employment, qualification, social security, and since it has different focuses, it has convergent intentions,"as is the case with Pracatum compared to the other two.
Unemployment is acute among young people. Over one in two people aged 15†24 are out of work in Spain and Greece
in France and the UK, youth unemployment is well over 20%(OECD March 2012 There is empirical evidence
to convert Europe into a social market economy delivering high levels of employment social and territorial cohesion (European commission 2010
the EU2020 targets to increase employment, support research and innovation, help people into education, reduce poverty and social exclusion and lower greenhouse gas emissions
drivers of growth and employment is high on the European Commission†s agenda. Cities around Europe pursued creative
service provision and employment in most deprived communities over-proportionately 72%of social enterprises reported a negative trading outlook;
redundancies will fall within the most disadvantaged communities compared with 9%in the least deprived areas;
distribution and/or employment and so these factors will be important in facilitating or impeding social innovation.
high levels of dereliction, unemployment, welfare dependency, child poverty, crime and general deprivation. Social innovation, based on solidarity and reciprocity, is an
OECD. 2012. http://www. oecd-ilibrary. org/employment/youth unemployment-rate Oeij, P. R. A j. Klein Hesselink,
development, employment, and prosperity (Komninos, 2002). Innovation is defined as the transformation of science and technological knowledge into products, processes, systems and services (Luxembourg, 1996) that fuel economic
Production, products, employment strategies and flexibility are part of the industrial support activities To translate a successful innovation into a commercial success, multidimensional supports,
density and redundancy, as shown in Figure 9. These social network measures are calculated dynamically and will
growth through wealth and job creation. It will also augment growth in multi-modal freight logistics offering what is essentially a more sustainable
reliability and redundancy faster & seamless journeys; an enhanced passenger environment; less energy use and track damage;
From its establishment in June 2011, the former Joint Committee on Jobs, Social Protection and Education identified unemployment in general, long term unemployment and youth unemployment as key priority issues that were fundamentally important in national efforts
which has suffered disproportionately from unemployment over the years. The strategy set out in this report is intended to complement the Southeast Region Employment Action Plan published by Forfã¡
s In the course of the preparation of this report, Senator Cullinane, over a number of months, met with a wide range of key organisations
and the lessons learned will provide a useful blueprint for tackling unemployment throughout the rest of the country
The region faces many challenges including high unemployment, low educational attainment levels and social disadvantage.
whose members agreed in October 2012 that the unemployment crisis in the Southeast Region merits particular attention.
The Committee appointed Special Rapporteur, Senator David Cullinane, who originally raised the issue of the region†s disproportionately high level of unemployment,
s, which produced the Southeast Region Employment Action Plan. It is intended also to complement the work of Minister Richard Bruton†s Southeast Forum
what actions and resources are necessary to create employment in the Southeast, and to outline the sectors in which jobs can be created in the region as a whole and in specific counties
The recent figures for unemployment in the Southeast (Q1 2013) published by the CSO in the Quarterly National Household Survey highlight that
while at national level the unemployment figure was 13.7, %the figure for the Southeast was 18.4%footnoteref:
The unemployment figures for the region†s Gateway City of Waterford from Census 2011 are 25.08
Younger age cohorts have been affected by employment declines to a higher extent in the Southeast footnoteref:
s South East Region Employment Action Plan In Q1 2011, those with below third level educational attainment accounted for 85%of unemployment in the Southeast compared to 78%in the State footnoteref:
7. 7: Forfã¡s South East Region Employment Action Plan Those aged under 35 account for 51%of total unemployment
while representing only 38%of the Labour force in the region A vision for the Southeast
For the Southeast to succeed in generating economic growth and creating employment, a sense of shared purpose to create real regional cohesion is a prerequisite.
