Synopsis: Chemistry & chemical compounds: Organic compounds:


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#Why you need olive oil on your salada diet that combines unsaturated fats with nitrite-rich vegetables such as olive oil

The Mediterranean diet typically includes unsaturated fats found in olive oil nuts and avocados along with vegetables like spinach celery and carrots that are rich in nitrites and nitrates.

Thus the study concludes that the protective effect of the Mediterranean diet combining unsaturated fats


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fatty acids within its tissues on a diet of carbohydrates or saturated fats. Called essential because they are necessary to maintain important bodily functions omega fatty acids cannot naturally be synthesized by mammals

Introducing into mammals the capacity to convert nonessential nutrients into essential fats could lead to new sustainable

and cost-effective resources of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids says Jing X. Kang MD Phd of the Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology in the MGH Department of Medicine senior author of the report

along with saturated fats--has led to a omega-6 to omega-3 ratio as high as 20 to 1. It is known that molecules produced by omega-6 metabolism can promote inflammation

The current study describes how crossbreeding the fat-1 mouse with another strain transgenic for the c. elegans gene fat-2

which converts monosaturated fats into omega-6s can produce mice expressing both c. elegans genes.

The crossbreeding protocol produces four different strains within the same litter--Omega mice that express both fat-1 and fat-2 strains that express only one of the c. elegans genes

Littermates fed a identical diet high in saturated fats and carbohydrates and low in omega-6s had these differences in their muscle tissues:

Even when fed a high-carbohydrate fat-free diet both the Omega and fat-2 strains produced significant levels of both essential fatty acids.

Since our 2004 report on the fat-1 mouse our lab and many others have been working towards the generation of larger omega-3-producing animals--including pigs sheep


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and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in their urine and this may increase their risk for cancer


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This new study uncovers an indispensable ingredient to the long sought-after cloud formation recipe--highly oxidized organic compounds.

The air we breathe is chock-full of organic compounds tiny liquid or solid particles that come from hundreds of sources including trees volcanoes cars trucks and wood fires.

and these oxidized organic compounds are attracted unusually to each other. This remarkably strong association may be a big part of why organics are drawn really to sulfuric acid under modern polluted conditions Donahue said.


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Grains of corn could be engineered to produce proteins that could be extracted and processed into medicine pharmaceuticals

and nutraceuticals such as essential vitamins he said. This is a young industry but what we've done is show that you can successfully grow these high-value crops in contained environments.


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Macronutrients (carbohydrates protein and fat) provide calories or energy. Our bodies need smaller amounts of micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

The researcher cited studies demonstrating that high fruit and vegetable consumption can lower blood pressure and improve microvascular function.

A diet rich in a variety of colors and types of vegetables and fruits is a way of getting important nutrients that most people don't get enough of including vitamins minerals and dietary fiber.

They are also naturally low in saturated fat. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Heart Association.


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Wheat and rice also saw notable declines in protein content at higher CO2. Across a diverse set of environments in a number of countries we see this decrease in quality Leakey said.


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A new Cornell study published this May in Eating Behaviorsinvolving 502 young women (20-35 years old) showed that tofu lovers saw it as a great source of light inexpensive energizing protein.

While women in the study who already cooked Tofu were twice as likely to think of it as a great source of protein

and diet related aspects of Tofu such as being high in protein and calcium or that it has no cholesterol only resulted in a 12%increase in the likelihood of purchase.


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The oocytes are useful for expression of a wide variety of proteins and are particularly helpful

when studying difficult proteins that don't express well in other systems. Based on their work figuring out what Apglnt1 transports


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The three-year study included cell culture studies at Rice as well as a detailed analysis of gene expression profiles of more than 500 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas and protein-expression profiles from about 200


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were most likely seeking scarce minerals and an extra boost of protein. On a beautiful December day in 2013 they found the precious nutrients in the tears of a spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) relaxing on the banks of the RÃ o Puerto Viejo in northeastern Costa rica.

When minerals are rare in the soil animals sometimes gather salt and other rare minerals and proteins from sweat tears urine and even blood.


