For now they only affect the fuel efficiency of new vehicles and the issuing of permits for new industrial emitters of large amounts of carbon dioxide.
which could replace ethanol as a fuel additive, but which is used also to produce plastics and rubber.
Perchlorate interferes with the production of thyroid hormones and mainly leaches into the environment from its use in the manufacture of rocket fuel and explosives.
by eating the vegetation that forms potential fuel, and that ecologists have ignored mountain cattlemen's knowledge of the land.
but merely testing methods suitable for measuring the impact of cattle on fuels and on ecosystem functions.
as well as spent fuel pools, while, in parallel, developing techniques to store and decontaminate used water on the site.
and international organizations had pledged an extra ¢ 550 million (US$780 million) to help build a spent-fuel storage facility
and fuel-so that fewer trees need to be cut down. To be smart about using money to store carbon
In addition, free distribution of fuel-efficient stoves would decrease the need for charcoal. A Smart-REDD plan,
Trend watch The price of uranium oxide 墉 the raw material for uranium fuel 墉 climbed steadily last year after an earlier price collapse.
The researchers found that firewood accounts for around a fifth of the income that comes from forests,
and fuel prices could easily favour the conversion of land for agriculture and other uses over forest conservation.
otherwise have used fossil fuels; investing in the development and operation of an energy-efficient rapid transit system in Delhi, India;
water will need still to be pumped into the reactors to cool their decaying fuel, and residents who once lived near the plant will not be able to return until the land has been decontaminated.
in theory, be engineered to produce a variety of other useful chemicals and fuels.""This is very impressive work it really is a groundbreaking achievement,
dung and charcoal for cooking and heating in poor countries. It could take decades to slow global warming through reductions in carbon dioxide emissions,
) Bilateral or multilateral agreements can help to pay for cleaner fuels and filters for diesel engines or promote policies that ban the burning of agricultural waste
owing to the complexity of assessing future technological changes for this and other fuels. But their calculations suggest that a full life-cycle analysis increases the overall emissions from oil sands by roughly 17%.
as enabling the development of a dirty fuel, and US President Barack Obama seemed to be catering to them
weighing heavily as policy-makers seek to create policies that promote cleaner fuels and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.
whether to accept a proposed emissions value that would have banned effectively the fuel from being used in the EU. The lack of agreement means that the issue will now be passed to environment ministers,
In 2009, Europe introduced a Fuel Quality Directive that requires fuel suppliers to cut greenhouse-gas emissions from road fuels by 6%between 2010 and 2020.
and it is keen to export the fuel, via US refineries, to Europe. Canada is also in the midst of negotiating a free-trade agreement with the EU. Spain
when calculating the overall carbon footprint for all of Europe's petrol from 2014 onwards. Environmentalists agree that oil obtained from different sources should have different carbon footprints
which can be used to meet their fuel-quality target. Oil companies say that biofuels are the best way to meet the 6%emission-reduction goal.
and Environment in Brussels."All fuels need correct carbon accounting to count their contribution, to reach the 6%greenhouse-gas reduction target,
also said that it would not use its own microbe vats to produce synthetic fuels,
Large-scale acquisitions have increased since global food and oil crises in 2007. Many economists thought that the pressure would ease eventually
Unlike stone tools, evidence of burning, such as ash and charcoal, is destroyed easily by wind and rain.
Canadian company Iogen Energy in Ottawa announced on 30 april that it has shelved plans to build a large-scale facility in Manitoba to produce fuel ethanol from cellulose, the long molecular chain of sugars that forms
Most fuel ethanol is made by fermenting the sugars in grains or sugar cane, but cellulosic ethanol can be made from municipal waste, wood chips, grass,
says Scott Thurlow, president of the Canadian Renewable Fuels Association.""There is still lots of opportunity in Canada.
Canadian law requires the annual petrol production to contain an average of 5%ethanol, but it has no targets for cellulosic biofuels.
By contrast, the US Renewable Fuel Standard, part of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, mandates the United states to produce increasing volumes of cellulosic biofuels each year, until it reaches a target of 60.5
For cellulosic biofuels to be competitive with fossil fuels, the price of oil must surpass US$120 per barrel,
Quebec, produces a mixture of gasoline, diesel, naphtha and aviation fuels from old electricity poles.
Kior expects to begin producing gasoline and diesel from southern yellow pine trees at its Columbus, Mississippi facility at the end of the year.
20 26 july 2012fukushima work Workers on 18 Â July removed two unused fuel rods from the spent fuel pool of Fukushima Daiichi s unit 4 reactor.
but the stability of its fuel pool holding fresh as well as spent fuel rods has caused concern.
