However Dr. Khaled al-Doumi director of a medical center near the site of the alleged attack told Al Jazeera Medically speaking the symptoms indicate that poisoning was a result of phosphorous compounds that could be caused by organic insecticides or sarin gas.
Also known as sulfur mustard the compound is named for its distinctive mustard smell which has also been compared to horseradish.
But on the scale of the atoms in the universe it looks absolutely paltry in comparison said Scott Aaronson a computer scientist at MIT.</
</p><p>As far back as Archimedes philosophers have wondered how many tiny particles could fit in<a href=http://www. space. com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today. html>the universe</a>.Archimedes
Current estimates put the total number of atoms in the universe at about 10 to the 80.</
Medical practitioners for example can use the presence of certain molecules in blood or tissue to diagnose
Research on stable isotope ratios has seen already a number of interesting results. In one case understanding the stable isotope ratios of hair led to the identification of a murder victim by determining her travel history.
It turns out that stable isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen in water vary with geography on a continental scale
and so because the stable isotope ratios in drinking water get incorporated into hair a record of travel history is revealed by looking at the isotope composition of scalp hair.
Another example of the usefulness of stable isotope ratios can be found in the tropics where woody plants and grasses
which use different types of photosynthesis have very different carbon isotope ratios. We have used stable isotopes to quantify African elephant diet over time as it relates to rainfall history
which is useful information for elephant conservation. Typically after rainfall grasses become more abundant and constitute a greater portion of an elephant's diet.
Using carbon isotopes in hair we can see exactly how much grass these animals are eating
and how their diet changes with changes in rainfall. Similarly we have used carbon isotopes in fossil soils to determine the fraction of woody cover sites that bear hominin fossils a problem that has implications for the history of our species
. Because woody plants and grasses have very different carbon isotope ratios there is a strong relationship between carbon isotope ratios of soil
and fraction of woody cover. In other research my work on acetaminophen overdose will hopefully have a direct impact in how medical doctors view acetaminophen overdose patients.
The researchers measured the amount of a molecule in the taste buds called MESSENGER RNA (mrna)
A 2010 studyâ in the British Medical Journal found that the scarce evidence indicates the existence of various toxic and carcinogenic compounds albeit in possibly much smaller concentrations than in traditional cigarettes.
Called phytomining the technique of finding gold uses plants to extract particles of the precious metal from soil.
so plants have no natural way of taking the particles in through their roots. Under certain chemical conditions gold solubility can be forced said Chris Anderson an environmental geochemist and gold phytomining expert at Massey University in New zealand.
#To Cut Carbon, a Decade is Too Long to Wait (Op-Ed) Jeffrey Rissman policy analyst at Energy Innovation:
wildfires and desertification release carbon stored in vegetation; and melting permafrost allows for the decomposition of peat bogs and the melting of methane hydrates releasing methane into the atmosphere.
The U s. must make a serious commitment to zero-carbon energy and energy efficiency in the next ten years in order to be able to reduce emissions to the level required to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a reasonable timeframe.
And if nations wait to address greenhouse gasses there will be a larger amount of high-carbon infrastructure to replace increasing future costs.
Put in terms of a global carbon price a tax implemented today could be just $20 per ton (18 cents per gallon of gasoline)
which affects carbon water and nutrient cycles; some birds produce additional clutches of eggs; and many insects (including pests such as bark beetles in the West
Rising numbers of scale insects in cities could spell trouble for city trees which can provide some environmental benefits like cooling through shade and carbon sequestration.
Because urban centers can be a leading source for greenhouse-gas emissions low-carbon urban design can be a crucial tool for combatting rising emissions levels.
thus conserving forestland and other green spaces that store carbon. Transportation impacts Research shows that densely-populated cities use less transportation energy the reason is less reliance on car travel.
and store carbon in the soil or vegetation at higher amounts than do buildings or roads.
While New york appears to have low carbon emissions based on its transportation and housing emissions per person this issue of traded goods complicates the picture.
and conserve green undeveloped land thus reducing the carbon footprints of their residents. With urbanization taking off in China and other developing countries now is the time to build sustainable cities.
and storing climate-warming carbon and differentiate it from secondary forests which may provide tree cover but without the original ecosystems.
