A training session for the women who will sell the yoghurt. Image courtesy of Danone Communities
aid to training and formation or, as in the case of SEKEM, they can keep
training and shared orientation of those engaged in the venture plays a critical role in providing cohesion to social ventures.
and training programmes. One example 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 93 Organic farming students at Everdale.
and organised a training programme at which former US Vice president Al gore worked with 200 of the UK€ s top leaders from business, government, media, education
It is currently working on training †embedded intermediaries†that will act as a permanent means of brokerage across
•Training a group of professionals and practitioners with both new skills 6 SYSTEMIC CHANGE 109
248) Innovation academies embodying new principles for training, action research, and formation. Examples include the College of Health, and
critical role in training up a future cadre of social innovators 249) Mutual help and mentoring by users.
advice and training sessions to others with similar conditions. Systems of mutual support have been developed particularly well among people
They can become centres of expertise and training for civil servants, social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers
318) Formation and training to integrate innovation into personal development, training, and culture. Some need to become specialists in
spotting, developing and growing ideas. Others, particularly gatekeepers need to know how to recognise the conditions for innovation.
Training and formation Some studies have highlighted the need for skills and formation within the grant economy and identified a lack of training and experience as one of the
main barriers to the sector†s success. Leaders of nonprofit organisations charities, associations and foundations have to contend with the challenges
and the NCVO provide a range of training programmes for nonprofit organisation managers in order to develop capacity within the sector
There are also small-scale training providers such as Islington and Camden Training Network †which provide tailored, hands on support to
voluntary and community groups in their local areas 431) Personal assessment tools to understand capacities for leadership
432) Training for social entrepreneurs, such as Echoing Green in the US the School for Social Entrepreneurs in the UK,
also †training and formation†in the market economy, methods 483-487 Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship,
433) Training for future leaders. One example is the Clore Social Leadership Programme which helps to develop future third sector
Training and formation There is growing interest and investment in the development of financial resources for social enterprise.
485) Leadership training for nonprofit organisation managers One example is On purpose, a two-year leadership programme that
per week of world-class training, delivered by prestigious graduate employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others
506) Training for volunteers †the provision of training and incentives for volunteers, and networks for linking volunteers and projects (such as
and women a home, a job, training and skills, and the social relationships that are so important in overcoming addiction.
Formation, Skills and Training 67; 74; 77 115-116; 142; 148; 175-176; 192 Forum for the Future 49;
Islington and Camden Training Network 176 Italy 36; 70; 71; 80; 86; 99; 104; 126
and training they need to grow their businesses. Through its Accelerator, for example, Code for America provides seed funding, office space,
They usually turn to their network in search of training and advice that can help them
However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing new extensions of the core code.
large data sets and offers, for a fee, training, consulting, and technical support services. Though the services
which also invest in training and dissemination activities The open data and open knowledge community
of their datasets on the pan-European linked metadata infrastructure delivered by the project, 2) training
ways of organizing schooling, language training, and housing, to avoid the risks of conflict and mutual resentment
folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual frameworks, laws Business (ecosystem:
Education and training 31 Network 29 Event 27 Incubators and Accelerators 26 Advisory or expert body 15
By providing education & training A fundamental requirement for DSI is that innovators with an ambition to use technology for social good
able to able to foster these skills that often are not being provided by traditional education and training
& training Key facts: 3-year project EU funded with â 2. 1m Website: http://www. everyaware. eu
Fablab manager, went through the intensive training from Fab Academy and built up the very first network of Fablab Amsterdam,
-peer project based technical training, local problem solving and small -scale high-tech business incubation as well as grassroots research.
Open Data Training: In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
data training programmes Challenges: In 2011 the Foundation ran the Open Data Challenge, which was Europe†s biggest open data competition to date,
Education and training 31 Network 29 Event 27 Incubators and Accelerators 26 Advisory or expert body 15
By providing education & training A fundamental requirement for DSI is that innovators with an ambition to use technology for social good
able to able to foster these skills that often are not being provided by traditional education and training
& training Key facts: 3-year project EU funded with â 2. 1m Website: http://www. everyaware. eu
Fablab manager, went through the intensive training from Fab Academy and built up the very first network of Fablab Amsterdam,
-peer project based technical training, local problem solving and small -scale high-tech business incubation as well as grassroots research.
