•Youth unemployment much higher than the national average •Productivity similar to the national average excepting
â High unemployment â Unbalanced productive structure and consequent inertia â Extra-costs for essential infraestructures and services (eg.
•inclusive growth, fostering a high employment economy delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion Investing more in research,
The benefits of bringing in an external view to address sensitive issues such as redundancies and
specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data Location quotients measure whether some sectors are represented over in a regional
Attractiveness of working conditions for researchers compared with other employment opportunities; facilitated mobility of research and innovation personnel between the public and the
sectors, especially to the business community and the higher and vocational training institutions iii) publicity through radio, television and newspaper coverage (iv) the distribution of
growth of employment in knowledge-intensive sectors, R&d expenditure per worker, etc 1) Indicators should be selected to reflect the programme's objectives and intervention logic
•Knowledge transfer and information actions for the provision of vocational training and skills acquisition actions, demonstration activities and information actions.
rapid innovation cycles, high capital expenditure and highly-skilled employment. They enable process, goods and service innovation throughout the economy
economic growth and employment and strengthening the competitiveness of the EU economy They bear enormous market potential.
policies such as economic development, employment, higher education and culture Successful CCI strategies most often depend on excellent internal and external networks
DG Employment Social affairs and Inclusion will also directly fund social experimentation projects through PROGRESS and the Programme for Social Change and Innovation to reform social policy
Co-initiators of the SBI are DG Enterprise and DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
employment and rural development policies? Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy coordination within the region
significant adverse impacts on employment and incomes. Government debt has increased from 25%GDP in 2007 to 125%in 2013, fourth highest ratio of government debt to GDP in the
cent in Q2 2013 with total unemployment having almost tripled 2 since 2007 Ireland was subject to a macroeconomic adjustment programme until December 2013
2 Unemployment rose from 4. 5 per cent in Q4 2007 to 12.8 per cent in Q4 2013.
which accounts for more than 70%of private employment, is constrained by high property -related debt, and has faced several years of weak profitability.
finances, and enduring job creation. â€oeafter exiting the EU IMF Programme, the Government is focused on maintaining the reform momentum to achieve the goals of creating more jobs to
and ultimately to achieve full employment. This will, in turn, create resources for the delivery of a sustainable, adequate and reformed system of social supports
employment growth ï¿Ireland†s enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation
sustainable platform for growth and job creation ï¿Ireland†s enterprise policy embraces start-ups, Irish owned firms (both nationally and
and create employment for a range of occupations, across a number of sectors involved in services and
of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change, productivity increases and exports 5 •A number of start-ups will internationalise at an early stage including what
and retaining employment in rural areas. However, the enterprise base in a priority area typically spans more than one region and research and development needs in companies are
deliver economic return through enterprise development, employment growth and job retention in Ireland •The process was expected to identify 10-20 priority areas/challenges †the final number
employment in the knowledge economy Enterprise Ireland •Provides direct supports for R&d activity within Irish firms, and supports for
3 years (Sales of â 1m per annum and employment of 10 IDA Ireland IDA Ireland programmes provide the basis for winning new FDI investment projects.
The employment outlook for the sector depends critically on addressing domestic competitiveness factors and a favourable
significant adverse impacts on employment and incomes. Government debt has increased from 25%GDP in 2007 to 125%in 2013, fourth highest ratio of government debt to GDP in the
cent in Q2 2013 with total unemployment having almost tripled 2 since 2007 Ireland was subject to a macroeconomic adjustment programme until December 2013
2 Unemployment rose from 4. 5 per cent in Q4 2007 to 12.8 per cent in Q4 2013.
which accounts for more than 70%of private employment, is constrained by high property -related debt, and has faced several years of weak profitability.
finances, and enduring job creation. â€oeafter exiting the EU IMF Programme, the Government is focused on maintaining the reform momentum to achieve the goals of creating more jobs to
and ultimately to achieve full employment. This will, in turn, create resources for the delivery of a sustainable, adequate and reformed system of social supports
employment growth ï¿Ireland†s enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation
sustainable platform for growth and job creation ï¿Ireland†s enterprise policy embraces start-ups, Irish owned firms (both nationally and
and create employment for a range of occupations, across a number of sectors involved in services and
of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change, productivity increases and exports 5 •A number of start-ups will internationalise at an early stage including what
and retaining employment in rural areas. However, the enterprise base in a priority area typically spans more than one region and research and development needs in companies are
deliver economic return through enterprise development, employment growth and job retention in Ireland •The process was expected to identify 10-20 priority areas/challenges †the final number
employment in the knowledge economy Enterprise Ireland •Provides direct supports for R&d activity within Irish firms, and supports for
3 years (Sales of â 1m per annum and employment of 10 IDA Ireland IDA Ireland programmes provide the basis for winning new FDI investment projects.