At that point the tree stops growing and starts storing carbon in its cells. Late wood is denser than early wood
Mixed results Follow-up studies analyzing carbon molecules in the fossil wood also gives both deciduous and evergreen answers Ryberg said.
As the water speed increased the bristles streamed out like hair blowing in a strong wind creating gaps where particles could slip through.
Tea's healthy compounds called polyphenols reduce oxidative stress and inflammation preventing this breakdown and even improving muscular strength and bone mass.
This is because developing nations where the U n. estimates most of the next century's surge in population will occur have much smaller carbon footprints than developed countries such as the United states Canada
As part of his work at the Worldwatch Institute Engelman also promotes the idea of carbon taxes which would introduce fees based on the carbon content of fuels.
A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere.
History's Most Mysterious Extinctions Carbon signatures The scientists focused on isotopes of carbon in plant waxes found in ancient soils and sediments.
Carbon isotopes differ in how many neutrons they possess in their atomic nuclei carbon-12 has six neutrons
while carbon-13 has seven. Both have six protons. The kinds of grasses that dominate northern Australia today have adapted to warmer dryer conditions
and mostly practice a kind of photosynthesis known as C4 which uses both carbon-12 and the heavier carbon-13 isotope.
which also takes up carbon-12 and carbon-13 but prefers carbon-12. By analyzing the ratios of these different carbon isotopes within plant waxes the researchers could infer what plants dominated the region at different times in the past.
The scientists also looked for an organic compound known as levoglucosan. This molecule is generated exclusively during the burning of land vegetation
so its presence would bolster the idea that humans changed the landscape with fire. The results of the study showed that about 44000 to 58000 years ago C4 plants apparently dominated the region
much as they do today making up 60 to 70 percent of the vegetation there. However by 43000 years ago C4 plants made up only 40 percent of the vegetation there.
A raspberry contains 200 molecules that contribute to its distinct raspberry flavor. One of those raspberry ketone was singled out by food manufacturers decades ago for its potent smell.
so berry-flavored foods typically use raspberry ketone produced in a lab Around 2010 scientists noticed that raspberry ketone had a similar molecular structure to capsaicin
Another study showed raspberry ketone increased the breakdown of lipids (fat molecules) within fat cells. The 2010 paper in the journal Planta Medica also found raspberry ketone spurred fat cells to secrete more of the protein adiponectin.
Over the course of two hours the researchers measured the concentrations of the eight volatile compounds under the various conditions.
Antioxidants can help combat disease by neutralizing unstable molecules called free radicals. Free radicals are produced in response to a number of environmental sources from cigarette smoke to pollution.
which are pigmented highly compounds naturally present in many fruits grains oils and vegetables. Even when adjusted for health behaviors the researchers found 3 to 7 percent higher levels of carotenoids in participants with higher optimism scores.
doubles as particles interact more frequently. This increase in chemistry makes the flowers bloom. During the winter the closed cherry buds can tolerate below-freezing temperatures Meyer said.
because these particles have so much energy they can destroy DNA molecules he said. To that end Halberg studies how a water bug called a tardigrade can withstand spacelike conditions.
because trees grow back biomass offers a carbon neutral form of energy. But not all biomass is created equal.
And the latest science reveals that burning whole trees for energy results in more carbon emissions than burning coal for decades.
and harvesting them for fuel means foregoing the carbon they would have absorbed from the atmosphere if left standing.
This video animation shows what happens to the balance of carbon between forest and atmosphere when people burn forests to produce energy instead of allowing trees to keep their day jobs as massive carbon storage facilities.
In 2011 the EPA took on this issue. The agency issued to biomass-burning plants a three-year exemption from permitting requirements under the Clean Air Act (basically a requirement that each new and modified industrial source gets a construction permit before starting to build showing that it will use the best available control
The agency then initiated a science-driven process to develop rules for properly quantifying carbon emissions from these plants.
It issued a draft methodology for doing the necessary carbon accounting then empaneled a group of expert scientists known as the Science Advisory board (SAB) to assess the scientific validity of the proposed approach.
Regulations governing how stationary sources account for biogenic carbon emissions must be based on sound science and ensure adequate protections for forests
Power plants account for 40 percent of the U s. carbon footprint. That makes EPA's effort to reduce carbon pollution from power plants a key part of the climate fighting initiatives of the administration of President Barack Obama
and ensuring that a rigorous accounting for biomass carbon emissions will be critical to the effort's integrity.
