High above Earth's surface extreme ultraviolet radiation from the sun reacts with air molecules to produce gigantic jets of lightning up to 56 miles (90 kilometers) tall that shoot up to the edge of space.
The pesticides travel to the mountains as aerosols tiny particles that waft into the atmosphere on warm rising air currents.
Carbon isotopes (atoms of the same element that have revealed different molecular weights that the trees were about 52000 years old.
and inhale the lead particles it contains. And children who play in soil can ingest lead
But humans make their own digestive enzymes to break down large food molecules into smaller ones.
if the fat molecule it is attached to is burned. The toxin is now free to attach to other fat molecules.
If it does mobilize with other recently liberated toxins in the case of extreme starvation then the toxin could become toxic
and air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter (tiny particles suspended in the air). The researchers found that aggressively reducing greenhouse gas emissions could help prevent 300000 to 700000 premature deaths annually byâ the year 2030 two-thirds
Morphological studies based on the shape of a species'shell or other features often contradicted the results of molecular testing.
what we're finding at the base of the diatom tree are things that are long and tubular much like the tube inside of a paper towel roll said Edward Theriot professor of molecular evolution at The University of Texas at Austin and director of its Texas Natural science
Sometimes the best tree from molecular data looks radically different from what morphology tells us to expect Theriot explained.
For some of the lab's more focused studies like the evolution of the rock snot's mucus-producing capability the researchers sequenced the transcriptomes (all of the MESSENGER RNA molecules expressed from an organism's genes) of half a dozen species to identify the key genes
for the molecular production of the mucilage. People have been trying to characterize that mucilage chemically for 20 years
but at the very beginning at the point of the molecular machinery that assembled and allowed for the secretion of that sugar in the first place.
The structure of a molecule is far too small to be seen with even the most powerful of microscopes.
Rosalind Franklin used the process of X-ray crystallography to make an image of the DNA molecule that was used by Watson
Detergent molecules have two ends. One end of a detergent molecule is attracted to fat and the other end is attracted to water.
When you wash your dinner plate; the fat-loving end of the dish detergent molecule attaches to the grease from your hamburger
and the water-loving end attaches to the water in the Sink in the cheek solution you were using the detergent to move the broken up cell membranes away from the DNA. 3. Why did I use pineapple juice?
The DNA molecule is a very long strand with a gentle twist. Your visible DNA material is actually many thousands of these strands clumped together.
The pigs'embryos were injected with a molecule from bioluminescent jellyfish that carries instructions to make green fluorescent protein or GFP.
The team then dated the structure using levels of radioactivity in minerals and the ratio of carbon isotopes or molecules of carbon with different numbers of neutrons from charcoal and grains of sand.
and isolated a small peptide a molecular building block of cells from the deadly substance. They fed the peptide to termites
but also for spider-venom peptides that are being considered for therapeutic use study researcher Glenn King of the Institute for Molecular Bioscience at the University of Queensland Australiaâ said in a statement.
Observations of the system revealed a dust trap of millimeter-size grains on one side of the star with smaller micrometer-size particles spread evenly throughout the disc.
The particles astronomers said could eventually clump into a comet factory producing kilometer-size rocks such as those found in the Kuiper Belt outside Neptune's orbit.
Due to this pressure gradient gas and small micrometer-size particles have slightly slower orbital velocities around the star.
When the millimeter-size bits grow they begin to experience friction with gas and smaller particles.
Eventually the larger particles slow down themselves. When the friction drops their speed below a certain threshold they drift toward the star
But on the scale of the atoms in the universe it looks absolutely paltry in comparison said Scott Aaronson a computer scientist at MIT.</
</p><p>As far back as Archimedes philosophers have wondered how many tiny particles could fit in<a href=http://www. space. com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today. html>the universe</a>.Archimedes
Current estimates put the total number of atoms in the universe at about 10 to the 80.</
Medical practitioners for example can use the presence of certain molecules in blood or tissue to diagnose
The researchers measured the amount of a molecule in the taste buds called MESSENGER RNA (mrna)
Called phytomining the technique of finding gold uses plants to extract particles of the precious metal from soil.
so plants have no natural way of taking the particles in through their roots. Under certain chemical conditions gold solubility can be forced said Chris Anderson an environmental geochemist and gold phytomining expert at Massey University in New zealand.