The employment outlook for the sector depends critically on addressing domestic competitiveness factors and a favourable
Economic activity (Participation) and Unemployment by Level of Educational Attainment -West Region (2009)..23 Figure 9:
Unemployment rates (ages 15 and over) and growth rates of employment (ages 15-64), 2000 -2011.19 4
represent about half the region†s turnover and employment, which may lead to high volatility in value
added growth and sharp drops in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and employment during a 1 http://ec. europa. eu/research/innovation-union/index en. cf
employment, education, research and innovation, social inclusion and poverty reduction, and climate/energy. Each EU country has
national targets, at least those related to employment, R&d, and emissions and energy 11 Table 1: The national Europe 2020 targets
Employment rate %R&d %of GDP Emissions reduction compared to 2005 %Renewable Energy %Energy efficiency reduction
8. promoting employment and supporting labor mobility 9 In order to promote the harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of the Union, the Common Strategic
through higher employment, and better social inclusion and education policies, 2. Developing modern infrastructure for growth and jobs, 3. Promoting economic competitiveness and local development,
Employment (in 1000 persons) by NUTS 3 regions nama r e3empl95); ) Gross value added at basic pricesby NUTS 3 regions
only jobless but actually coincided with significant declines in overall regional employment. But it does
Unemployment rates (ages 15 and over) and growth rates of employment (ages 15-64), 2000-2011 Unemployment rate Employment Growth (CAGR
2000 2007 2011 2000-07 2007-11 2000-11 West 7. 6 5. 6 5. 7-0. 8%-0. 7%-0. 7
In addition, demographic and migration trends also help to understand falling employment levels despite increases in productivity and low rates of unemployment.
As is the case in Romania as a whole, the population of the West Region has been in decline for more than a decade.
Economic activity (Participation) and Unemployment by Level of Educational Attainment-West Region 2009 Source: Calculations based on data from INS:
Activity, employment and ILO unemployment rates at territorial level, by educational level, by sex and area, in 2009;
particular interest both because of their contribution to employment and as an additional indicator of entrepreneurship.
the highest location quotient for employment relative to the national context 53. The fact that Timis,
employment in 2010 and the concentration of the West Region economic activity around them has increased between 2008 and 2010.26
Turnover Employment Nace 2-digit sector 2008 2010 2008 2010 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers 9. 0 22.4 10.1 17.0
sectors with an importance in terms of total employment that is similar (17%)to the combined share 16.8%)of employment represented by all the other manufacturing sectors listed in Table 7. Among the
services sectors, wholesale and retail trade dominate the landscape in terms of turnover (9. 2%and 3. 8
employment (4. 1%and 3. 7%respectively 58. Concentration towards fewer firms is also a prominent feature.
First, observations for which information on employment, stock of fixed assets, material costs or value added are
contributed to significant investment and job creation, but has played an important role in integrating the West Region ever more tightly into the European economy
landscape, accounting for 90 percent or more of value added, employment, and exports (Figure 32 70.
businesses in the West, around half of output and employment, and more than 90 percent of exports.
employment experience and opportunities abroad 73. It is worth stressing however that foreign owned firms can also bring significant benefits to
the region, over and above the employment they create. This comes from the â€oespillover†of knowledge and technology into the regional economy.
growth, employment growth and value added growth) are examined for each of the top 10 sectors.
of the remaining outcome variables under analysis (employment, value added and turnover) are selected. Third and finally, the capacity to generate value added is examined and the average labor
universities (as well as vocational training facilities) and employers. It may also pay to make strategic investments in promoting disciplines
The result is high levels of structural unemployment (and low participation rates) and skills mismatches at all levels of the labor force.
the market and that they are successful in finding employment •Skills (3: Entrepreneurial and business management skills
and modernize the curricula for theoretical education, vocational training and lifelong learning in order to answer to the demands of the business sector in the region.