This will involve inter-county and interagency collaboration to eliminate needless layers of bureaucracy and deliver effective change
The establishment of Waterford City as a National Centre of Excellence for Crystal Production with the development of a Crystal Making Apprenticeship Scheme through a partnership between the House of Waterford Crystal and Waterford Institute of technology
Ensure provision of accessible and affordable childcare in the region to support employment Fostering FDI growth
Such a plan would include specific targets for growing employment in key sectors such as digital media, gaming, mobile technologies and ICT in health care, agribusiness and eco-innovation well as goals
running information campaigns on co-ops and monitoring current State employment and jobs agencies to encourage the co-op model;
Regional and sub-regional job creation targets to be set for Enterprise Ireland, the IDA and other Enterprise Support Agencies
s. Southeast Region Employment Action Plan: Spotlight on the Southeast, December 2011. footnoteref: 8 8:
%Labour force and Employment (Southeast region) †Q1/2013  In Labour force In Employment Unemployed Unemployment rate (State 13.7
%Participation Rate (State 59.5 %GVA Per capita (State=100) Â Â GVA Produced by: footnoteref: 12
The table above indicates that unemployment in the Southeast is higher than the State average,
Table 3. Employment by broad economic sector and region, 2012 Table 3 indicates that Agriculture
and manufacturing in the Southeast comprise a higher proportion of employment than the State average,
but is the region with the lowest employment in the Services sector The Southeast (22.7%)had the second-highest highest percentage of persons employed in Industry
The main unemployment statistics are from the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS By Q1 of 2013, the Southeast region had the highest regional unemployment rate†18.4%.
%This compares to a rate of 13.7%in the State as a whole Table 4. Labour force and Employment in the Southeast-Q1/2013
In Labour force 228,600 In Employment 186,500 Unemployed 42,000 Unemployment rate (State 13.7%)18.4 %Participation Rate (State 59.5%)58.3
%Source: http://www. cso. ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/labourmarket/2012/qnhs q42012. pdf In 2007, before the financial crisis, the Southeast was the region with the third-highest employment rate.
By 2012 the highest unemployment rate (19%)was in the Southeast region compared to the State average of 15%.
In Q1 2011, those with below third level educational attainment accounted for 85%of unemployment in the Southeast compared to 78%in the State
On average over 80%of ITC graduates find their first employment in the counties of South Leinster
It also has a higher rate of unemployment (19%)than the national average (15%)and a higher rate of underemployment amongst under 25s than the national average. footnoteref:
long-term value and provide actual pathways towards employment The Institutes of Technology and a future Technological University need to work more collaboratively with the vocational sector and labour market orientation education.
These include schemes from the Momentum programme, through to Springboard, Jobsbridge, Community Employment and TÃ s. Some offer accreditation and knowledge, others more practical, experiential learning.
For example, the EURES expo two years ago was a highly successful event organised by the Department of Social Protection where different local providers provided information to members of the public about information on education and employment options.
which will enable them to improve their employment prospects. Those still in education should be encouraged strongly to obtain minimum level qualifications before entering the labour force
and social skillsâ to access employment and may require years of development education to build participants†information acquisition skills
and the Department of Social Protection to help unemployed people reframe their past work experience to enhance their chances of finding employment
Developing basic skills among the labour force has a significant economic benefit and impacts directly on employment and employability.
but with no apprenticeship scheme in the glass industry, the skills base for an industry integrally associated with the city is vanishing
A Â Crystal Making Apprenticeship Scheme through a partnership between the House of Waterford Crystal and Waterford Institute of technology would take advantage of the exceptional artisan glass blowing
The establishment of Waterford City as a National Centre of Excellence for Crystal Production with the development of a Crystal Making Apprenticeship Scheme through a partnership between the House of Waterford Crystal and Waterford Institute of technology
the available infrastructure must be equal to the Southeast†s ambitions for economic expansion and job creation
Ensure provision of accessible and affordable childcare in the region to support employment 3. 3 Fostering FDI growth and developing an enterprise environment
%and Midlands (unemployment 16.9%).%)These areas consist of approximately 50%of the population of the State
and sub-regional job creation targets for the IDA, Enterprise Ireland, and other Enterprise Support Agencies
Regional Aid, also known as investment aid, is paid in the form of grants by the industrial development agencies to businesses in order to support new investment and new employment in productive projects in Europe's most disadvantaged regions
In drawing up this Map, economic data such as unemployment and Gross domestic product for all counties will be analysed afresh
It is vital that the current high levels of unemployment in the Southeast are reflected, acknowledged and acted upon
and potential of women in business should be part of the job creation strategy. EI€ s already mentioned Competitive Start Fund has begun to offer specific opportunities for female entrepreneurs.