Open Data Training: In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
data training programmes Challenges: In 2011 the Foundation ran the Open Data Challenge, which was Europe†s biggest open data competition to date,
Industrial training handbook Figure 5: â€oequick wins†in reducing waste and emissions in SMES Scrap Metal
Enterprises is an industrial training handbook. It explains basic concepts like resource efficiency and life cycle thinking
www. buy-smart. info/trainingstool-en/training-en Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches
training or external expertise to ensure results are accurate and understandable What product design features or user-infor-â€
followed training around an eco-design checklist developed by The Centre for Sustainable Designâ which prompted the use of new materials in the
Industrial training handbook p. 22: NISP Â Source: www. nispnetwork. com/media-centre/case-studies p. 23:
lack of proper training in these issues 3 Problem Solution †The analysis of eco-innovation perception in
improve training for online traders in their obligations and the opportunities offered by the Digital Single Market, in particular through the
-enforcement training, development of on-line resources available to enforcers and a 33 COM (2013) 36/2 http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/retail/docs/130131 retail-action-plan en. pdf
systems, as well as management skills training. SMES account for over 95%of firms in most European countries;
use, ICT enablers such as skills and training, and the quality of the business environment To investigate these issues,
performance (by EU standards) in skills training and education. France and the Mediterranean rim countries tend to underperform across most
training at all levels of the educational system, and ensure that tertiary institutions offer relevant ICT -related management training in the appropriate
Business leaders need to invest in skills training for their own managers and staff, and provide incentives
to encourage staff to undertake this training outside the workplace. The organisations that will be most
incumbent on executives to ensure, through training and other mechanisms, that their managers are fully aware of the potential benefits of an ICT investment
training for small firms in business planning â Taking practical measures to encourage new firm
Training in change management can also help to ensure that organisations are both willing and able to adapt to
training and awareness programmes, particularly ones targeted at smaller firms 5. Encourage more effective R&d activity
Education and training 3 Electronic and electrical equipment, household goods and products 3 Transport 3
Transforming the delivery of education and training: Au Press, 2009 Altman, R c. 2009.""Globalization in Retreat:
being used for sharing documents, simulations of health scenario planning, training interactive environments and self managed e-learning
remuneration, workload, provision of quality training which includes number of trainers frequency of refresher courses, level of clinical practice and use of materials relevant to
delivery of vaccines to avoid stock outs, training of community workers. The majority of health
support supervision, surveillance, management of outbreaks, development of training materials, social mobilization and advocacy. The health sub-districts are responsible for
thus facilitating training and health education in the community Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 155 Figure 5:
good at customer training. As the complexity of products increases, the customer requires more instruction
order to provide services, such as training, to customers. While such services could be contracted out, the
HR training 2010 2011 2012 515 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512 †520
This will involve expanding online training; cooperating more closely with businesses, unions and others through advisory councils;
ï Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and innovation, especially in the traditional sectors that are Andalusia†s strengths
training has followed an opposite trend (from 4. 1%in 1998 to 5%in 2009. The percentage of
Among these, the most common was the training of university personnel inside the firm (27.5),
%which was also the outcome of a regional policy boosting the training of postgraduates in businesses.