Employment and Social Inclusion. This Pact, set up by the Ministry of Labor, would continue to liaise
and processes that will lead to job creation and increased exports Enterprise Ireland is a body corporate established by the Industrial Development (Enterprise Ireland
processors, lower food processing costs and help to provide more robust employment in rural areas 121.
employment growth 146. Small and medium sized enterprises in the West Region need support to become
Vocational training also needs to be expanded significantly and upgraded in order to supply a sufficient number of qualified technicians (specialized labor.
(i) contribute to the EU 2020 strategy by increasing the level of employment;(ii) support access to
training providers (schools, universities or vocational training centers) in order to identify and promote those projects that fit with the needs of the local economic actors
In this respect, adapting theoretical education and vocational training to the demands of the labor market, increasing the relevance of the educational and vocational training offer
by anticipating private sector requirements, and ensuring the applicability of the learning material, are key role for the economic development of the region.
-the-job training through apprenticeship schemes, internships, and scholarship programs that aim to develop specific competences and skills by providing on-the-job training;
capacity of vocational training providers to deliver attractive and high-quality education and training programs in correlation with labour market demands, especially for sectors with significant growth
university education and continuous vocational training infrastructure 182. Soft Measures such as educational and vocational training programs have to be
properly sustained by the educational infrastructure and proper endowment of schools and vocational training centers to ensure a high-quality teaching process,
using appropriate pedagogical and technical resources. Investments that have started under the current period should continue in order to
increasing the level of employment Supporting access to international markets Promoting the diversification of activities
employment, which may lead to high volatility of value added growth and sharp drop of per capita GDP
West Region (priority Axis 2and increasing the level of employment and education, by improving skills
employment. This regional fund could support public-private infrastructure investments and guide the available funding towards innovative
and organizing vocational training in order to ensure an adequate labor force for private sector growth Some regeneration plans have been prepared
unemployment, transportation or environment. Another exemple is e-education that represents an alternative to the traditional learning method,
companies†level by developing programs of E training and e-Coaching 8 At the same time new opportunities arise for the knowledge level of universities
as well as by facilitating teleworking For the Romanian companies electronic trade development can bring important advantages namely significant reductions of transaction costs and
communications already mentioned (as e-Education, teleworking etc. the beneficial effects materialize in the increased access to the interactive content
negative impact on growth, trade, investment and employment across the globe and untold social and human consequences.
%and generates about the 30%of the employment in the region. Tourism is the main economic engine of the islands and
initiatives that generate wealth and employment Participatory governance Entrepreneurial discovery Action Plan implementation Strategy improvement
employment and Input-Output regional economic accounts (www. ine. es Specialisation pattern mapping following Del
With respect to employment generated by the industry in Asturias, in 2010 53,636 people were employed in the sector, representing a 2. 51%of the total sector employment in Spain (around 2. 1
million Both in Asturias and Spain there has been a widespread decrease of economic activity, with the
construction sector most affected with a reduction in employment of around 40%.%It is followed in
employment. They are the metal sector, the food sector and the extractive industries, energy and
employment from 2000 to the present, in the three main branches of the industrial sector in
Note the importance of the metal sector in manufacturing employment in the region As a summary, Asturias represents approximately 2. 40%of the Spanish total population, 2. 15%of the
education, employment and rural development policies ï There is no evidence that the strategy includes a clear reflection/proposal on how to exploit
Datos disponibles en Eurostat (Indicador Employment in technology and knowledge and sex (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2
Datos disponibles en Eurostat (Indicador Employment in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors by NUTS 2 regions
-Datos disponibles en Eurostat (Indicador Employment in intensive sectors by NUTS 2 regions aciã n de las encuestas de Eurostat
Due to the important rates of growth of our economy, the rate of unemployment in Castilla y Leã n, was been
During the same period, unemployment of youth population increased from 17.43%to 38.54%in Castilla y Leã n
sustaining employment and economic wealth Clusters which are benefited from global trends in fields where Castilla
the employment and economy of Castilla y Leã n, now under restructuration Automotive Agro-food
becoming evident in macroeconomic variables such as the employment market (while the unemployment rate remains below the national average) or in the number of active
region†s university and vocational training systems •The region†s ICT sector has specialisation capacities in the fields of mobility and
University, Vocational training) for the ICT market •Difficulty in globalization of the regional ICT sector
 •†Employment  and  sustainable  economic  growth  •†Social
Employment  &  sustainable  economic  growth  Social  &  territorial
Small Business, Job creation and Growth: Facts, Obstacles and Best Practices. Available at www. oecd. org/cfe/smes/2090740. pdf
The efforts of vocational training institutions and schools are also central to meeting the challenge. But entrepreneurship education is confined not to
Committee of the Local Economic and Employment Development Programme. I would like to thank the delegates, experts and Secretariat members for their contributions.
