan areas have a slightly higher average carbon footprint than smaller metro areas.
The UC Berkeley researchers found that the primary drivers of carbon footprints are household income vehicle ownership
Other important factors include population density the carbon-intensity of electricity production energy prices and weather.
and high carbon suburbanization would result as a side effect Jones said. Increasing population density in suburbs appears to be an even a worse strategy he said.
Surprisingly population dense suburbs have significantly higher carbon footprints than less dense suburbs. Population dense suburbs also tend to create their own suburbs
The project website includes a tool that calculates carbon footprints for essentially every populated U s. zip code city county
Households and cities can calculate their own carbon footprints to see how they compare to their neighbors
When you package low carbon technologies together you find real financial savings and big social and environmental benefits.
in order to craft policies and programs that enable the adoption of energy and carbon-efficient technologies and practices.
One example of this is the Coolcalifornia Challenge a statewide carbon footprint reduction competition to name the Coolest California City.
à ez researcher at the Centre for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM)--Universitat Politã cnica de Valã ncia.
Moreover they constitute an important source of vitamins B and E antioxidant compounds (phytosterols and/or polyphenols) and dietary fibre
Try the Transition Network, The Post Carbon Institute, and  Peak Prosperity.##8: If necessary, reconcile with your family.
With the carbon matching system in place in this neighborhood, traffic patterns can be broken down, and other sources of carbon can be traced.
According to Bartlett, this system helped IBM identify carbon in unexpected places like in methane leaks from utilities.
When you can have this type of project in the neighborhood, he said, you can then redesign a green corridor there.
as we develop more low carbon energy sources, building owners will be able to go to what he calls the energy cafe
giving them an opportunity to cut costs and reduce their carbon footprint. IBM has been working with New york city
The goal, with the help of IBM's carbon intelligence software is to reduce New york city's greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2017.
and about 157,000 red-blooded suburban middle-class right-wing Americans is moving toward being the first city in the nation to produce zero net carbon emissions
simultaneously eliminating much of their carbon emissions and reaping significant savings revenues that will remain within their communities,
 We can kill the carbon monster and create real economic productivity at home using free fuel.
 And if a beleaguered town like Lancaster can aim to be  net zero carbon
Another cure for whisky's carbon hangoverthe stink of methane is not what comes to mind
you can drown your carbon sorrows in the knowledge that those bottles travel fewer miles to get to your stateside liver.
Storing carbon: In the U s. urban trees store about 770 million tons of carbon. Energy use:
100 million mature trees around buildings in the U s. leads to an annual energy savings of $2 billion.
polar bear-killing emissions released into our carbon-choked friendly skies. That article cites Southwest as the leading U s. airline for carbon footprint awareness,
and notes that the company spent $175 million to retrofit the navigation systems on its planes to calculate tighter flight paths
the process is completely carbon neutral. Seat covers-two new products that will be tested on the aircraft seats,
The drop-off points are essentially a way to minimize the Christmas carbon footprint. Jean-Charles Noudell, manager of green spaces and gardens of the 3rd arrondissement, says that the recycling program helps create mulch for the gardens that will keep soil moist,
Because permafrost's icy soil contains frozen carbon--mostly organic matter such as leaves and roots--it releases a lot of carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere as it thaws.
Scientists, who are now observing how much of these gases are currently being released from this thawing ground,
that will release vast amounts of carbon into the air. Scientists estimate that the permafrost contains two and a half times as much carbon as the entire atmosphere.
Current projections for the amount of carbon that the Arctic and Subarctic regions could one day annually contribute to the atmosphere are equivalent to anywhere from 15%to 35%of today's yearly emissions from human activity.