In January, after the US Environmental protection agency (EPA) found that palm-oil fuels emitted only 11-17%less greenhouse gas than diesel over their entire life cycle,
it suggested that the oil should not be classified as a renewable fuel. Although a public consultation on the matter concluded in April, the EPA has not set a date to issue its final ruling.
But the European union (EU) continues to encourage the use of fuels based on palm oil. The EU has a binding target to raise the share of biofuels used in road transport to 10%by 2020
and most of that is expected to be met by blending biofuels such as palm oil with conventional fuels.
say researchers who question the European commission's own studies into the fuel source. Europe s Renewable Energy Directive (RED),
and use of biofuels for transport be at least 35%lower than those from fossil fuels; thereafter, 50%lower.
delivering greenhouse-gas cuts of at least 38%compared with conventional fuels, making it eligible for blending in biodiesels.
and different efficiencies in fuel production. They also compared the biofuel emissions with values for fossil fuels used in the commission's calculations and others in the scientific literature.
In the scenario that most closely resembled the calculations run for the European commission, the team found greenhouse-gas savings of 29.7%for rapeseed, well below the commission's 38%estimate.
when compared to both the higher and lower fossil fuel GHG emissions values.""Saying that rapeseed is sustainable in every case,
Since taking office, electricity production from wind and solar sources has doubled already more than in the United states. We are boosting our use of cleaner fuels,
including increasing the level of ethanol that can be blended into gasoline and implementing a new Renewable Fuel Standard that will save nearly 14 billion gallons of petroleum-based gasoline in 2022.
America has regained its position as the world s leading producer of natural gas. My administration is promoting the safe,
and concerns that biofuels may produce greater greenhouse-gas emissions than fossil fuels (see Nature http://doi. org/bmssn7;
) The proposals retain a target that 10%of transport fuels should come from renewable sources by 2020 but set a 5%cap on food-based biofuels.
Growth of ethanol fuel stalls in Brazil"A new moment for mankind. That was how Brazil s former president, Luiz In ¡
Back then, Brazil was the poster child of ethanol fuel, its output second only to that of the United states. Fermenting the sugars in the country s abundant sugar cane produced a motor fuel that lowered carbon dioxide emissions,
The price of pure ethanol at the pump is so high that in most states it is cheaper to fill up flexible-fuel cars with petrol blends that contain about 20%ethanol.
The shift back to fossil fuels, combined with rapid growth in the number of cars on the roads (see Fuelling Brazil s transport boom),
when the government decided to freeze the price of petrol and diesel to keep inflation under control,
of which promised to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies the government said it would be reducing a federal fuel tax to zero."
It has promised the industry that petrol prices will go up next year, and that the blend of ethanol will rise from 20%to 25,
Vehicles are classified by the type of fuel used and emissions produced, and are simulated moving throughout the city
Woo explains that the survey is modelled on a two-year health investigation that followed a 1987 leak at an oil refinery in Texas,
and developing new fossil-fuel reserves, according to Carbon Tracker, even though burning them would cause a catastrophic rise in global temperatures. 24-25 april On World Malaria Day (25 april),
Some originate from the burning of fuel or the processing of electronic waste, and others are used widely as pesticides or herbicides or in the manufacture of solvents, plastics and pharmaceuticals.
but on average it soaks up one-quarter of the annual CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
But Brazil has turned increasingly to fossil fuels to drive an ever larger share of its economic growth in recent years.
Politicians moved to limit food-based fuels to 5. 5%of transport fuel by 2020,
after scientists warned that production of some biofuels drives land clearance that can lead to greater greenhouse-gas emissions than from fossil fuel (see Nature 499,13-14;
) Fuel suppliers would also have to report emissions due to changes in land use. The European parliament votes on the issue in September.
EU debates U-turn on biofuels policythe European union (EU) has spent the past 10 years nurturing a  15-billion (US$20-billion) industry that makes transport fuel from food crops such as soya beans
Yet for more than half a decade, scientists have warned that many food-based fuels might actually be boosting emissions relative to fossil fuels.
require a 6%drop in the carbon footprint of transport fuel by 2020, by which time renewable energy must fuel 10%of the transport sector.
Biofuel counts towards that requirement if it produces a 35%emissions saving over fossil fuels, or 50%from 2017 onwards;
so far, most of that fuel has come from food crops, helping to generate a thriving bio  fuels industry based mainly on biodiesel.