and the Directing Committee of the Local Economic and Employment Development Programme SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 9
employment (approximately two-thirds) and all value added (over one-half. These shares vary significantly by country.
from minima of 47.2%of employment in industry in the Slovak Republic, 52.6%of employment in services in the United kingdom and 49.9%of value added in Ireland, to
85.4%of employment in industry, 88.8%of employment in services and 75.2%of value added in Greece,
where SMES are particularly significant. The data also show substantial SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 201016
apprenticeship programmes are good vehicles for developing entrepreneurship skills, but SME participation in apprenticeship and other vocational training is limited relatively
potentially reflecting inappropriate training supply. Shifts are also occurring in school curriculums aimed at fostering in students the ability and desire to act entrepreneurially
charities such as the Silai for Skills women†s training and employment initiative in Bristol United kingdom
job creation from new firm start-up and SME growth and productivity improvements from increased new and small firm
â Secure conducive conditions for both high-employment-growth firms and innovation in the bulk of new and small firms
apprenticeships and developing the training function of small business support programmes, such as for business succession, management and training and business
entrepreneurship and SME activity and economic growth and job creation. These growth and job creation effects happen through innovation,
as new firm creation and SME growth increase productivity and bring new or under-utilised resources into use.
small firm activity and job creation, as new and small firms take up labour released by downsizing elsewhere in the economy and increase national and local competitiveness
all net job creation in the United states occurred in firms less than five years old, while in
This job creation function of entrepreneurship and SME development is of great relevance to the recovery from the global financial and economic crisis since it is clear that
creation challenge of high unemployment. In the short to medium term there is a real opportunity for governments to use policies for entrepreneurship and SME innovation to
meet productivity and job creation objectives at the same time There is growing, if still insufficient, recognition that entrepreneurship and small firm
drivers of innovation, growth and employment creation The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of
firm employment or turnover. Instead, the major conclusion to be drawn is that the drivers of SME innovation may vary between technological and non-technological
stable employment in large firms and a central role of unions and employers in regulating
time many address problems of unemployment and the social problems of poor neighbourhoods. This is of great relevance in the current post-crisis context in which
is also about employment. As unemployment rates rise, it is critical that new firms are able
so that recent job destruction is balanced by job creation in the short to medium term. At the same time productivity may be enhanced as new firms bring better
demand stimulus or targeted employment and investment subsidies and the improvement of productivity by helping new and small firms to carry innovations into
â High-employment-growth firms. One of the contributions of new firms and SMES to the
They make up an important component of the high-employment-growth firm sector. Facilitation and support for breakthrough innovation in this group may
imparted through school education, universities and vocational training colleges. Training in SMES is also very dependent on relationships with the public sector because while large
employment, consumption or participation. The social entrepreneur is an agent of social innovation but not the only one.
as measured by employment, are enterprises with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three year period and with ten or more
as measured by employment, are enterprises which have been employers for a period of up to five years, with average annualised
Firms and their Contribution to Employment in the UK, NESTA, London Archibugi, D. and S. Iammarino (1997), â€oethe Policy Implications of the Globalisation of Innovationâ€
Daviddson, P.,L. Lindmark and C. Olofsson (1999), â€oesmes and Job creation during a Recession and
Job creation by Firm Ageâ€, Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa Haltiwanger, J. 1999), â€oejob Creation and Destruction by Employer Size and Age:
OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris OECD (2003), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, Paris
Local Economic and Employment Development Committee Box 2. 1. Basic methodological references Data presented in the chapter come from three main sources
enterprises/establishments and employment; number of persons engaged/number of employees. The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
the financial year 2009-10 as part of the Economic Action Plan†s specific effort to stimulate job creation and
Number of business establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
%The Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM) is building a modern growth entrepreneurship policy that seeks to create first-rate conditions for Finnish growth ventures.