Mixed results Follow-up studies analyzing carbon molecules in the fossil wood also gives both deciduous and evergreen answers Ryberg said.
As the water speed increased the bristles streamed out like hair blowing in a strong wind creating gaps where particles could slip through.
This molecule is generated exclusively during the burning of land vegetation so its presence would bolster the idea that humans changed the landscape with fire.
A raspberry contains 200 molecules that contribute to its distinct raspberry flavor. One of those raspberry ketone was singled out by food manufacturers decades ago for its potent smell.
so berry-flavored foods typically use raspberry ketone produced in a lab Around 2010 scientists noticed that raspberry ketone had a similar molecular structure to capsaicin
Another study showed raspberry ketone increased the breakdown of lipids (fat molecules) within fat cells. The 2010 paper in the journal Planta Medica also found raspberry ketone spurred fat cells to secrete more of the protein adiponectin.
Antioxidants can help combat disease by neutralizing unstable molecules called free radicals. Free radicals are produced in response to a number of environmental sources from cigarette smoke to pollution.
doubles as particles interact more frequently. This increase in chemistry makes the flowers bloom. During the winter the closed cherry buds can tolerate below-freezing temperatures Meyer said.
because these particles have so much energy they can destroy DNA molecules he said. To that end Halberg studies how a water bug called a tardigrade can withstand spacelike conditions.
Although salt is plentiful in the ocean the molecule technically known as sodium chloride is often a rare and valuable resource on land.
Free radicals are made unstable molecules during metabolism. The damage they can cause may lead to cancer according to the National Cancer Institute.
because this chemical blocks the enzymes that cause joint destruction by stopping a key molecule known to cause inflammation.
The findings will provide foundation for further developing molecular makers and incite research on related pepper agronomy traits
in this case of every 1 million air molecules 245 are carbon dioxide. Instead the models suggest that carbon dioxide rose about 40 ppm to 285 ppm
and not by the constant bombardment of solar particles as previously thought scientists say.</</p><p>The so-called zebra stripes form when the electric field around Earth generated by the planet's rotation previously thought to be too weak to impact the fast-moving particles creates a striped pattern in the inner electron belt.</
</p><p>Full Story:<<a href=http://www. livescience. com/44583-earth-magnetic-field-zebra-stripes-source. html target=blank>'Zebra Stripes'in Earth's Magnetic field Have Surprising Source
a particle thought to explain how other particles get their mass is tiny but it may not be the tiniest particle yet.
Theories have predicted long the existence of even smaller particles that might make up the Higgs and recent research suggests these pip-squeaks dubbed techni-quarks are likely lurking in the universe.</
</p><p>However it will take the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) the world's most powerful particle accelerator
or the next generation of colliders to spot these Higgs components saidthomas Ryttov a particle physicist at the University of Southern Denmark.</
Particle</a p><p>An experimental mini heart could help people with a medical condition that causes blood to pool in their veins by pumping their blood through the vessels
or sweeping out of acid aerosols by coexisting silicate particles sulfuric acid would have settled to the ground surface within a very short time Ohno said.
The researchers measured the people's blood-vessel function by examining how the vessels in their forearms responded to a molecule called acetylcholine.
Our research at the Centre of Excellence for Postharvest Biotechnology at Nottingham University s Malaysia Campus is making these natural products into nano-forms or submicron particles to control postharvest diseases.
which among other things changes the potentially dangerous molecule homocysteine into methionine a component in new proteins according to Harvard.
They break apart molecules of nitrogen that is essential for all living things. But up until now no one has looked at how the function of these microbes changes
Instead they degrade complex organic molecules in their environment into smaller molecules they can absorb to meet their energy and nutrient needs.