Business services include training, business plan assessment, incubation, and sourcing funding. The Foundation keeps quite a targeted approach, unfolding
a coherent set of policies and programmes that link a region†s complex educational and training
outlines the complex landscape of education and training, and entrepreneurship training specifically, in Andalusia. Though the system is hampered by many redundancies in training programmes,
it also is experiencing gaps among different types of institutions, and most importantly, between these institutions and Andalusia†s strategic sectors.
capital as not just education and training, but also skills developed through experience and understanding that comes with age,
The local landscape of education and training related to entrepreneurship and SMES The educational system in Andalusia is currently experiencing a restructuring that will affect not
Three important processes will be framing the landscape of training and education in Andalusia in the next decade:
of education, training and innovation policies at the regional level in an attempt to shift the Andalusian
landscape of training and education in Andalusia and how these processes might change it Restructuring of the education/training system
The arrival of democracy in Spain in 1975, as well as the political decentralization processes that followed in the 1980s
Education and Science was created to manage the education and training system in the region, both at
despite having responsibility for employment policies, skills training for unemployed and employed workers (Formacã on Profesional por el Empleo †FPL), entrepreneurship
of Education, it includes skills training of one-two years for youth unable to graduate high
Unions also collaborate in the training of workers with the Ministry of Employment 6 Recently, the government has created a new institution to regulate vocational training in the
This will involve expanding online training; cooperating more closely with businesses, unions and others through advisory councils;
This overview of the landscape of education and training in Andalusia suggests several opportunities to build upon.
sector-based training in sectors they identify as in need for training or with growth expectations (such
over university training to obtain skills that will improve entrepreneurship. The II Andalusia Plan for
language training Entrepreneurship education The EU generally lags in entrepreneurship education, and Andalusia is no exception
regional actors do in the field of entrepreneurship education and training Public universities Universities support entrepreneurship in four ways:(
Young Entrepreneur Chairs, with special seminars, networking with entrepreneurs, and training opportunities;( (3) offering entrepreneurship fairs to connect different stakeholders;
It is the main provider of entrepreneurship training in the region. The main target is the entrepreneur,
Their training is based on improving the skills of employed people (in collaboration with the Ministry of Education) and inspiring young people to
might develop more is FUNDACION EMPRENDE€ s extensive entrepreneurship training programmes, including its collaborations with the Talentia programme and the agency EXTENDA to
Although the duplication of training is understood to be problematic, only a few regional stakeholders describe the many different organizational disconnects in the region as issues as well
and prevent training programs from adopting appropriate curricula †thus constituting a key weakness in training provision
Andalusia experiences a chronic schism between economic and workforce development programming that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and, most pertinent for
As described above, entrepreneurship training in Andalusia takes place in multiple venues. But most commonly emphasized by stakeholders in the Andalusian regional innovation system is the
training and education. While hiring Phd-level workers might be key for highly innovative companies
training strategies will allow the expansion of the local market for these services and products †a
and training in the region. The regional innovation system separates itself from the general education and employment
development that tailors training to employer needs in specific industry sectors (Zandniapour and Conway, 2003;
RETA€ s training Since its inception, RETA has provided four main types of training that are described briefly in
Box 3. RETA's main provision of training EVA Online Training Tool: EVA was an online site that intended to implement advanced and innovative
training programs for the changing needs of SMES and government officials through two courses. One course combined online and onsite training, in collaboration with the International University of Andalusia (UNIA), in
9 Tà cnico Superior en Eficiencia Energã tica y Energã a Solar Tà rmica †Entrepreneur Advice†(Experto Universitario en Asesoramiento a Emprendedores.
provided training in information technologies to SMES that were part of a relevant cluster in Andalusia. The
%Training of RETA agents: RETA agents were considered the †sale representatives†of the regional innovation
After training by RETA, the agents maintained contact with SMES and identified needs related with IT
The perception during the study visit is offered that training by RETA may have been too generic
receive some training in entrepreneurship from RETA. Yet, given the breadth of agent involvement in
Despite the challenges †the redundancy in overall education and training system, the lack of
vacuum in terms of coordinating the various training systems and linking them to the cluster strategy At present, although many individual agencies work to coordinate their own educational and training
programs with relevant actors, the siloed agency structure means that no one agency oversees the programs and ensures that they relate to the region†s clusters.
planning that links the training better with the region†s other flagship programs, such as the innovation
help the region use its training resources more effectively. As the literature on entrepreneurship and
Finally, there is significant infrastructure already in place to link the training system more effectively to a regional sector strategy.