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total Industry %%%No. engaged
Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %%%No. engaged%%%Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
institutions (namely R&td, higher education and vocational training institutions) who are involved in the development of the sector and region
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
selected firm variables (profit, turnover, employment growth, third-party funding and profit turnover ratio), labelled firms are performing better than non-labelled firms.
Number of enterprises, 2005 Total employment, 2001 Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
terms of employment, sales revenues and export after being funded By the end of 2006,145 provincial governments and municipal governments across China had set up
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories D, E,
For total employment, Industry includes NAICS 2002 categories 21,22, 23 and 31-33 while Services includes NAICS 2002 categories 42,44-45
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment Industry and
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value
and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added
F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of establishments, Total employment and Value added Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C
C, D and E and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and for
In Table A, for Number of establishments and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D
C, D, E and F. For Total employment it includes NACE categories D, E and F. For Value added
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
D, E and F. For Total employment and Value added it includes NACE categories D and F
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total Employment and Value
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
employment NACE categories C, D and F and Services includes NACE categories G, H and I
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
capita, with students in higher education and with employment in high-tech industries The following section provides evidence about the geographical concentration of
service employment is abundant (Duranton and Puga, 2005 United states Maps from the United states provide more in depth information on the location of
c) an employment growth indicator (average rate of employment growth; d) profitability (average return on total
assets); ) e) financial constraints to growth (average liquidity ratio and average solvency ratio. In the case of the US clusters, given data source constraints for this country, the composite
employment of high-skilled workforce; co-funding of research activities Government Express strategic research interests; set up laws that enable
although rigid university employment practices and the very university incentive structure (e g. the pressure to publish on peer review journals) can
OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris OECD (2004), Global Knowledge Flows and Economic Development, OECD, Paris
growth rates according to turnover, value added or employment; productivity growth â Profitability indicators, e g. profit margin; return on capital employed;
Dynamic territorial indicators, such as employment or labour productivity growth rates in a given period, present particular characteristics in terms of potential sources of
discussed are the roles of tertiary and school education, vocational training and the use of knowledge-intensive service activities and small business support in the
social and communication skills needed for team work, and specific language and cultural skills that are of growing importance in certain multicultural working environments
researchers, marketing professionals) and drafting skills Management Skills for business planning, regulations and quality control, human resources planning (recruitment
Vocational training colleges have had traditionally a craft focus. Many of the craft occupations are pursued in practice by the self-employed
provided before employment or in lifelong learning activities whilst in employment In addition to courses entirely taught in vocational education institutions, an important
element of the system is apprenticeships, where the trainee is based mainly with an employer. Apprenticeship programmes are widespread, with countries like Denmark
Australia, Germany and France often being referred to as good practice. Apprenticeships combine classroom teaching, often in vocational training institutions, with on-the-job
training. In France, for example, since 1925 firms have been obliged to pay an apprenticeship tax (0. 5%of the payroll), up to 40
%of which is earmarked for apprenticeships. All firms apart from those employing apprentices) pay this â€oeapprenticeship tax†(Stone and Braidford
2008). ) Germany furnishes a second example †there the VET dual system includes on-the-job training or in-company training combined with part-time vocational school training.
Since 2002 the demand for apprenticeship positions has exceeded constantly their supply, both in eastern and western Germany (Zwick, 2007.
The German model is considered effective contributing to innovation by nurturing the skills needed by the firms.
the â€oeaustralian Apprenticeshipsâ€, bring together the traditional apprenticeship and the traineeship systems. This initiative has been especially successful,
escalating from about 120 000 apprentices in 1995 to over 400 000 by 2003. The numbers in Australian
Apprenticeships represent 3. 5%of the working population, one of the highest rates of contracted training in the developed world.