Even if it 5 or 10 percent of today emissions, it exceptionally worrying, and 30 percent is humongous,
and the carbon will enter the air as carbon dioxide. But when organic matter breaks down at the bottom of a lake or wetland
releasing the carbon into the atmosphere as methane. Although most of the carbon released by the permafrost is likely to be carbon dioxide,
scientists say that the fact that methane is so much more potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas means that it will be likely be responsible for trapping as much heat as the carbon dioxide will.
and its aftermath sent a huge pulse of carbon into the air â as much as would be emitted in two years by a city the size of Miami.
and release permafrost carbon to the atmosphere is increasing fire frequency. It's not entirely clear exactly how these changes will impact the Arctic, the permafrost or the planet as a whole.
if it really old carbon that hasn t been in the air for a long time, and now it entering the air, Edward A g. Schuur,
longer growing seasons deeper roots (10 to 12 feet down) hold down topsoil reduce erosion build soil sequester carbon from the air reduce farm equipment maintenance requirements use less herbicide Will perennial grains really be the answer
Armstrong said the carbon-eating paint, which she calls Biolime, is tied up in intellectual property issues at the moment.
as Armstrong likes to say--to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Armstrong, who is a TED fellow,
a molecule believed to battle afflictions including cancer, coronary heart disease and strokes. According to The Independent in the U k.,a shipment of purple tomato juice is on its way from Canada to scientists at the John Innes Centre in Norwich
With these purple tomatoes you can get the same compounds that are present in blueberries
so that it could sequester carbon and clean contaminated runoff. The ubiquity of parking lots has led also to an overlooked social dimension:
where carbon-reduction targets are driving power utilities--particularly coal-fired power plants--to mix more wood pellets into their fuel supply.
Dressed to kill, one atom at a time Nanotubes development could double battery life Nano-advances behind new architectural products Scientists create functioning transistor from a single atom
The only policy answer to climate change is to stifle carbon emissions, without building a clean energy substitute for coal.
which allows you to calculate your carbon footprint and purchase carbon offsets, mathematically making a trip carbon neutral.
While I can t calculate my carbon footprint for the short cab ride to the airport (less than 10 miles),
I did make some rough calculations to see what happened when I moved from my luxury apartment to the yoga pod
and create a sustainable low carbon, clean energy economy. Deforestation accounts for up to 20 percent of all greenhouse gas pollution.
both by purchasing carbon offsets and by raising awareness about climate change issues. I hope my personal story of giving up luxury to live sustainably in community,
I have the chance to inspire others to take action to reduce their own carbon footprints.
making it a larger source of carbon emissions than most countries except China and the United states. But
as part of the food company's overriding agenda to develop an integrated crop management system that will help the company reduce the carbon emissions
composites, carbon fiber and other cutting-edge automobile materials would welcome. Unfortunately, federal policy only regulates the driving cycle, not the full cycle.
Their plant-derived compounds were quite effective at trapping moths in the field--attracting on average 130 male bugs per trap,
which allows the Greenhouse to store carbon within its walls. The Mgo is a strong, environmentally friendly building material that is one tenth the carbon footprint of fiber cement sheet.
As with the past three Geenhouse restaurants, Joost utilizes sustainable ideas in all aspects of the building, from food sourcing and production, through to architecture, building materials and furniture design.
revealing which forests store the most carbon Hemp helps create greener homes More low-tech solutions on Smartplanet:
The other thing we consider is carbon storage. If a tree falls in the forest and it completely  decomposes,
then all the carbon in that tree goes back to the atmosphere. But if you put that tree in a landfill,
Some of that carbon is stored in the landfill. That also is a positive for the environment
because you're taking carbon out of the atmosphere. What should be done to deal with this problem?
I spent an hour chatting up a huge Indian conglomerate that already describes itself as carbon-positive, water-positive and waste-recycling positive.
because it makes ITC's ability to push into the carbon-positive, water-positive and waste-positive side of the sustainability equation all the more intriguing.
On being carbon-positive: ITC actually reports that it is now sequestering or storing twice the amount of carbon dioxide emissions that it emits.
These planting efforts have helped push ITC into its carbon-positive claim AND they have provided also a source of raw material for ITC's paperboard and specialty papers business.
So, the company is focused on bringing assessment, carbon footprinting and reporting techniques to its clients,
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