The growing tips of the hyphae release enzymes into the environment to degrade complex organic molecules into usable nutrients.
and then a molecular screening technique such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA sequencing identifies the bacteria.
and multiply in the sample increasing in concentration from about one particle per milliliter to over 10000 particles per milliliter after a day or so.
and phage particles that is created when a phage lyses (ruptures) a bacterial cell. They are applied best at the beginning of the fermentation cycle;
#Mysterious Energy Ribbon at Solar system's Edge a'Cosmic Roadmap'A strange ribbon of energy and particles at the edge of the solar system first spotted by a NASA spacecraft appears to serve as a sort of roadmap in the sky for the interstellar
particles that originate from supernovas are correlated with the IBEX ribbon. The ribbon is roughly perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field
The particles themselves are created from interactions between the solar wind and interstellar matter. In the longer term Schwadron said work like this will help scientists better understand more about the boundary between our solar system and interstellar space.
The sun's solar wind of high-energy particles flows within the heliosphere and pushes back against high-energy cosmic rays originating in interstellar space.
and molecular sciences at Johns hopkins university in Baltimore said in a statement. Before the trial the participants'caregivers and physicians assessed the individuals'autistic traits using two standard scales with higher scores on each scale corresponding with lower abilities in verbal communication and social interactions.
molecular fossils. When these rocks are analyzed they are found to contain higher than normal levels of carbon-12 isotopes compared to carbon-13 isotopes
This means that DNA or some precursor molecule had assembled by that point and could begin its relentless self-replication driving the evolution of life.
and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque. Plaque produces acid that damages tooth enamel causes cavities and sets the stage for periodontal or gum disease.</
This protein is a type of defensin a molecule that protects the plant from fungal infections.
The leakage of ATP (a common molecule) was shown to happen within minutes of the introduction of Nadd1 to lymphoma cells.
It may be that by binding PIP2 molecules the Nad1 protein undermines the external structure of the cell leading to the aforementioned blebbing and lysis.
which seems to contain a molecule that bursts cancer cells. It just goes to show you that life is full of surprises.
These tiny molecules were thought to be too fragile to be passed between plant species yet Westwood found that large amounts of mrna were moving from the tomato and Arabidopsis to the strangleweed and vice versa.
Then the intrinsic factor is attached to the Vitamin b12 molecule. Once in this form Vitamin b12 can be used in cells throughout the body.
The researchers sifted through the soil looking for particles that were the right size to be the parasite's egg just 0. 003 inches (0. 1 millimeter) in diameter Mitchell said.
They then mixed those particles with water and placed them under a microscope. The researchers found one egg in the soil around the abdomen and pelvis of a child's skeleton.
which contain tiny hairs that produce a short-range electrostatic force (called a Van der waals force) with a surface's molecules.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Rocks On earth's surface are bombarded by cosmic rays from outer space that create beryllium-10 isotopes at a steady rate.
and then using a molecular clock based on the rate at which genetic changes occur during evolution to work out how much time was needed for all that diversity to evolve said Terry Brown a life sciences faculty member at the University of Manchester in England who was involved not in the study.
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen its atoms each possess a single proton like regular hydrogen
Water molecules are made from hydrogen and oxygen. Water made with deuterium is less likely to evaporate than water made with regular hydrogen
The researchers discovered that about 170 years after temperatures fell in Europe land-plant remains had greater levels of deuterium than aquatic plant molecules did suggesting the environment became much drier.
Then to look for the molecular basis for this change in function Baldwin and colleagues made taste-receptor hybrids using different parts of the chicken and hummingbird receptors.
The lightning in thunderstorms can break pollen grains into smaller particles which can lead to acute outbreaks of hay fever.
leading particle colliders scientists have determined the mass of the heaviest elementary particle the top quark.</</p><p>The measurement was made using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva Switzerland and the Tevatron at Fermilab in Batavia Ill.
and a bit of maroon-colored airglow#faint light emitted by molecules in the atmosphere and it made for dramatic hues in the scene.
Just as volcanic ash entombed the citizens of the ancient Roman city dental plaque preserved bacteria and food particles on the skeletons'teeth.
