to ensure economic development, greater competitiveness, job creation and high quality security of supply (both short and long term) in the EU
to boost competitiveness, job creation, social cohesion and environmental sustainability throughout the continent. Both research and energy are key elements
taxation, labour conditions and employment, privacy and data protection, product return, sales conditions, parcel delivery, labelling and information requirements
such as taxation, employment and social conditions, transport, environmental responsibility ï Legislation needs to fit this new channel in
employment and (this being Europe) social inclusion as well as sustainable development. Yet the backdrop to this initiative was the growing recognition on the
Despite the decreasing affordability of education, increasing unemployment caused by the financial crisis has led to increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education institutes as
education is seen as an alternative to unemployment. The composite effect of rising unemployment and tuition fees, however, has contributed to exacerbating inequalities in access to higher education (see Figure
E. 3. 1 on educational attainment in tertiary education. This trend, which is corroborated by the discussion in the Delphi exercise, is likely to continue into the coming decades (Lewis & Verhoeven 2010
Although the rising importance of ICT-based employment is likely to continue to favour the
Employment and Economic class in the Developing World. ILO Research Paper No. 6 Brecher, R. A,
Unemployment of skilled and unskilled labor in an open economy International trade, migration, and outsourcing.
Development of Vocational training (Cedefop) website, 2012b. As of 07/2012 http://www. cedefop. europa. eu/EN/about-cedefop/projects/forecasting-skill-demand
and M. Signorelli,"Youth unemployment rate and impact of financial crises",International Journal of Manpower,(2012), Vol. 33 (1): 76-95
and Pelin Sekerler Richiardi,"Employment, job quality and social implications of the global crisis,"World of Work Report, Vol. 2012, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-34
D†Amuri, F. and Peri, G. 2011. â€oeimmigration, Jobs and Employment protection: Evidence from Europeâ€, National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 17139.
Youth unemployment †does the EU case about its future?.Policy Brief. E P. Centre Dobbs, R, Remes, J.,Manyika, J.,Roxburgh, C.,Smit, S,
the EU-25 Member States on pensions, health care, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers 2004-2050), Special report.
EU Employment and Social Situation: Quarterly Review: March 2013. P. O. o. t. E Union.
††â€, Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2011, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the
††â€, Employment and Social Developments in Europe in 2011, European commission, Directorate -General for Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion, Directorate A, 2011b
††â€, EUROPE 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, COM (2010) 2020 final
Pathways towards full employment, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union: European commission, Directorate-General for Research and
"EU employment and Social situation.""Quarterly Review European commission, and Eurostat, Demography report 2010: Older, more numerous and diverse
for Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion,,2011a ††â€,"Internet use in households and by individuals in 2011,"Eurostat Statistics In focus, No
van Vuuren, D.,â€oethe trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?
Employment report, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European communities 2006 Falck, O.,R. Gold, et al.
"Unemployment and Right-wing Extremist Crime "Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113 (2: 260†285 FAO,"How to Feed the World in 2050,2009.
Job creation and inclusive growth, Mckinsey Global Institute, 2012 Finkelstein, E. A o. A. Khavjou, H. Thompson, J. G. Trogdon, L. Pan, B. Sherry, and W. Dietz
Youth unemployment and crime in France. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7 (5): 1542-4774
Harkness, S.,â€oethe Contribution of Women†s Employment and Earnings to Household Income Inequality: A Cross-country Analysis, †LIS Working Paper No. 531,2010.
ILO, Global employment trends. Recovering from a second jobs dip, International labour Organisation Geneva, 2013.
International Labour Office, Global employment trends for the youth, Geneva: International Labour Office 2012a ††â€, Global employment trends.
Preventing a deeper job crisis, Geneva: International Labour Office 2012b International Labour Organisation, Global employment trends 2013.