should be a key pillar of the job creation strategy Fostering FDI growth Key Proposals Regional targets to be set for the IDA in attracting Industry
while the Government†s job creation strategy is centred very much on attracting FDI, there are 200,000 SMES in the State
Since 2008, Ireland has seen a marked decline in its business environment, reflected in the number of layoffs and the collapse in private sector investment in the economy.
and create jobs to alleviate the unemployment crisis and ensure our manufacturers retain a competitive advantage in the future
A key component of any job creation plan in such an environment has to be the prioritising of job retention policies.
which would see people kept in employment in viable businesses Such a scheme would cost a fraction to the State of
and has tremendous potential for growth and job creation, across the State but particularly in the Southeast region
and job creation in Kilkenny and the Southeast, is an example of the region†s forward-looking policies
A vision for a sustainable and financially viable fishing sector, resilient to fluctuations in catches/landings and markets, working towards an upturn in sector activity and an increase in employment is necessary.
There is potential to expand both employment and value through increasing the catch and by increasing the volume of fish processed locally for sale domestically and for export.
The improved road infrastructure, broadband and the research and graduate output in the Southeast has the potential for job creation in such areas as Cloud computing, e-games, international and financial services, e-commerce and other content businesses
They also estimate that there would be significant indirect employment, amounting to around 5, 000 jobs, among farmers, agricultural contractors, hauliers, and input suppliers
The general creative sector offers employment and business opportunities not found in other economic sectors as in many cases the opportunities suit small scale start-ups,
The strategy should also include specific targets for growing employment in key sectors such as digital media, gaming, mobile technologies and ICT in health care, agribusiness and eco-innovation,
•Such a plan would include specific targets for growing employment in key sectors such as digital media, gaming, mobile technologies and ICT in health care, agribusiness and eco-innovation as goals
CCJ is a movement of ordinary people across the country determined to do something positive about the twin evils of unemployment and youth emigration
and widespread unemployment, there are currently 12,670 cooperative societies with over 9. 3 million members (around 23%of the population
and are an obvious alternative route to job creation in troubled times Cooperatives •are rooted in their communities
but †rationalising†staff numbers, the consequence has been growing unemployment. This has hit rural areas in the region in particular
Cooperatives provide direct employment, as well as seasonal and casual work. They are also often the only provider of services in rural communities given that traditional companies often find it too costly to invest in these areas
or anticipate unacceptable levels of economic return Cooperatives provide an alternative to the classic programmes of Government designed to combat unemployment,
which are producing poor results as unemployment keeps rising Typically cooperatives place more emphasis on job security for employee members;
they pay competitive wages, promote additional income through profit-sharing, distribution of dividends and other benefits, and support community facilities such as health clinics and schools,
than traditional businesses. The International Labour Organisation point out that not only do cooperatives provide jobs, they provide decent jobs
Community Employment schemes often deliver co-op type services, such as meals on wheels, housing maintenance for elderly people and after school care.
The problem with the projects being community employment is that they tend to be limited in their funding
The growing dependence on large foreign organisations for employment in the 26 Counties has been negative for indigenous growth.
These organisations have brought at times huge employment and great affluence to communities, but the lack of local tradition and the lack of employee ownership has seen many of these companies pull out
and SR Technics workers had requested from the Government at the time of their redundancies Ireland still lacks legislation prescribing specifically for the cooperative model
and monitoring current State employment and jobs agencies to encourage the co-op model; as well as assisting in the establishment of co-ops through advice and networking
Training, small-scale self employment and employment schemes all need to be promoted, they say, as part of a major expansion of social enterprise culture
To this end, we recommend the holding of information sessions in each county in the region to build awareness of the social economy and social enterprise and the development of a pilot Social Enterprise Business Training Programme for community
running information campaigns on co-ops and monitoring current State employment and jobs agencies to encourage the co-op model;
Breakdown by sector and employment numbersâ (permanent) of IDA client companies in the Southeast Region
SECTORAL BREAKDOWN ON employment SOUTHEAST REGION Permanent Employment & Sector Waterford No of Co Wexford
No of Co Kilkenny No of Co Tipp Sth No of Co Carlow No of co
Figure 6. Sectoral employment breakdown by county Source: IDA (personal communication), April 2013 FDI Companies in the Southeast
Business Demography NACE Rev 2 by County, Employment Size, Statistical Indicator and Year 2010 Carlow
but one head office where all employment is registered, all its employees will be counted against the county where the head office is located.