As the scientists conclude the only way to encourage bioenergy facilities to source low-carbon biomass resources efficiently burn
or otherwise convert them to electricity and to use the electricity and heat in the applications that most effectively reduce carbon emissions is for EPA to follow the science.
It's critical that EPA heeds the science community's call and follows through on the standard it set for itself in issuing rules for the bioenergy industry.
+By valuing the carbon stored in forests REDD+is changing the economic incentives around land use in developing forest countries.
Sales of verified REDD+carbon credits effectively give these countries and communities the credit they deserve for choosing a sustainable pathway to development.
and development solution hopes were high that global carbon markets would yield sustainable financing for REDD+conservation and sustainable forest management.
As a result today REDD+is at a crossroads as the potential supply of REDD+credits on the voluntary carbon market significantly outpaces demand.
It is especially rich in glutathione a detoxifying compound that can help destroy carcinogens. For this reason asparagus may help fight
When this aptly named chemical is digested it breaks down into sulfur-containing compounds which have a strong unpleasant scent.
Although salt is plentiful in the ocean the molecule technically known as sodium chloride is often a rare and valuable resource on land.
when exposed to estrogenic compounds Blazer and colleagues said. Researchers with the USGS previously found intersex smallmouth bass in the Potomac river Basin similarly linked to endocrine-disrupting chemicals or EDCS.
Free radicals are made unstable molecules during metabolism. The damage they can cause may lead to cancer according to the National Cancer Institute.
because this chemical blocks the enzymes that cause joint destruction by stopping a key molecule known to cause inflammation.
and from primates called gelada baboons and found that bacteria fed with predigested grass produced a smaller amount of compounds called short-chain fatty acids
But in the study it was really the potato diet that was leading to the production of more of these appetite-suppressing compounds
This is a major win that will help homeowners save hundreds of dollars in energy and water costs each year while cutting carbon pollution from homes.
which will rely on energy efficiency as a tool to cut carbon pollution from power plants and is helping scale up efforts already underway to make homes buildings industrial processes equipment appliances and electronics more efficient.
NRDC estimates that a plan to cut carbon pollution 30 percent by 2020 would net health
More than a quarter of 2013 models are already ahead of schedule in meeting fuel-efficiency and carbon-pollution requirements.
The findings will provide foundation for further developing molecular makers and incite research on related pepper agronomy traits
Slash the country s overall carbon pollution from the electric power sector by 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2030.
because it would require existing coal-fired power plants to cut their carbon emissions. Specifically the rule proposes a unique carbon emissions reduction guideline for each state
and each state would have to create its own plan to achieve that goal by the end of June 2016.
and energy efficiency measures help to reduce the carbon footprint of electric power generation there. There are some big exceptions to those goals however.
Before seeing the proposed rule Michael B. Gerrard director of the Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University said reducing carbon emissions in the U s. by 20 percent
#oethe best way to reduce emissions would be a price on carbon such as through a carbon tax
William Fleckenstein said Monday adding that the federal government does not appear to be doing much to encourage the construction of liquefied natural gas facilities to help reduce carbon emissions globally by helping coal-dependent countries switch to less carbon-intensive natural gas for electric power production.#
For such industrial use modern varieties with insignificant content of psychoactive compounds are grown. Nonetheless industrial hemp cultivation is prohibited still in some industrialised countries like Norway and the USA.
Before producing energy from the residues it is certainly more environmentally friendly to use fibres oils or other compounds of hemp.
Erythritol is a natural compound that is present in several types of fruit. It's sweet like table sugar
and Drug Administration as a food additive in 2001 and many studies have shown humans have a high tolerance for the compound.
When it is broken down starch transforms into compounds called butyrates which are important for cells'metabolism.
in this case of every 1 million air molecules 245 are carbon dioxide. Instead the models suggest that carbon dioxide rose about 40 ppm to 285 ppm
whereas the Breitling MXS-R is a molded carbon-fiber airplane Mangold said. It has no metal tubing on it so it's very difficult to make major changes to it.
and flavonoid compounds the compounds responsible for coffee's distinctive smell and characteristic bitterness. For example the researchers found that coffee has six genes for one such compound linoleic acid
And in addition to these extra flavor-and aroma-enhancing compounds the researchers found that C. canephora has a larger genetic assortment linked to N-methyltransferases (NMTS) the enzymes encoded by genes involved in the production of caffeine.