Recovering from a second jobs dip Geneva: International Labour Organisation, 2013 International monetary fund,,From Stimulus to Consolidation:
Kenworthy, L.,"The High-Employment Route to Low Inequality,"Challenge, Vol. 52, No. 5, 2009, pp
Employment In India. An Informal Economy Perspective, 2009. As of 21 august 2014 http://www. newasiabooks. org/publication/challenge-employment-india-informal-economy
-perspective-v-1-main-report-v-2-annexuresnational Education Association,"Access, adequacy and equity in education technology:
††â€, OECD Employment Outlook 2012, OECD Publications, 2012h ††â€,"Economy: migration starting to rebound, says OECD,"27 june 2012i.
The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations: An analysis at the county, state, and national levels.
and C. Fagan, Women†s Employment in Europe: Trends and Prospects, New york Routledge, 1999 Rustow, D.,Transitions to Democracy:
Saridakis, G. Spengler, H. 2012. â€oecrime, deterrence and unemployment in Greece: A panel data approach†The Social science Journal,(49) 2: 167-174
maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
high levels of employment †knowledge based economic activity. Emerging comparative advantage that is 2 â€oethe Death of Distance, †The Economist, 30,september 1995
employment has increased by 15%between 1992 and 1996, even though the mean income is 50%greater
OECD, 1998, Technology, Productivity and Job creation: Best Policy Practices, Paris: OECD OECD, 1998, Main Science and Technology Indicators, Paris:
contribution of SMES to job creation and value added constitute a large share of both EU and Romanian economy
million people providing for 66,5%of jobs from the total employment and contribute more than half of the total
the †80s in many types of industries, this growth in number and importance combined with employment problem
and job creation by SMES issues generated an interest in the study of entrepreneurship (Wennekers & Thurik, 1999
of the economy and a decrease in unemployment (Koellinger & Thurik 2012) so a more analytic approach toward
ensuring an important part of employment and innovation Acs and Audretsch, 1990 Early theories regarded the small enterprises as being â€oeoutside of the domain of innovative activity and
for economic growth, job creation and innovation can come from SMES (Wennekers & Thurik, 1999) so ensuring a
EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT (LEED) OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD Marco Marchese, Jonathan Potter
A review by the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD
been undertaken by the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with Red de
The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Programme (LEED) has undertaken a review on entrepreneurship, SMES and local development in Andalusia, Spain, working in
High levels of unemployment, large numbers of temporary workers and low productivity undermine the performance of Andalusia†s labour market.
Attendance of vocational training is on the rise In Andalusia a total of nearly 95 000 students attend vocational training, less than half the
number that attend public universities. The II Andalusia Plan for Vocational training, currently being prepared by the Ministry of Education, seeks to adapt vocational training to the new economy and new
demand of jobs and occupations. This will involve expanding online training; cooperating more closely with businesses, unions and others through advisory councils;
teaching more foreign languages; and creating at least one vocational centre of excellence in each of the eight Andalusia
Vocational training has been very successful in the last decade in placing students in a job. That has resulted in an increased number of students during
with entrepreneurship, education, and employment; and the lack of a workforce strategy tied to business cluster strategies
view to creating knowledge ecosystems that support local development, employment and social cohesion. Two projects from Andalusia †one jointly presented by the University of Seville and the
greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship. This is clearly something to build on in the region via a greater focus on developing a culture of entrepreneurship at
innovation, and employment. In the future Andalusia is likely to lose its Objective 1 status and, in consequence, the level of EU structural funds will decline markedly beyond 2014.
local enterprises to a level that can contribute more significantly to employment creation and regional growth
The employment impact is certainly significant in a region that had hitherto been lagging in terms of new technology sectors;
job creation in strategic sectors ï Refocus entrepreneurship education along the models of the best business schools, trying to attract
through self employment programmes ï Setup a business incubation monitoring and evaluation system that assesses the performance of
geographical parts of a country achieve similar levels of employment, skills development, business formation, economic growth and infrastructure development.