Construction employment in the Southeast fell from 30,500 in 2007 to 16,200 in 2010 footnoteref:
Data on construction employment was obtained by DKM Economic Consultants for Q1 2010, based on the total number employed at that time (130,600).
Regional breakdown of construction employment: Q1 2007 †Q1 2010 Thousands Source: CSO quoted by DKM
Each region experienced severe contractions in construction employment. All but two regions (Mideast/Southeast) had reduced their workforce by more than
Construction employment in the Southeast fell from 30,500 in 2007 to 16,200 in 2010 Although DKM ascertained job losses from looking at the employment numbers, it was not
possible for them to establish whether those who lost their jobs have remained in The irish workforce. footnoteref:
The QNHS only provides an aggregate measure of unemployment for the economy as a whole and does not measure unemployment in each economic sector
While some unemployed workers have left the labour force due to emigration or early retirement, for example, DKM suggests it is likely that the majority are being counted as unemployed
There are no separate data published for unemployment in construction but with construction accounting for 57%of all job losses,
â€oethe severe drop in construction output from 2007 was mirrored in the construction employment numbers, which began to tumble as the volume of work declined at a rapid pace. footnoteref:
professionals and trades persons have to emigrate to secure employment. The most recent estimates for emigration suggest that almost 142,000 persons left Ireland in the two years to April 2011,
There are considerable policy implications arising for unemployed construction workers who will require new skills to find employment in other sectors.
The sector is unlikely to see employment return to the levels recorded in the run up to the peak
-Focus on tackling the high levels of unemployment, particularly amongst the youth population -Facilitate the provision of effective and efficient collaboration and †joined-upâ€
of their high quality apprenticeships and internships by half over three years, from the current 9, 000 to 13,500.
employment. Therefore, an initiative such as the Grand Coalition is â€oecrucial†â€oewe believe that the Grand Coalition
whole answer to the sector†s employment problems, Higgins said, it is a good and
is unemployment. The figures for youth unemployment are even more devastating 59.2%and 54.3%,in those two countries
respectively At the same time, digitisation created six million jobs globally in 2011, despite the economic downturn, as ICT is widely
potential in terms of job creation Filling the gaps Moreover, the ICT sector will be in a desperate need for skilled workers
saying employment issues in the sector are Continued from Page 1 Continued on Page 3
impact on youth unemployment â€oethe real issue is that there are going to be skill gaps. There are people out of
out of unemployment and into work, †Higgins told Euractiv in an interview Afke Schaart, senior director for EU
for employment, industry and education Entrepreneurs met recently in Brussels at a conference, New Frontiers for
now have huge youth unemployment there is not quite yet a perfect match between skills and workforce. â€
DG Employment is also running an initiative called New Skills for New Jobs to develop better
unemployment and remain competitive at a global level, experts warn As researchers from the Belgian
Support Job creation and Upskilling of the Workforce†in Athens, Greece Sirros said that due to the crisis, the
productivity, job creation and loss, profit and loss of companies, and, ultimately, prospects for economic growth national security and the quality of life.