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and between populations of a single species. Scientists at Hendrix College have determined the location of a set of SSR regions that were originally found in the chloroplast genome of two species of pines.

Importantly all loci used in this study were from the plastid genome. Nuclear markers have historically been difficult to work with in pines explains Willyard.


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Binding of the chemical to this protein triggers a secondary function that'primes'the plant immune system against future attacks by pests and diseases.


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#Higher calcium intake may reduce body fat, mitigating genetic risk for diabetesas the number of people with type 2 diabetes continues to rise

Among children who tested positive for gene variants known to be associated with type 2 diabetes those who consumed higher amounts of calcium had a significantly lower body mass index and percent body fat than those with lower

Body mass index and percent body fat are strong indicators of a child's risk for developing diabetes later in life.


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A conventional plastic container and nine types of biocontainers (bioplastic coir manure peat bioplastic sleeve slotted rice hull solid rice hull straw and wood fiber) were included in the life cycle


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and Toxicology explaining that most of these mechanisms involve Nrf2 a protein present in virtually every cell that acts as a molecular switch.

That protein Hrd1 is part of the cells'garbage disposal--it specializes in destroying misfolded proteins before they can accumulate

Previous efforts only focused on the Keap1 protein and tried to prevent it from breaking down Nrf2 Zhang said.


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#Soy-dairy protein blend increases muscle mass, study showsa new study published online in the Journal of Applied Physiology shows additional benefits of consuming a blend of soy

and dairy proteins after resistance exercise for building muscle mass. Researchers from the University of Texas Medical Branch found that using a protein blend of soy casein

and whey post-workout prolongs the delivery of select amino acids to the muscle for an hour longer than using whey alone.

This study sheds new light on how unique combinations of proteins as opposed to single protein sources are important for muscle recovery following exercise

when compared to whey alone as only the blended protein kept synthesis rates elevated three to five hours after exercise.

Because of the increased demand for high-quality protein this study provides critical insight for the food industry as a whole

With more and more consumers recognizing the importance of protein for their overall health and well-being the results of this study have particular relevance to a large segment of the population from the serious sports and fitness enthusiast to the mainstream consumer.

if consumption of a blend of proteins with different digestion rates would prolong amino acid availability and lead to increases in muscle protein synthesis after exercise.

The protein beverages provided to study subjects consisted of a soy-dairy blend 25 percent isolated Dupont Danisco SUPRO soy protein 50 percent caseinate 25 percent whey protein isolate)

or a single protein source (whey protein isolate). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline and up to five hours after resistance exercise.

The protein sources were ingested one hour after exercise in both groups. The study demonstrates that consuming a soy-dairy blend leads to a steady rise in amino acids the building blocks of muscle.

The data showed that the soy-dairy blend yields an increase in select amino acid delivery for about an hour longer than the use of whey protein alone.

The blend also sustained a greater positive net amino acid balance than whey suggesting there is less muscle protein breakdown during the time period shortly after consumption of a blended protein product.


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which is used to inject virulence proteins into its target. It's exciting to learn that metabolites excreted by the host can play a role in triggering this system in bacteria said Thomas Metz an author of the paper and a chemist at the Department of energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

We know that microbes can disguise themselves by altering the proteins or molecules that the plant uses to recognize the bacteria as a strategy for evading detection said Peck associate professor of biochemistry at the University of Missouri


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and act as a thickening agent while providing a cost-effective protein source. The article highlighted food scientists using sprouted brown rice to increase protein in bars powdered shakes soups pastas ready-to-drink beverages cereals and sweet and savory snacks.

Rice starches are being used to provide a variety of texture options in both food and beverages from smooth and creamy to crispy and crunchy.


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Nearly nine in 10 adults made a strong effort to consume more nutrients vitamins minerals herbs/botanicals

The Protein Evolution: The protein market is still center stage with 57 percent of consumers especially between the ages of 18-34 and above age 65 seeking protein sources.

These consumers are seeking more protein to maintain healthy bones/joints strengthen immune systems and build muscle strength/tone

while maintaining energy throughout the day. Kid-Specific: Almost half of America's 32 million moms who say they always buy health foods/drinks for their kids are looking for a wider range of healthy convenient kid-friendly foods/drinks with nutrient

Half of the users of protein drinks believe they help them perform better during exercise.