badly with sharp drops in both gross domestic product (GDP) and employment Andalusia†s European economic identity mirrored that of Spain just before the economic crisis as
SMES and Local Development has been carried by the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme in partnership with the Andalusian Technology Network (Red de
forms of sustainable job creation Methodology This report provides advice from an international perspective on how to strengthen SME and
High-tech manufacturing as a%of employment (2008) 4. 8 2 Knowledge-intensive services as%of employment (2008) 28.9 26.9
Active population (thousands)( 2008) 31 143 5 562 Labour market participation rate (2008) 73.4 68.9 Employment rate (2008) 65.1 56.6
Unemployment rate (2008) 11.3 17.8 Youth unemployment rate (2007) 18.1 23.3 Source: OECD Regional Database The socioeconomic context
Andalusia is the southernmost region of peninsular Spain and has lagged traditionally behind the rest of the country by most economic variables.
performance in R&d and innovation, education, and employment. Nevertheless, thanks also to generous support from the EU Structural Funds, the performance of Andalusia in most of these
Whilst between 1997 and 2007 regional employment had increased at an annual rate of 6. 6%,higher
unemployment rising from 11%to 27.2%in early 2010(+16.2%)compared to+12.7%for Spain as a
The rapid soaring of unemployment has been the result of the industrial and labour market structures of the region.
Arguably, large regional unemployment also conceals a remarkable share of labour informality, which negatively impacts on labour productivity
1. Employment in the Andalusia construction sector decreased in 2008 on annual basis by 13.6%,as
Though the system is hampered by many redundancies in training programmes, it also is experiencing gaps among different types of institutions,
particular focus on the role of education and labour policy in regional innovation. We first examine debates about human capital generally, then turning to the debates about labour market preparation for
unemployment benefits constitute a disproportionately large share of its social benefit package relative to the EU15 countries on average
the high level of unemployment, large reliance on temporary workers, and low productivity. Although the overreliance of the region on the construction industry â€
Already by 2009, unemployment among young adults (16-24) was considerably higher (38), %and among those with just a high school diploma, the unemployment rate stood at 56
last decade has seen students increasingly selecting traditional vocational training rather than university education (Junta de Andalucã a, 2009.
Ministry of Employment; and the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science In the mid 1980s, after education policies were transferred to Andalusia, the Regional Ministry of
and non-university education were separated in the Andalusia government, with vocational training and non-university education remaining in the Ministry of Education.
Finally, the Regional Ministry of Employment has a less visible role in the Andalusia system of
despite having responsibility for employment policies, skills training for unemployed and employed workers (Formacã on Profesional por el Empleo †FPL), entrepreneurship
Vocational training and apprenticeship programs The different systems of vocational training in Andalusia are as follows 5 Erasmus is the EU flagship higher education program enabling 200 000 European students to study in
a university from another member country each year ï Vocational training (Formaciã n Profesional or FP) serves young people as a professional
alternative to the Baccalaureate and university education. Managed by the Regional Ministry of Education, it includes skills training of one-two years for youth unable to graduate high
ï Vocational training for employment (Formaciã n Profesional para el Empleo or FPE) serves either dislocated or incumbent workers.
Initially conceived as an employment policy, it is now managed by the Regional Ministry of Employment in coordination with the Ministry of
Education. Unions also collaborate in the training of workers with the Ministry of Employment 6
Recently, the government has created a new institution to regulate vocational training in the region: the Andalusia Institute for Occupational Qualifications (Instituto Andaluz de Cualificaciones
Profesionales). ) The Institute will be in charge of integrating the different vocational training systems FP and FPE) based on a common system of occupational qualifications in collaboration with the
national government and unions In Andalusia, a total of 94 710 students attend vocational training †less than half the number that
attend the public universities. The II Andalusia Plan for Vocational training, currently being prepared by the Ministry of Education, seeks to adapt vocational training to the new economy and new demand
of jobs and occupations. This will involve expanding online training; cooperating more closely with businesses, unions and others through advisory councils;
teaching more foreign languages; and creating at least one vocational centre of excellence in each of the eight Andalusia provinces to
Vocational training has been very successful in the last decade in placing students in a job. That
6. The two biggest unions in Andalusia (UGT and CCCO) offer vocational training and apprenticeships both autonomously and in coordination with the Regional Ministry of Employment.