Training Organisations and New Apprenticeship Centres, rather than leaving the â€oeselling†of the programmes to training providers (Smith and Smith, 2007
Traditional apprenticeship programmes aim to train skilled employees and do not explicitly train entrepreneurship skills, however,
Interaction with vocational training institutions tends to be more important for skills development in small firms than in larger ones,
their own apprenticeship programmes. However, improving entrepreneurship skills in SMES through vocational education and training is challenging due to obstacles to SMES in
Schemes such as training leaves are not fully taken up by employees. Participation in voucher-type schemes is high among employees, but on
Training packages and apprenticeship schemes have been very successful in some countries as employers use the national qualification system to upgrade the skills of
in vocational training institutes which is designed too often around conventional norms of business management education and not enough around the motivations of entrepreneurs
traditionally exercised by vocational training colleges †a teaching de-contextualised from developing the individual †and management development,
Another step that can be taken to fit the vocational training offer more closely to what is
more likely to find employment and have enhanced social psychological development (self esteem, self efficacy, etc.
Across the EU-15 countries, data from the Eurostat Continuing vocational training Survey show that employees in enterprises with less than 50 employees receive
communication skills to creative thinking and integration of technical knowledge Although not formally recognised by standard qualifications,
fuel innovation and growth of the firm and employment. These activities are largely performed in-house with external actors such as business consultants or other
increase apprenticeships in SMES since they are ideal for entrepreneurship skills development â Increase the use of informal learning sources
CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational training)( 2008a), Future Skills Needs in Europe: Medium-term Forecast, Office for Official Publications of the European communities
Supported by Apprenticeship Training as a Context for Learning†in M.-L. Stenstrã m and P. Tynjã¤lã
OECD (2003), OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris OECD (2005), SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook, OECD, Paris
datasets on nonprofit organisations, including data on nonprofit finances, employment and wages, and volunteering. The website of the project (www. ccss. jhu. edu
â€oenonprofit employment is much larger than expected and much more widely dispersed outdistancing many major industries in its contribution to state employment and payrolls
Nonprofit employment is dynamic, growing more rapidly than overall employment Nonprofit employment is spreading to the suburbs and rural areas;
Nonprofit wages actually exceed for-profit wages in many of the fields where both sectors operate;
Despite their growth, nonprofits in many states are losing †market share†to for-profit firms in
many fields where both sectors are operating. †To complete the overview and to have an idea of the economic weight of cooperatives in
contributing to the local employment of individuals from groups who may find it difficult to get jobs.
and employment project based in the inner city area of Easton in Bristol, England. This innovative social enterprise (a
workplace, or move on to self employment. The positive results gained from its work with women across Bristol have led to the project†s longevity:
In 2000, the Local Economic and Employment Development Committee (LEED) of the OECD provided a definition of social innovation, in the framework of its Forum on Social
individuals and communities through employment, consumption and/or participation, its expressed purpose being to provide solutions for individual and
sustainable employment, provision of services of general interest and so on. The local authorities play a direct role here in the local development dynamics by supporting
or youth unemployment or environmental sustainability, are other examples of the different levels at which social innovation can be achieved
employment (for disabled and disadvantaged workers) and individual development accounts are all examples of recent and important social innovations (Phills, Deiglmeier
commercialisation (fairs, solidarity shops/stores) promoting local job creation and income generation The Palmas currency is accepted by 240 businesses,
and job creation through the annual inclusion of 1 000 qualified young people in social economy institutions
reference, for example to encourage the employment of long-term unemployed or disadvantaged people. Involving social enterprises in public service delivery can bring
as self employment, a new enterprise, or the expansion of an existing social enterprise by an individual
community through employment, consumption or participation, its expressed purpose being therefore to provide solutions for individual and community problems. â€
atypical employment and involvement in governance, mixing voluntary and paid employment, as well as new market relations such as the changing welfare mix,
factors such as atypical employment and involvement in governance, mixing voluntary and paid employment, as well as new market relations such as the changing welfare mix,
or new legal forms such as the social cooperative in Italy which encourages entrepreneurial and commercial dynamics
â Secure conducive conditions for both high-employment-growth firms and innovation in the bulk of n
â Reinforce training in SMES by launching in-company projects, increasing SME apprenticeships a developing the training function of small business support programmes,
but also social and communication skills related to team work and language skills Basic skills Generic and routine skills found in occupations present in most industries and
bring innovative solutions to problems such as social exclusion and unemployment through the production of goods and services.
often provide personal and welfare services and training and integration into employment of persons excluded from the labour market
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