Europe is even importing rapeseed and vegetable oil to meet demand. But the original accounting for biofuel emissions was all wrong,
most varieties of biodiesel turn out to produce more emissions than bioethanol and often more than fossil fuels.
when it set standards for which fuels count as renewable. Luckily for US farmers ethanol from maize (corn) the main biofuel for US vehicles was given the green light under the agency s rules.
In October 2012, the commission finally proposed that food-crop fuel quotas be capped at only 5%of transport fuel by 2020 half of the 10%renewables target effectively allowing existing facilities to continue recouping investment,
But fuel suppliers would have to start including land-use figures produced by the IFPRI when they report the total emissions of their fuels,
a hint that the official carbon footprint of Europe s transport fuel might eventually incorporate that science.
On 20 Â June, its energy committee voted to push the cap on food-crop fuels up slightly,
to 6. 5%.It also removed the stipulation that fuel suppliers report emissions using land-use change figures.
US power plants Regulations proposed on 20 Â September by the US Environmental protection agency would limit carbon dioxide emissions for future fossil-fuel power plants in the United states. To meet the emissions limits,
which conservationists say is a highly polluting way of extracting fossil fuels must end if the Canadian government is to face up to the massive problems the planet faces due to climate change.
"We have to carry our fuel with us, says Saatchi.""And we have limited only areas where it s safe to land.
On 18 Â November, the Tokyo Power and Electric Corporation began the delicate task of removing fuel rods from a damaged reactor building.
falling debris from the accident had made it difficult to transfer spent fuel kept in the building to permanent storage.
Estrada's study links that to the 1987 Montreal Protocol that banned the release of CFCS once used widely in refrigerants, solvents and propellants to stop ozone depletion,
dried grasses and other indigestible plant matter could greatly improve the efficiency of converting waste biomass to fuel.
Ethanol and other biofuels, including certain petrol and diesel substitutes, can be produced from simple sugars, usually by fermentation.
Producers of cellulosic ethanol currently spend 15-20%of their fuel costs on acids and enzymes to loosen
has worked with the liquid for years as a potential fuel in its own right, and a University of Wisconsin spin-off firm, Glucan Biorenewables, is already using GVL to make furans, a different kind of biofuel.
and its owners expect it to join a fermented-fuel revolution. But unlike most ethanol factories, in which yeast feeds on sugars in foodstuffs such as maize (corn) kernels,
which will be blended with petrol and end up in vehicle fuel tanks. The plant, which is owned by multi  national company Abengoa of Seville,
Spain, is one of three US facilities that should start commercial production of cellulosic ethanol in the next few months (the others are both in Iowa,
Yet just as the fuel is on the cusp of making it big, market forces and government policies could choke its progress."
and companies towards an alternative approach that converts cellulose into hydrocarbon fuels using chemical rather than biological processes.
and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), created by law in 2005 and extended in 2007.
the standard mandates annual increases in the volumes of various renewable fuels included in the country s fuel supply.
It offers only modest savings in greenhouse-gas emissions compared to petrol (see Nature 499,13-14;
Ethanol made from corn stover produces at least 60%less greenhouse-gas emissions than petrol, and making it does not require any extra farmland.
comprising 10%of US transportation fuel enough to completely satisfy demand for the E10 petrol blend that most vehicles now burn (see Hitting the wall).
demand for petrol has fallen actually, and there is growing interest in alternatives such as battery-powered cars.
Corn ethanol is now slightly cheaper than petrol, but cellulosic ethanol is more expensive than both.
Yet its delayed arrival has prompted the EPA to reduce the amount of cellulosic ethanol that refiners are required to blend into their petrol.
Groups working on renewable fuel, who say that producers will easily make more than 64 million litres once they get going,
All US vehicles produced in the past decade can run on a 15%ethanol-petrol blend but consumers and distributors are unconvinced mostly,
perhaps spooked by car-industry studies claiming that the fuel damages engines. Another way over the wall might be exports to the European union,
both can be turned into hydrocarbons such as petrol, diesel and jet fuel. Crucially, these drop in fuels,
named because they can replace normal fuels with no adjustments to engines, have no blend wall to vault.
Thermochemical routes can also use lower-quality feedstocks, tearing through anything from wood chips to municipal solid waste.
the system could be switched to making hydrocarbon fuels or higher-value chemical products. Enerkem plans to build similar plants in Mississippi and Quebec next year,
Last year, an energy-department project to supply the US NAVY with advanced biofuels provided funding for four facilities that will all use thermochemical methods to make drop in fuels.