Whole grains fiber and Vitamin d topped the list of ingredients that two-thirds of those trying to manage their weight added to the diet

while others added more calcium protein antioxidants or omega 3/fish oil. An estimated 60 percent of adults believe that protein works for weight loss (IFIC 2013a)

and one-third believe protein boosts metabolism and aids in fat burning. Gen Zen: Today's Millennials between the ages of 14 and 33 view their food choices as healthier more expensive more natural/organic less processed better tasting and fresh (Hartman 2013c.

Millennials are also the most likely to believe that functional foods/beverages can be used in place of some medicines (NMI 2012) to relieve tiredness/lack of energy retain mental sharpness with aging stress and eye health.

Millennials and Gen Xers read nutrition labels for calories vitamins/minerals serving size and protein.


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or protein consumption goes up. Because livestock production is a contributor to greenhouse gases he said it had to be put on the table.


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and fewer calories but also consumed less protein and calcium. Additionally the ban may have been a factor in a 7%decrease in District's Lunch Program participation.


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The team showed that purified flagella were able to directly interact with lipid molecules found in the membranes of plant cells.


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What is more when the tobacco is integrated into a biorefinery it is possible to extract interesting by-products like proteins (they constitute up to 30%of the dry weight of the plant

and have a greater protein efficiency rate than those from cow's milk or soya so they could be used to feed humans

or animals solasenol (used to produce vitamins E and K) and xanthophylls (an additive in chicken feeds).


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Olestra is a fat that passes through the body and remarkably it has revealed a potential health benefit of removing PCBS.


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Interestingly although mice fed tomatidine had larger muscles their overall body weight did not change due to a corresponding loss of fat suggesting that the compound may also have potential for treating obesity.


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#Synthetic gene circuits pump up cell signals in study of neurodegenerative diseasessynthetic genetic circuitry created by researchers at Rice university is helping them see for the first time how to regulate cell mechanisms that degrade the misfolded proteins implicated in Parkinson's Huntington

The Rice lab of chemical and biomolecular engineer Laura Segatori has designed a sophisticated circuit that signals increases in the degradation of proteins by the cell's ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The research appears online today in Nature Communications.

The UPS is essential to a variety of fundamental cellular processes including the cell cycle DNA repair immune response cell death and the degradation of misfolded and damaged proteins.

ubiquitin molecules that tag misfolded proteins for degradation and proteasomes that latch onto the tagged proteins and break them down into harmless peptides.

or they don't function properly misfolded proteins that remain floating in the cytoplasm can aggregate.

and chops up misfolded proteins. We know how to inhibit degradation but we want to find ways to activate it

because we think that will be useful to help prevent accumulation of misfolded proteins and aggregation

it essentially mimics a misfolded protein. Normally enhanced degradation would dampen the output signal but this genetic circuit makes it possible to link enhanced degradation to an increase in output.

They are the bottleneck in the high-yield production of recombinant proteins for example in cells engineered to crank up expression of a protein of interest Segatori said.


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or displace animal protein as well as bad fats such as trans fat in a dish or meal.


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field study showsfor the first time a field test has demonstrated that elevated levels of carbon dioxide inhibit plants'assimilation of nitrate into proteins indicating that the nutritional quality of food crops is at risk as climate change intensifies.

but this is the first study to demonstrate that elevated carbon dioxide inhibits the conversion of nitrate into protein in a field-grown crop he said.

because plants use nitrogen to produce the proteins that are vital for human nutrition. Wheat in particular provides nearly one-fourth of all protein in the global human diet.