The sticky bacteria on teeth trapped particles of food and other debris and over time the calcium phosphate in saliva the same mineral found in bones
We knew that calculus preserved microscopic particles of food and other debris but the level of preservation of biomolecules is remarkable a microbiome entombed
and recovered some of the first evidence of food molecules from ancient dental plaque. The DNA in food found in the plaque matched pigs sheep bread wheat and vegetables such as cabbage.
when the body metabolizes cholesterol a molecule made by all animals. But two samples also had a dash of 5b-stigmastanol a chemical produced
which sugars and amino acids combine forming members of a family of molecules called pyrazines which contribute the nutty roasted and chocolately sensations.
which also happens to be the molecule that makes chocolate poisonous to dogs. Then there is serotonin a natural neurotransmitter
Another chocolate molecule believed to be important was discovered less than 20 years ago: anandamide. This binds to receptors in the brain known as cannabinoid receptors.
These receptors were originally found to be sensitive to the most important psychoactive molecule in cannabis Î-THC.
Likewise anandamide and similar molecules found in chocolate are thought also to affect mood. Phenylethylamine another family of chemicals is found in chocolate in very small amounts.
and it acts by producing endorphins the brain s natural feel-good#molecules. The bad news however is that eating chocolate is probably not the best way of getting our hands on phenylethylamine as enzymes in our liver degrade it before it can reach the brain.
There are yet more other molecules in chocolate especially in dark chocolate like flavonoids which some scientists think may help improve cardiovascular health
which isn t a molecule the melt-in-your mouth sensation. The fatty triglycerides in cocoa butter can stack together in six different ways each resulting in a different melting point.
7 Tales of Naughty Acts in the Wild In other words it seems this single molecule alters both female goats'behavior
Kensler said that broccoli consumption initiates chemical reactions that assemble molecules that attach to benzene compounds making these benzene compounds more water soluble and easier to pass through the urine.
The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers are very competent now to be able to track atmospheric particles
Biological scaffolds when they degrade release signal molecules said Dr. Stephen Badylak of the University of Pittsburgh who led the study.
including injecting aerosol particles into the stratosphere and increasing the reflectivity of clouds over the ocean.
These defences target a specific molecule produced by the fungus, and in time, the fungus often evolves a way to modify the molecule,
or to go without it entirely. Increasingly, breeders are turning to a class of defence gene with a broader spectrum of resistance.
The gene encodes a protein that is similar to molecular transporters that have been implicated in drug resistance.
or molecular sodium both in the plumes and in one of Saturn's rings thought to be fed by these plumes, the E ring.
One of these suggests that reservoirs of clathrates gassy molecules locked up in the lattice of another molecule exist below the surface.
which carry up ice particles with them to form the icy plumes. These ice particles could carry up salt as well
says Susan Kieffer a geologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Sodium isn't the proof of a liquid ocean,
Julia Bailey-Serres, a molecular geneticist at the University of California, Riverside, says that the Submergence
Here, oxygen atoms exist, he says, that react with the tiny carbon grains but not with silicates.
& the Press News maker Large Hadron Collider Physicists last week injected particles into the accelerator for the first time
a molecular biologist who studies maize at Stanford university in Palo alto, California, and is an author of one of the Public library of Science Genetics papers3.
and characterize them at a molecular level (see'Last Chance Clinic').'Massagee, whose symptoms hinted at a novel condition involving genes that control muscle formation,
These new particles don't exert the same outward pressure on the star as their photon parents,
including molecules that mimic standard petrol, and could be expanded to work on tougher cellulosic materials, the researchers say.
The company has been working to convert sugars into tailored molecules for several years, says co-author Stephen del Cardayre, LS9's vice-president for research and development.
and then short-circuited E coli's internal machinery for producing large fatty-acid molecules, enabling them to convert precursor molecules directly into fuels and other chemicals.
The team then inserted genes from other bacteria to produce enzymes able to break down hemicellulose.
says Mike Bruford, a molecular ecologist at Cardiff University, UK, who worked on that study2. The giant panda genome,
Modern methods for tracking the origins of processed foods use isotopes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
110 out of 10,000 atoms are carbon-13. Tracking these ratios is a key part of how food regulatory bodies determine if low-cost sweeteners,
Keith is developing a method to use aircraft to release fine sulphur particles that will stay aloft for years in the stratosphere.
Despite the recent Court of Appeal ruling in Agresearch's favour, Barry Scott, head of the Institute of Molecular Biosciences at Massey University in Palmerston North, New zealand,
says Mark Stitt at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Potsdam, Germany.
however, is unlikely to be funded, according to Parag Chitnis, deputy director of the NSF's Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences.