Biomass power plants do use a renewable fuel but nevertheless contribute to global warming because they put greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
In Volvo's real-world platooning tests drafting resulted in average fuel savings of 10 to 15 percent
Wayne Gerdes the father of hypermiling can nearly double the rated efficiency of cars using fuel-sipping techniques that could be incorporated into auto-driving software.
This has been true for things like electric starters windshield wipers hydraulic brakes four wheel brakes disk brakes automatic gear boxes ABS power steering electronic fuel injection light alloy wheels and a long
Don't worry when the arctic is clear of ice in the summer just keep claiming it is all natural cycles the fossil fuel industry wil be there to back you up.
Filter respirators (using charcoal or antidote chemicals) were the norm and proved highly effective although working in a trench
as long as the fuel is flowing a torch will restart itpersonally I prefer smoked turkeys but deep fried are the next best thing.
That same pound of hamburger requires more than 4000 Btus of fossil-fuel energy to get to the dinner table;
43am-Comment by drchuck1 Your rediculous rant of denier propaganda inspired by the fossil fuel industry (an actual lobby that pushes political agendas) is rediculous.
Clearly we are not consuming the entire output of the planet-we are consuming previous output that has been stored (in the form of fossil fuels.
and (b) fossil fuel speaks highly of this system's scope and its ability to regulate itself on a global scale.
There are also some pretty convincing signs that the'excess'carbon is SURFACE carbon not from fossil fuels.
but it is chemtrails the program of doping the earth's atmosphere with weather control chemicals from high flying jets not fossil fuels that caused it.
Because they have a vested interest in seeing technology based on the idea of getting rid of fossil fuels flourish such as windmills
and solar farms even though they can do at least as much damage to the environment as fossil fuels.
I'd believe that desertification by destruction of plants would be a larger cause than burning fossil fuels. jefro there's an undeniable cause of climate change!
It also produces a seed rich in an oil suitable for use as sustainable and environmentally-friendly biodiesel fuel.
The simple fact your arrogance and insensitivity to the facts and experiences of others only fuels their resolve and diminishes your argument.
and fuel supply more would die from freezing to death than starvation at which point they would be eaten by people
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone with brennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
and tag bohemians opecs and puck's! zucker berg's an bilderberg's. SKUNKWORKS NORTHRUP INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX!
OPEC ONLY KNOWS OR only every federal? fir only from 2001 9-11. and for only willy brown got shell no pest strip's!@.
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone with brennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
and tag bohemians opecs andpuck's! zucker berg's an bilderberg's. SKUNKWORKS NORTHRUP INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX!
OPEC ONLY KNOWS OR only every federal? fir only from 2001 9-11. and for only willy brown got shell no pest strip's!@.
However he did not indicate that we would be weaned off fossil fuels anytime soon and neatly sidestepped the issue of the controversial Keystone XL pipeline.
This will eliminate the need for fossil fuel and unlike solar or wind turbines the weather will not effect your power output.
Adding that capacity would increase output of the power plant by 10 to 20 percent without using any additional fuel Michaud theorizes.
or fossil fuels at less than half the price of the lowest traditional power source Michaud says.
Building AVES will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels he says and that will reduce emissions in turn.
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone withbrennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
OPEC ONLY KNOW'SOR only every federal? for only from 2001 9-11! covert wars and for only willy brown got shellno pest strip's!@.
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone withbrennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
This challenges a longstanding belief that using wood for energy is a green alternative to fossil fuels.
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone withbrennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
OPEC ONLY KNOW'SOR only every federal? for only from 2001 9-11! covert wars and for only willy brown got shellno pest strip's!@.
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone withbrennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
OPEC ONLY KNOW'SOR only every federal? for only from 2001 9-11! covert wars and for only willy brown got shellno pest strip's!@.
if we hadn't been burning fossil fuels? We have seen'huge'increases in CO2. That's the argument from the AGW camp.
while he flew around the world in a private jet burning fossil fuel and using many times more energy than the average household.
emissions from burning fossil fuels (which amounts to 65 percent of the total) and all other emissions like gassy cows.
Greenhouse gases from fossil fuel burning are broken further down into type (coal oil natural gas) and then even further to specifics like cars airplanes and industries like paper or iron production.
Formed from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel biofuel and biomass it is emitted directly into the atmosphere
Moroever rockets produce over 1000 times more black carbon per unit of fuel than standard aircraft.