Many previous laboratory studies had demonstrated that elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide inhibited nitrate assimilation in the leaves of grain and non-legume plants;

In the recent study the researchers documented that three different measures of nitrate assimilation affirmed that the elevated level of atmospheric carbon dioxide had inhibited nitrate assimilation into protein in the field-grown wheat.

which showed that there are several physiological mechanisms responsible for carbon dioxide's inhibition of nitrate assimilation in leaves Bloom said. 3 percent protein decline expectedbloom noted that other studies also have shown that protein concentrations in the grain

When this decline is factored into the respective portion of dietary protein that humans derive from these various crops it becomes clear that the overall amount of protein available for human consumption may drop by about 3 percent as atmospheric carbon dioxide reaches the levels anticipated to occur during the next few


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Likewise when cows were fed protein contaminated with bovine prions many of them developed mad cow disease. On the other hand transmission of prions between species for example from cows sheep or deer to humans is--fortunately--inefficient and only a small proportion of exposed recipients become sick within their lifetimes.

Prions are misfolded toxic versions of a protein called Prp which in its normal form is present in all mammalian species that have been examined.

they can induce existing properly folded Prp proteins to convert into the disease-associated prion form.

The scientists introduced into mice the gene that codes for the normal bank vole prion protein thereby generating mice that express bank vole Prp but not mouse Prp.


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While the oil-and protein-rich legume is seen as a cash crop in the developed world it remains a valuable sustenance crop in developing nations.

Apart from being a rich source of oil (44 percent to 55 percent) protein (20 percent to 50 percent)

and carbohydrates (10 percent to 20 percent) peanut seeds are an important nutritional source of niacin folate calcium phosphorus magnesium zinc iron riboflavin thiamine and Vitamin e.


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which is a main source of protein intake in the western diet. Researchers in the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute at Mcmaster University have discovered that a molecule elafin


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Fruits and vegetables are packed with vitamins minerals fiber antioxidants and other things that are known to promote good health.


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MABS target proteins found on the surface of West Nile virus . However this antibody was not to be able to accumulate at high levels in the brain.

and a protein expression system to make and harvest the proteins in the leaves. For the study MABS were produced rapidly in tobacco plants in as little as ten days giving promise to change the image of scourged product that causes lung cancer into a manufacturing system for societal benefits against infectious diseases.

It is our hope that these results may usher in new age of cost-effective MABS therapeutics against WNV


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of lipid accumulation in the liver. Despite its great promise when researchers planted the original strain of resistant-starch rice in Okinawa the yield per hectare was about half that achieved in mainland Japan.


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and protein contents increased suggesting a detoxification mechanism. They also increased their feeding activity possibly to compensate for the increase in energy demand the researchers said.


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Surprisingly they found that even large molecules such as proteins can be transported through these openings making a wide range of medications deliverable.


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#UV exposure found to lower folate levels in young womenwomen who are pregnant or trying to fall pregnant and taking a folic acid supplement may be at risk of reducing their folate benefit through sun exposure a new QUT study has warned.

In a paper titled Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is associated with decreased folate status in women of childbearing age published in the Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B:

Biology QUT researchers found UV exposure significantly depleted folate levels. Professor Michael Kimlin and Dr David Borradale from QUT's Aussun Research Lab said the study of 45 young healthy women in Brisbane aged 18 to 47 showed high rates

of sun exposure accounted up to a 20 per cent reduction in folate levels. This is concerning as the benefits of folic acid are well-known with health professionals urging young women to take a folic acid supplement prior to

and during pregnancy Professor Kimlin said. Folate has been found to reduce miscarriage and neural tube defects such as spina bifida in unborn babies.

The NHMRC recommends pregnant women or those planning a pregnancy take 500 micrograms a day.

Professor Kimlin said the study which was the first to investigate the effects of sun exposure on folate levels in women of childbearing age found women who had high levels of sun exposure had folate levels below those recommended for women considering pregnancy.

The women at risk were those who were outside during the most UV intense time of the day between 10am

and the lowest levels of folate whilst not deficient in folate they were on the lower side of normal.

and folate depletion further research including a controlled clinical trial was needed. We are not telling women to stop taking folate supplements

but rather urging women to talk to their doctor about their folate levels and the importance of folate in their diet especially those who are planning a pregnancy Dr Borradale said.

The results of this study reinforce the need for adequate folate levels prior to and during pregnancy.

What is folate and how can I get it? Folic acid is A b vitamin that is very important for pregnant women and those planning a baby.

Folate is found in foods such as green leafy vegetables like spinach citrus fruits legumes whole grains and vegemite.