Numerous sector-based training models already exist, at the OTRIS, the technology parks and centres, FUNDACION EMPRENDE, the unions, etc.
make is to become the glue that binds the separate pieces of the education and training system and
Thus far, RETA has struggled to find a niche in training offering small-scale entrepreneurship and IT training programs typically in collaboration with other
FUNDACION EMPRENDE, already the leader in regional entrepreneurship training, to promote innovation and IT training in low-tech SMES.
Sector-based training initiatives are programs that target specific industry sectors, trying to create a win-win situation by
for the region†s entrepreneurship training system. Ultimately, however, better information and planning will not lead to results
Refocus entrepreneurship training Refocus entrepreneurship training along the models of the best business schools, with a particular
focus on attracting immigrant exchange students (though retaining immigrant entrepreneurs remains out of the region†s purview.
The IT training available from different Andalusian agencies is a first step towards becoming more competitive.
Training workers can take months or years, while firms need quick and flexible access to labour to compete in the global market
link training and placement with permitting or development processes or condition business incentives on local hiring practices.
Entrepreneurship training in Gothenburg, Sweden As described above, the Andalusian public universities offer a few entrepreneurship training
programs, and have plans for entrepreneurship chairs, but in general the offerings are undersubscribed Given the region†s interest in entrepreneurship,
role in targeting entrepreneurship training resources, specifically a new learning-by-doing program as has been so successful in Gothenburg, at one of the biggest universities.
Although entrepreneurship programs have offered training in e-commerce for many years experience with global markets has shown that many websites are not appropriate to attract consumers
complement other training and educational programs in international e-business, such as marketing translation, and intercultural communication Although no systematic evaluation of localization programs exists, localization, and global e
Given its experience offering IT training, as well as its past role in the Digital Cluster program, RETA
might be able to play a role in launching such training. The region has some resources to build upon
extensive training resources. However, the lack of local capacity in e-commerce will likely present an
medical research as well as training technicians for later work in hospitals. Citius has a number of joint
2) training and the transfer of personnel; 3 commercialization activities related to intellectual property rights; and 4) other contacts.
amount of activity related to the training of human resources, both in terms of the specific training of personnel provided by the researchers for firms and internships of university researchers in private
followed by the training of university personnel inside the firm. Among the other firms, 15 to 25
14.0 Training of Uni. Postgraduates and internships at firms 27.5 Participation in spin-offs/start-ups 3. 9
Use or renting of facilities 8. 1 Training of firm workers by the Universities 15.2 Other types of collaborative
business training, and accommodation at the pre-incubation and incubation stages More specific objectives are to:
to entrepreneurs in the creation and management of companies, including information, training technical advice, access to finance and business accommodation in buildings and offices.
4 435 hours of training delivered This chapter does not assess the impact that can be directly
re) training programmes could be established using existing institutions, such as university faculties research centres, training centres, etc.
rather than establishing new ones. Moreover, the large number of people entering the unemployment register will require rapid retraining
training and capacity building (all aspects of starting a firm; business planning (use of local business advisory service providers;
delivering training and support. This would be necessary prior to gearing-up for a new role:
levels of information, support, training, subsidies, etc. may inhibit their long-term competitiveness growth and innovation.
approaches to education and training, community enterprise, business start-ups, development funds and the many other areas for action which this strategy has embraced.
vocational educational training, employment subsidies, job creation schemes and self employment schemes targeting the registered unemployed. The policy has been successful in terms of uptake
entrepreneurship training, business plan, etc. as well as after initiation of activities (coaching mentoring, consultancy, etc Relevance to Andalusia and considerations for adoption
-employment through training, start-up grants, etc. The emphasis should be on allowing the potential entrepreneurs to determine the market need
entrepreneur training, business support, financing and technology support ï Business incubators should be encouraged to periodically undertake impact assessments
knowledge, training and consultancy needs for SMES A good example of the latter, which has facilitated innovation in a traditional sector,
For example, dedicated training seminars relating to industry specific skills and expertise would be forums for boosting collaboration and trust
Danish firms spend 2. 1 percent of their wage bill on training compared to1. 5 percent for The netherlands or 1. 8 percent in Germany (Maskell, 1988.