When the coffee plant's caffeine-laden leaves fall to the ground caffeine compounds sink into the soil where they prevent the germination of other plant species that would normally compete with the coffee plant for space
That is why a single tropical tree may have hundreds of distinct chemical compounds in its defence arsenal against herbivores which makes the analysis harder.
and not by the constant bombardment of solar particles as previously thought scientists say.</</p><p>The so-called zebra stripes form when the electric field around Earth generated by the planet's rotation previously thought to be too weak to impact the fast-moving particles creates a striped pattern in the inner electron belt.</
</p><p>Full Story:<<a href=http://www. livescience. com/44583-earth-magnetic-field-zebra-stripes-source. html target=blank>'Zebra Stripes'in Earth's Magnetic field Have Surprising Source
a particle thought to explain how other particles get their mass is tiny but it may not be the tiniest particle yet.
Theories have predicted long the existence of even smaller particles that might make up the Higgs and recent research suggests these pip-squeaks dubbed techni-quarks are likely lurking in the universe.</
</p><p>However it will take the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) the world's most powerful particle accelerator
or the next generation of colliders to spot these Higgs components saidthomas Ryttov a particle physicist at the University of Southern Denmark.</
Particle</a p><p>An experimental mini heart could help people with a medical condition that causes blood to pool in their veins by pumping their blood through the vessels
what liberating all that carbon into the Earth s atmosphere would do to the climate.
All while significantly reducing our total carbon emissions. Just when we have the greatest number of mouths to feed in all of human history our reserves of easy to obtain low cost phosphorus may start to run out.
Where will that low carbon energy come from in the middle of the century? Will we starve
Power plants are the largest source of U s. carbon pollution. The United states limits mercury arsenic and soot from power plants yet astonishingly there are no national limits on how much carbon these plants can dump into our atmosphere.
National Climate Assessment: Agriculture chapter This June the U s. Environmental protection agency (EPA) will propose the first-ever national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants.
NRDC analysis shows that strong carbon limits would yield up to $60 billion in health and environmental benefits by 2020.
NRDC also found that energy efficiency provides the cheapest way for utilities to meet carbon limits
and utility investments inefficiency also help reduce household electric bills. If America acts now to reduce carbon pollution we can help protect our communities from unchecked climate change
and we can ensure our nation's farms and food remain secure long into the future.
Through our site you can tell the EPA you support strong limits on dangerous carbon pollution.
Beinecke's most recent Op-Ed was Cutting Power-plant Carbon Could Save U s. $60 Billion by 2020 The views expressed are those of the author
The Amazon also drives climate as well as responds to it thanks to its ability to take up carbon from the atmosphere.
or poultry and produces at least five times more carbon pollution. The contrast between beef and such staples as wheat rice and potatoes is even more stark.
According to Boucher's 2012 study U s. beef consumption helps drive tropical deforestation which is now responsible for about 10 percent of the world's carbon emissions.
which is a naturally occurring compound in fruits and vegetables that reacts with the human body to trigger healthy reactions.
and Asia is loaded with beneficial compounds. In fact its early uses dating back 3000 years were mainly medicinal.
if high in flavanols the beneficial plant compounds scientists believe impart most of cocoa's benefits relaxes the blood vessels an important protection against hypertension and heart disease.
Unfortunately these compounds are rarely in the chocolate we eat in 21st-century America. Flavanols impart a bitter taste
The clearing of those forests not only harms the habitat of many endangered species it releases huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere that those forests had stored formerly.
While tropical forests store vast amounts of carbon the peat soils on which some of these forests grow often contain some twenty times more.
In fact the peat soils in Southeast asia store as much carbon as all aboveground vegetation in the Amazon.
When these peat-rich soils are drained to make way for palm-oil plantations the peat decomposes releasing large quantities of carbon
which can emit even more carbon into the atmosphere. Adding considerable urgency to the problem is the growing demand for palm oil.