They conduct sector-based training in sectors they identify as in need for training or with growth expectations (such
an initiative of the Regional Ministry of Employment to train more than 1 000 students, workers and
Vocational training will address several gaps in the system that can help link vocational training better to innovation and entrepreneurship †for instance, offering expanded on-line and foreign
but it also targets students (in high school, vocational training schools and universities) and women. ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE has more than 200 business incubators
programs, and vocational training schools, teaching students how to create and manage cooperative firms. For the highest level of vocational training students, ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE offers a
business plan competition in which the winners spend three days training in the business incubators. In
vocational training schools and secondary schools. Their training is based on improving the skills of employed people (in collaboration with the Ministry of Education) and inspiring young people to
business education at vocational training centres; and 2) a university program promoting entrepreneurship, held at all public universities in Andalusia.
Yet, such disconnects may hinder communication, foster more redundancy, and prevent training programs from adopting appropriate curricula â€
entrepreneurship, education, and employment; and the lack of a workforce strategy tied to †clusterâ€
Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science, there is only one vocational training diploma in Andalusia included under the Energy and Water professional family.
Employment Second, as noted above, the regional ministries have undergone multiple reorganizations in the past decade, with the Ministry of Science and Innovation taking responsibility for universities away
The Ministry of Employment remains separate. This new configuration clearly reflects and structures how regional actors think about labour markets, innovation,
The regional innovation system separates itself from the general education and employment systems, suggesting that the official view of innovation is exclusively about R&d.
instance of vocational training and industry clusters. In fact, many agencies in other parts of the world
Despite the challenges †the redundancy in overall education and training system, the lack of
Vocational training, which will link training better to the new economy, also presents an opportunity for RETA to provide input
The university system is committed to support labour policy, technology, and entrepreneurship. While most effort of the regional government to promote entrepreneurship and
helping to link vocational training to the many other efforts. In addition it might join forces with FUNDACION EMPRENDE, already the leader in regional entrepreneurship training, to promote
restructuring employment practices in a way beneficial to both employers and low-skilled workers Marano and Tarr, 2004.
Connect business incentives with job creation Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives
with job creation in strategic sectors. Fostering entrepreneurship alone does not guarantee that Andalusia can capture the benefits for its distressed labour market.
Partnership described below) that link incentives to job creation, and then help businesses participate in the program, particularly in the technology parks.
employment broker, introducing workers to prospective employers. An impressive set of evaluations has shown that these initiatives have significant and positive impacts on the employability, wages, and
many different green workforce development initiatives, raising awareness of redundancies and potential synergies The new market demand for energy efficiency will foster job creation in different ways.
First initial energy audits and the simplest home improvements are performed by disadvantaged youth from the eight cities trained at the Rising Sun Youth Center.
Andalusia, there is also much redundancy. The Gothenburg model provides a useful model for a region that has struggled to launch entrepreneurship programs at the universities.
Employment and Occupational Structures of G-7 Countries. International Labour Review 141,1-2: 123-159
Self employment Entry Across Groups. Journal of Business Venturing 10,143-156 Becker, G. 1965. Human Capital.