of training by SMES. To address this issue, the Scottish government recently introduced a Life Sciences Modern Apprenticeship scheme which provides subsidies for SMES to take on trainees
in spite of the wide offer of training programmes for entrepreneurs The number of Andalusia†s people aged between 25 and 34 with university and post-compulsory
training schemes. A by-product of this divide is that workforce development is aligned not as with
research contracts, collaborative research, training of human resources and supervision of graduates are also important modes of knowledge transfer that OTRIS should consider more than has done so far
training of participants, who are often unfamiliar with business management practices Incubators are one of the most favoured tools of business development promotion in Andalusia
and training Finally, while university spinoffs have received much attention, less has been given to corporate spinoffs. At the time of the peer review visit there did not seem to be many activities ongoing in this
business training needs and of the importance of new technology, call into question the effective use
system for advanced business-related training, and the experience of the University of Malaga†s
ï Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and innovation, especially in the traditional sectors that are Andalusia†s strengths
contribution to my training as a researcher. Alex, thanks for accepting to lead this work
diffusion of existing technologies, improving skills through education and training, learning from good practice-KETS are more likely to result in a leap upwards in efficiency levels
and training activities (see OECD, 2009c). In some KETS, Member States have developed national technology strategies, particularly in nanotechnology and
Changsha advanced materials cluster focuses on the integration of industry, training and research, accompanied by active industrial policy
and training in the field of photonics Short history of the cluster Quebec has a long history in the development of the amplification of light starting with one of
In addition, 3 public training centres and 3 research centres contribute to the knowledge base of the cluster.
qualifications) and (technical) training might be also contributing to create shared values and behavioural patters.
training programmes Public policy The Walloon government decided to address the critical situation of international competition
incentives (reduced social-security contributions, cash recruitment grants, training subsidies etc.)) 87, support for outstanding scientific research (linkages to Universities), facilitation (if
and staff training and consultancy services, support with export plans, and promotion of renewable energy use and environment
Finally, a handful (rather small) training centres in plastics and chemistry support competences development of related firms.
Furthermore, there are 45 higher education institutions, 76 special training agencies, over 120 research institutions, 47 national and provincial key labs, 46 academies and 340,000
higer education institutes and training facilities, research institutes and labs Institutions Highly regulated industry as chemicals play
and further training on a project-specific level (see Schumacher et al. 2007 In Great britain the Associate Programme of the Institute of Materials (Iom) was launched in
consulting, skills and training, to combine access to external funding (loans), to stress the critical role of human capital in upgrading technology successfully
-Promoting higher education and training in the fields of KETS is essential in order to serve KETS with the skilled personnel they need.
stress the role of consulting, skills and training, access to external funding as well as co -operation and mutual learning among SMES
 training  development  and  business  support  has  to  be
education and training; setting up IPR protection; mobilising resources; providing knowledge 20. A combination of several NSI
and education and training 3. 2. Undeveloped technology markets need to be cultivated in NSI OI broadens the range of external technology sourcingmodes by embracing alliances and acquisitions, technologymarkets, and
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training One of the crucial elements holding the open innovation system together is its human and social capital.
education and training in stimulating OI 55. Better education and training will strengthen many of the behavioural aspects of OI
including networking and collaboration skills, corporate entrepreneurship, the ability to license technologies, and carrying out R&d.
In addition, policy-makers need to address postgraduate training and †lifelong learning†for a society's human capital as
In general, education and training are at the heart of a public policy for fostering OI.
Hence, education and training need to be linked closely to innovation policies Second, OI provides several mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of NSI.
98 H. Katajisto, J. Kimari, Education, Training and Demand for Labour in Finland by 2015, Finnish National Board of education, Helsinki, 2005
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training 3. 6. Open innovation improves the effectiveness of NSI
%Degree and training in IT 37 %49%Degree and training in business administration and management
28 %38 %International assignments 33 %48%Experience in another business function 25 %37%Career moves in different
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