Andrew Nelson the chief operating officer of XCOR Aerospace which is currently selling $95000 tickets for suborbital flights says that the blend of kerosene
and liquid oxygen in his XR-5k18 rocket engine powering its Lynx suborbital spaceplane will emit much less in the way of aromatic hydrocarbons than traditional kerosene-based rocket fuel.
which burn both solid and liquid propellant. XCOR will have di minimus impact on our environment Nelson says Our fuels are almost completely free of particulate matter.
They have 20-40 times less aromatics than traditional rocket fuels and hundreds if not thousands of times less particulate matter than hybrids or solids.
So the concern about carbon or other particles is moot for us. Toohey still wants to see peer-reviewed studies of the actual interaction of XCOR and other engines with the stratosphere.
(or refute) the claims of particle-free emissions from combustion of any fuel in the upper atmosphere Toohey says.
Even if the above mentioned transportation systems are designed not for using hydrogen as a fuel I am happy that the Skylon spaceplane that Reaction engines is developing is.@
Spaceship 2 uses a hybrid motor with the solid fuel being rubber. You can practically see the carbon output on that thing so much
Sulfur back in the fuel reflects the sun back into space. Sulfur was in our gas and fuel.
It protected us from global warming but created acid rain. Up this hi it will be even more effective and last even longer
opec all bushes crone's! black waters john boehner! prince or saudi any drone with brennan!
that know's the term opec! like a pig duck! hung a king in iraq!
and tag bohemians opecs andpuck's! zucker berg's an bilderberg's. SKUNKWORKS NORTHRUP INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX!
OPEC ONLY KNOWS OR only every federal? fir only from 2001 9-11. and for only willy brown got shell no pest strip's!@.
but they are spending billions of years to get politicians to keep us hooked on fossil fuels rather than progressing to renewables.
more efficient use of gasoline and other fossil fuels more efficient use of electricity less air pollution.
but still needed to incorporate fuel she says. From our research it appears that those unconscious circuits that are caring about that energy are alive and well in our brains.
Last summer you announced new regulations that would double the average fuel economy standard for cars sold in this country
Are you willing to pay 2x the cost for power transportation and fuel? I don't understand why reversing the effects of the azolla event is seen as such a negative thing.
The transition from fossil fuels will go much more smoothly if we allow the actual reserves
however until technology catches up with fossil fuels it's prudent to scale back slowly and responsibly.
The paper argues that policymakers should increase nuclear power rather than continuing dependence on fossil fuels. The 2011 disaster at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant should not deter governments from expanding nuclear power according to Hansen
which fuel nuclear power will be replacing.)Nuclear power has prevented already 64 gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions and would prevent the equivalent of another 80 to 240 gigatons again depending on
which fuel it replaces. The paper does acknowledge the serious health and environmental concerns related to storage of nuclear waste.
Fossil fuels are very dirty even if you ignore CO2 from combustion. I read somewhere that coal fire power plants release more radiation (in the form of radioactive impurities being vaporized) into the atmosphere every year than all nuclear power plants ever (including meltdowns.
but the impurities in fossil fuels are destroying our environment. We used to believe that dilution was the solution to pollution
Why can't they take nuclear fuel rods into space and drop them to burn up in reentry to atmosphere?
If a Magnitude 8 earthquake strikes Japan before a fuel pool dangling 100 feet in the air is secured the resulting radioactivity is expected to be at least 40 times that of Chernobyl causing untold millions of cancers across the Northern hemisphere.
Fossil fuels can be replaced much faster than might be imagined. See the same site to understand how and why.
renewable>nuclear>fossil fuel ORRENEWABLE>fossil fuel>nucleardisregarding all money related issues here. But if money were to be put into this equation then most people would support a different one depending on how much of they are of each an environmentalist economist or politician.
and economists would lean toward either fossil fuel or nuclear depending on their viewpoints and info. However a politician would rather go for fossil fuel
or better yet renewable resources as they would want to avoid the somewhat untrue public opinion (Fukushima) on nuclear energy.
My own opinion is that renewable resources trump all but that nuclear would be a little better than fossil fuels.
First of all I would like to point out that without fossil fuels I would think none of us would ever need to question energy production.
Nuclear energy is similar fossil fuels in the way of both safety and efficiency. Fossil fuel usage at its infancy was both dangerous and extremely wasteful.
It is just like that with nuclear energy. Chernobyl and Fukushima were examples of plants built
and even most of those wasteful dangerous first generation nuclear facilities are somewhat better than the most high tech fossil fuels.
Also I believe that fossil fuel technology has been research to almost full potential. Nuclear fission and fusion and combination of the two have yet to reach the potentials
and can be so much better than fossil fuels in both safety and efficiency (with A LOT OF help).
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