Folic acid is added also to many foods such as breads flours and pastas. Folic acid can also be taken as a pill.

Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Queensland University of Technology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference e


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#Secret of multiple insecticide resistance in mosquitoesresearchers at LSTM have discovered how unprecedented multiple and extreme-level resistance is generated in mosquitoes found in the rice fields of Tiassalã in southern CÃ'te d'Ivoire.

The paper CYP6 P450 enzymes and ACE-1 duplication produce extreme and multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae published in PLOS Genetics today highlights the combination of stringently-replicated whole genome transcription

profiling in vivo transgenic gene expression and in vitro metabolism assays to identify and validate genes from the P450 detoxification enzyme superfamily


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The red lipid-rich aril a fleshy pulp surrounding the seeds of Clusia is highly attractive to many animals.


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Silver chloride and Vitamin c are also in the tags reacting slowly and controllably. Over time the metallic silver gradually deposits on each gold nanorod forming a silver shell layer.

and some of them (such as Vitamin c acetic acid lactic acid and agar) are even edible he explained.


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1) offer 5-10 healthy food options 2) modify the ingredients of popular items to contain less saturated and trans fats.

Furthermore the regular nacho cheese sauce was replaced with a no trans-fat variety and the popcorn was prepared with canola oil that has saturated less fat

and no trans-fat compared to the coconut oil bars previously used Overall the healthier items accounted for 9. 2%of total sales a clear indication of demand for these items.

Sales of these items did increase from game to game suggesting increasing interest in these foods.


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and excretes damaged proteins and turns them into harmless peptides for disposal. The why is obvious:

how proteins perform the regulatory mechanisms in cells upon which life depends. The Rice team of biological physicist Josã Onuchic and postdoctoral researchers Biman Jana and Faruck Morcos published a new paper on the work this month for a special issue of the Royal Society

The paper describes the Onuchic group's first successful attempt to feed data through their computational technique to describe the complex activity of a large molecular machine formed by proteins.

Structural techniques like X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance have worked quite well to help us understand how smaller proteins function Onuchic said.

X-rays only take snapshots of constantly moving proteins he said but functional proteins big protein complexes and molecular machines have multiple conformations.

Computational models are also useful but to understand the full dynamics of these large proteins where a lot of the interesting biology takes place we have to supplement them with more information he said.

That information comes from direct coupling analysis (DCA) a statistical tool developed by Morcos and Onuchic with colleagues at the University of California San diego and the Pierre and Marie Curie University.

DCA looks at the genetic roots of proteins to see how amino acids--the beads in the unfolded protein strands--co-evolved to influence the way a protein folds.

Even after they fold proteins are in perpetual motion acting as catalysts for countless bodily functions.

One such biomachine is Ftsh a membrane-bound molecule in E coli made of six protein copies that form two connected hexagonal rings.

and degrades misfolded proteins and other cellular detritus pulling them in through one ring which closes like the shutter of a camera and traps the proteins.

They are cut apart as they exit through the other ring. Through molecular simulations using structure-based models

and the discovery via DCA of likely couplings in the genetic source of the proteins the Rice team found evidence to support the hypothesis of a paddling mechanism in the molecule that Morcos described as a collapse of the two rings once trash found its way inside.

First the ring pore closes to grab the protein; then the molecule flattens he said.

We can look at the evolutionary tree of these proteins and see which pairs of amino acids changed together.

and we had crystallographic data for this motor protein in the 1990s there weren't enough sequences available until the 2000s Morcos said.

He said understanding essential motor proteins in bacteria will be important as researchers begin to apply DCA to advance human health.


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and may reduce the amount of fat the cattle accumulates he said. This means the cattle converts more of the feed it eats into beef and it does this more efficiently.


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The research provides a new approach integrating knowledge of genes proteins plant chemical compounds and engineering modeling to understand how plants make products


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Having identified the de novo gene defect the researchers conducted laboratory experiments to confirm the resulting protein dysfunction and its effects on electrical-regulating mechanisms.


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and swapped the cheese in the nachos eliminating trans fat from the products. The group advertised the new offerings in a poster


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