greatest impact upon measured productivity, charges of â€oehype†are likely to be accompanied by dismissal of the
and employment in the"hard-to-measure"sectors of the economy is immediately pertinent. The bloc of the U s
and equally deserved comment may be offered regarding the casual dismissals of the regime transition hypothesis on the grounds that the analogy between computer and dynamo is flawed by the
Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy OECD Documents. Paris: OECD, 1996 Abramovitz, Moses,
Gordon, Robert J.,â€oeis There a Tradeoff Between Unemployment and Productivity Growth? †in D. Snower and G. De
Unemployment Policy: Government Options for the Labour market. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1997, pp. 433-63 26
Employment and ICT training 25.1%of companies hired ICT experts and 11.1%hired new experts in 2013
Longstanding issues such as unemployment, child poverty and growing inequalities remain challenges for governments and communities across Europe
is no data to be found on employment in the social economy. Thus, we are still lacking more
employment; health education; place making (community and local development); ) and the sharing economy and sharing
within groups with high unemployment and low income. This also makes it possible to retain much
especially applies in the employment, place making and sharing economy cases where much of the rest
and employment cases improve personal and social skills, as well as make it easier for such skills to be used to find work.
community through employment, consumption or participation, its expressed purpose being therefore to provide solutions for individual
employment. One of the primary means through which SMES are expected to accomplish this task is by developing
growth and employment. Most studies on determinants of innovation are performed in developed countries, and consequently policy makers from developing countries
Policy should encourage employment of highly qualiï ed people by SMES. Employing educated people has potential
Failure tolerance/resistance, reliability and redundancy of networks also can be re -fined and strengthen by flat design schemes.
and thus reduce traffic redundancy on its inter-domain links, and to improve performance experienced by the users of peer-to-peer applica
redundancy and reliability asking for a backup path towards a destination, or prefer 154 C. Kalogiros et al
-ploiting both spatial and temporal redundancy in video sequences; and provides means for storage, transmission,
of video content decorrelation, some amount of redundancies still remains between the wavelet coefficients after the decomposition.
Thus, additional redundancy introduced by using MDC over internet need to be care -fully evaluated
-over, it is possible to control the redundancy by changing the quality of the base layer
any of the description is received at the cost of additional redundancy due to the pres -ence of base layer in each description
-ity to sustain employment, strengthen social cohesion and reduce the risk of poverty Other hot societal issues are sustainable development, reducing greenhouse gases
and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through em -ployment generation, the optimisation of energy and water usage and savings, and by
believed to be responsible for the bulk of new job creation, technology progress, and economic growth. At the same time, most small businesses
sustainable growth and job creation On the other hand, in Romania there was created a vicious circle where the state is ensuring the minimum financial resources for
more economic growth, employment, a better balance of payments improve the labor conditions References 1 Biatour, Bernadette and Kegels, Chantal and Vandecandelaere
which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic health of a state, region, or nation (Wolff
The definition for an SME was discussed based on definitions regarding employment for Australia, this is less than 100 employees.
-ant driver of wealth creation and employment (Lee and Peterson 2000. Similarly, many Western nations such as some European countries, Japan, Australia, and New zealand
component of (1) the employed population with tertiary education in region i,(2) long-term unemployment as a percentage of total unemployment,(3) the percentage of the regional labour force employed in the
primary sector,(4) manufacturing employment in the high-tech sector The analysis is performed on a sample of 225 NUTS2 regions covering all EU countries for which the
variables of the model are available, covering the 1995-2009 period. 1 The estimation †conducted with
employment contribute to increase the potential of the local industry to generate knowledge and innovate
whereas the proportion of agricultural employment and the rate of long-term unemployment are major barriers for technological progress in a region.
Long-term unemployment-0. 0774**-0. 0658 *0. 0369)( 0. 0393 Agricultural Employment-0. 0395-0. 0796
**0. 0331)( 0. 0338 Employment in high tech industry 0. 129***0. 130 ***0. 0238)( 0. 0239
Time effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 3, 047 3, 051 3, 067 3, 063 3, 067 3, 047
tertiary education, Unemployment rate, Employment in high tech industry, Agricultural Employment 14 Table 2 Robust fixed Effects estimation-Innovation and Qog components, 1995-2009
companies in business and around 70%of the overall employment in these countries despite their large presence in the economy,
network largely determines the successful employment of OI in SMES 5 In the existing OI literature there is a relatively thin knowledge base concerning the
OI (see Table 2). Some of these drawbacks are typical for the employment of OI practices
development and job creation can be built. Advancement in science is crucial to the improvement of our quality of life as this includes matters of direct
the impact of the infrastructure in the region in enhancing employment, goods and services In some countries (e g.