A French research team figured out that by looking at the carbon atoms in mummies that had lived in Egypt between 3500 B c
All carbon atoms are taken in by plants from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis. By eating plants
and the animals that had eaten plants the carbon ends up in our bodies. The sixth-lightest element on the periodic table carbon exists in nature as two stable isotopes:
carbon-12 and carbon-13. Isotopes of the same element behave the same in chemical reactions
but have slightly different atomic masses with the carbon-13 being slightly heavier than the carbon-12.
Plants are categorized into two groups. The first group C3 is most common in plants such as garlic eggplants pears lentils and wheat.
The second smaller group C4 comprises foodstuffs like millet and sorghum. The common C3 plants take in less of the heavier isotope carbon-13
while the C4 plants take in more. By measuring the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 you can distinguish between these two groups.
If you eat a lot of C3 plants the concentration of carbon-13 isotopes in your body will be lower than
if your diet consisted mainly of C4 plants. The mummies that The french researchers studied were the remains of 45 people that had been shipped to two museums in Lyon France during the 19th century.
They measured carbon-13 to carbon-12 ratios (and also some other isotope ratios) in bone enamel and hair in these remains and compared them to similar measurements performed on pigs that had received controlled diets consisting of different proportions
As pigs have a similar metabolism to humans their carbon isotope ratios could be compared to
or teeth and the isotope ratios in hair of the mummies corresponded to that found in hair of modern European vegetarians confirming that the ancient Egyptians were also mainly vegetarians.
All this makes it a bit surprising that the isotopes should suggest that fish was consumed not widely.
or sweeping out of acid aerosols by coexisting silicate particles sulfuric acid would have settled to the ground surface within a very short time Ohno said.
#'Tomato Pill'May Improve Blood vessel Function in Some Patients Taking a daily supplement of lycopene a compound found in tomatoes
The researchers measured the people's blood-vessel function by examining how the vessels in their forearms responded to a molecule called acetylcholine.
Our research at the Centre of Excellence for Postharvest Biotechnology at Nottingham University s Malaysia Campus is making these natural products into nano-forms or submicron particles to control postharvest diseases.
which among other things changes the potentially dangerous molecule homocysteine into methionine a component in new proteins according to Harvard.
#Lost Microbes are Eroding Amazon s Ability to Capture Carbon (Op-Ed) This article was published originally at The Conversation.
Large amounts of nitrogen are needed to achieve the Amazon s role as a carbon Sink in the rainforest that comes primarily from the natural process of nitrogen fixation performed by microbes called diazotrophs.
They break apart molecules of nitrogen that is essential for all living things. But up until now no one has looked at how the function of these microbes changes
PHA is a biodegradable polyester that is produced naturally inside some bacteria under the conditions of excess carbon and limited nutrient availability.
and to accept a carbon source of corn-based sugar. The microorganisms feed on the plant-derived sugars and produce PHA.
Mango Materials'process uses bacteria grown in fermenters to transform methane and oxygen along with added nutrients (to supply excess carbon) into PHA.
Other processes use sugar as a carbon feedstock whereas Mango Materials uses waste methane which is considerably less expensive than sugar.
Instead they degrade complex organic molecules in their environment into smaller molecules they can absorb to meet their energy and nutrient needs.
The growing tips of the hyphae release enzymes into the environment to degrade complex organic molecules into usable nutrients.
and then a molecular screening technique such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA sequencing identifies the bacteria.
and multiply in the sample increasing in concentration from about one particle per milliliter to over 10000 particles per milliliter after a day or so.
and phage particles that is created when a phage lyses (ruptures) a bacterial cell. They are applied best at the beginning of the fermentation cycle;
#Mysterious Energy Ribbon at Solar system's Edge a'Cosmic Roadmap'A strange ribbon of energy and particles at the edge of the solar system first spotted by a NASA spacecraft appears to serve as a sort of roadmap in the sky for the interstellar
particles that originate from supernovas are correlated with the IBEX ribbon. The ribbon is roughly perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field
The particles themselves are created from interactions between the solar wind and interstellar matter. In the longer term Schwadron said work like this will help scientists better understand more about the boundary between our solar system and interstellar space.
The sun's solar wind of high-energy particles flows within the heliosphere and pushes back against high-energy cosmic rays originating in interstellar space.
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