The two probable dust particles found so far could mark the beginning of an analysis of
The grains were far harder to catch than the comet particles. Not only was the flux much lower,
but the interstellar particles were smaller than the comet grains and were moving several times faster up to 30 kilometres per second.
who adds that the researchers must conduct more tests to ensure that their particles are truly interstellar grains,
rather than micrometeorites or even pieces of the spacecraft knocked loose by debris. It took four years of searching to identify the two potential interstellar dust particles,
The researchers carefully extracted the first particle and sent it to three microprobe facilities around the world for analysis. The results offered hints of a glassy,
A molecule of SF6 has nearly 24 000 times the warming power of a carbon dioxide molecule and remains in the atmosphere for around 3, 200 years,
which means that essentially all the SF6 ever emitted by humans is still in the atmosphere.
and medicine for his work on molecular mechanisms of pain. The mathematics prize went to Jean Bourgain of Princeton university for his work in mathematical analysis.
Protein-coding MESSENGER RNA molecules serve as templates for the production of proteins in cells, while a variety of non-coding RNA molecules are known that do not produce protein
but are known either to regulate gene expression directly or to carry out other functions in the cell.
suggests that more of these mysterious RNA molecules could produce peptides too small to be considered true proteins
which reads off DNA sequences at single-molecule resolution in real time (see Nature 465,145; 2010). ) It would also use the money to boost marketing,
and environmental disasters including the risk of radioactive particles being released from contaminated land around the Chernobyl nuclear reactor.
This has raised fears that radioactive particles could be released into the atmosphere. Goldammer told Nature that he received unconfirmed reports on 11 august that 200 hectares in the region are alight.
Most of the radioactive particles are in the soil rather than in the flammable leaf litter and trees,
where the land is unlikely to be contaminated with à Â-particle-emitting isotopes potentially the most damaging if inhaled.
says Raghuram, a molecular biologist at Indraprastha University in Delhi. The academies have a total lack of social sensitivity, objectivity and public honesty,
Dahl's team looked at the concentration of molybdenum and the ratios of its isotopes atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses in oceanic rocks for clues to the concentration of oxygen in the seas
Taking molecular snaps of ancient crops: Nature Newsarchaeologists interested in the genetics of ancient organisms have a new molecular tool at hand RNA.
Two teams of scientists have decoded RNA from ancient crops in the hope of understanding the subtle evolutionary changes that accompanied the process of plant domestication.
RNA molecules offer a snapshot of the activity of a cell, indicating which genes are turned on and off, and to what extent.
says Sarah Fordyce, a molecular biologist at the University of Copenhagen, who presented the RNA transcriptomes (the whole set of RNA molecules present) of 700-850-year-old maize (corn) seeds at a conference there last week.
Ancient RNA is also a lot more likely to catch evolution in action than DNA, says Robin Allaby, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Warwick, UK,
it isn't an obvious molecule to study in ancient specimens. RNA is notoriously difficult to work with
Oliver Smith and their colleagues examined small regulatory RNA molecules in 500-year-old barley seeds from Egypt.
thinks that RNA molecules are the right place to look for the molecular changes that underlie domestication.
but he still questions the molecule's hardiness. The problem is going to be which samples have RNA survival.
This form of personalized medicine tailors treatments on the basis of the molecular and genetic characteristics of a patient's cancer cells
These data could reveal how drugs targeting one molecular pathway are affected by mutations in another gene
It can really change the landscape of how molecular testing is being done for cancer, he says.
a team of astronomers declared last week that they had discovered two gargantuan'bubbles'of ray-emitting particles extending north and south of our Galaxy's centre (M. Su et al.
or a jet of energetic particles from the black hole at the Galactic Centre. First asteroid dust The Hayabusa space explorer has picked up dust from the Itokawa asteroid, from
Curry says, on the subject of atmospheric aerosols that is, particles such as dust and soot that affect cloud formation.
east of Chernobyl the site of the nuclear power plant that exploded in 1986 could cause radioactive particles in the soil to be released into the atmosphere.
which at a stroke outlawed much useful molecular biological research and introduced lengthy bureaucratic approval procedures for each experiment that involved genetic manipulation.
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