and Employment Annex 1: List of Participants 2 1 REPORT ON JOINT EUA-REGIO/JRC SMART SPECIALISATION PLATFORM EXPERT WORKSHOP:
As a result the project will support jobs safeguarding, job creation 3 0 REPORT ON JOINT EUA-REGIO/JRC SMART SPECIALISATION PLATFORM EXPERT WORKSHOP:
particularly in relation to goals of better health education, employment or the environment, rather than focusing exclusively on the public, private or non
unemployment set to rise to double digit figures by 2010. Government responses to the crisis have involved major fiscal stimulus packages but will
•Fighting unemployment †especially youth unemployment and generational worklessness. The current unemployment rate across Europe is 9. 8%.Between 2008 and 2009,
October 2009, the youth unemployment rate (under-25s) was 20.6%in the euro area and 20.7%in the EU27.
Netherlands has the lowest rate of youth unemployment 7. 2%)and Spain (42.9) and Latvia (33.6%)have the highest.
unemployment needs to reinforce social cohesion. iii •Climate change †the costs and devastation of climate change are
employment 8 •Public sector Innovation †growing social needs, together with budgetary constraints, call for radically new and innovative public
Europe reduced unemployment from 12%to 7%in the decade to 2008. We now need new sources of growth to
Put simply, job creation and tackling social challenges must go hand in hand for sustainable economic growth in Europe
Local Economic and Employment Development), which includes a Forum on Social Innovations. This Forum has been carrying out research on social
employment, consumption or participation, with its †expressed purpose†being to †provide solutions for individual and community problemsâ€
still being felt on building regulation, employment practices and public policy, as well as on popular culture, where stereotypes that were once
women in informal employment), and the Forum Network in Asia for drugs projects Interestingly, all of these very different movements have adopted an ethos
expenditures and employment. In the 35 countries studied as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project between 1995 and 1998, the
share of total employment could be compared for 1990 and 1995. The study found growth rates of 20-30%over five years †rates that are well above what
as such, the figures for total employment are in all likelihood significantly higher. lxix The WISE organisations in Germany are a good example. lxx
of employment measures funded by the regional labour office but has since expanded into a social enterprise which provides wrap around services for
and a small number of employment programmes were run by the regional labour office. It is now an independent
addictions, illiteracy and unemployment However, the sector tends to be fragmented and the organisations which operate within it small in scale.
employment needs after the collapse of the communism. Using its philosophy of encouraging mutual self-help, it now provides homes for 750 persons in a
through its various housing, education and vocational training programmes has assisted over 50,000 people in the last ten years
people create their own employment by setting up social cooperatives. Other organisations are now also founding such centres.
and employment paths in Urbanizaã§Ã£o Casal da Boba, in Amadora in Lisbon The community of Urbanizaã§Ã£o Casal da Boba in the suburbs of Lisbon was
parents to stay in full time employment (60 pre school children are currently on this programme), to a number of programmes working with school age
running, all of the 22 pupils who took part are in full time employment. This 53 project has become sustainable through the support of the municipality, and
unemployment •Commitments by national/local government or foundations to make payments linked to outcomes achieved in improving the lives of the
Another potential field for action is in employment creation during the downturn. In principle the model is likely to work best in
of Employment to bring together government, private enterprises and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation
market, breaking down barriers to employment faced by young immigrants. c SILK, UK Another kind of innovation unit is SILK-the Social Innovation Lab Kent.
residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27, a monthly workshop with
enabling those in receipt of employment and social security benefits to work for the park†s enterprises without losing their benefits and;
-qualified staff for long-term employment poses a key challenge in the NGO sector. Some issues included:
for example estimates unpaid work at around 48%of GDP. Canada†s statistical office suggests that time use,
†Nonprofit organisations tackling unemployment in Germany and the UK: Vigorous independent enterprises meeting social needs or the emergence of
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