Employment Initiative. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures Florida, R. 2002. The rise of the creative class:
of Sectoral Employment Development Programs. WASHINGTON DC: Aspen Institute CHAPTER III: THE CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS
national regulations governing university employment which had been raised previously. Professors cannot leave the university and go to work for a start up company with any assurance that they will be
able to return from that employment to their university position A related problem that was identified concerns the issue of intellectual property rights (IPR.
entrepreneurship in terms of its contribution to job creation and growth, competitiveness, unlocking individual potential and wider benefits to society as a whole
employment, innovation, economy, social cohesion, and environment. However, by 2005 it was apparent that the goal was overly ambitious.
8. Attract more people into employment and modernise social protection systems 9. Improve the adaptability of workers and enterprises,
targets were set to boost growth and employment (EU, 2010 ï Raise the employment rate of the population aged 20†64 from 69%to at least 75
%ï Invest 3%of GDP in R&d by improving the conditions for R&d investment by private
in terms of growth, consolidation of the business framework, innovation, job creation, technological changes and increase in productivity.
The crisis has taken a toll on local employment. The unemployment rate has risen steeply to 27.2 percent compared with 20 percent in Spain as a whole.
The youth unemployment rate is much higher: while it is 43 percent in Spain, estimates indicate that 39 percent of the registered youth unemployed are located
of full employment before qualify. Many under-25s are unable to demonstrate 12 months†worth of
unbroken employment (The Leader, Andalusia Suffering Most from Unemployment, 21.11.2009. The above synopsis indicates that the rapid economic growth
and the number of enterprises and employment has gone also up. At the same time, the analysis illustrates that the region has been hit severely by the crisis,
unemployment, notably youth unemployment, are being impacted severely. Moreover, the region has a relatively limited entrepreneurial where people enter public sector employment as their preference
That said, there is a certain degree of willingness to engage in future entrepreneurial activity and the
including self employment and start-ups, but this is likely to be hampered, to some extent, by the relatively low levels of human capital in the region.
need for broader support to entrepreneurship and job creation Institutions and policies for entrepreneurship Prior to assessing the challenges
ï Create and consolidate enterprises and employment through advice and support to firms business training,
employment, turnover, etc. the approach could be improved. Major constraints include legal barriers and a lack of incentives for academics to engage in entrepreneurial activity.
and youth unemployment, suggest a need for a wider focus on entrepreneurship, including education, vocational educational training, self employment, assistance to all forms of start-ups,
not only those connected with R&d&i ï Secondly, there is a clear divide between policy-making (the responsibility of the new
Firstly, the region must cope with the very high levels of unemployment (average of 27.2 %peaking at almost 32%in Cadiz in April 2010), particularly youth unemployment,
which has risen steeply in recent years. This is a trend that is not expected to be reversed in the short term.
levels of unemployment require the region to support all forms of entrepreneurship and start-ups in all
whether or not in employment, needs to be upgraded Despite the recent catch up effect driven by higher levels of business activity (e g. construction and
levels of youth unemployment, a slow down in the number of migrants, emigration by EU ex-pats, etc
about possible layoffs and responds by increasing savings at the expense of consumption. In this context, demand for local products and services is affected.
downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
The high and rising levels of general and youth unemployment necessitate the harnessing of all ideas, talents, sectors, etc. for the future of the region
business people (in employment and/or recently made unemployed), focusing on new business models and approaches, combining elements of local skills and strengths,
of people entering the unemployment register will require rapid retraining and start-up support to engage in new forms of activity.
Promote self employment to tackle unemployment and diversify the economy The rising levels of unemployment, the need to diversify the economy (e g. away from
construction, real estate, etc. combined with the population†s latent interest to establish a business GEM, 2006) call for a greater focus on providing opportunities for people to establish their own
businesses though self employment or creation of firms. Such an approach should not be driven solely by R&d&i considerations:
-employment is typically the simplest and quickest way to start a business. There is generally little
stimulation of self employment. It is unlikely that new institutions will be required (if anything institutional streamlining is needed.
take responsibility for a more targeted programme of support for self employment. However, this would require an evaluation of its current effectiveness in creating businesses,
the prospects of strengthening innovation and employment generation; they assist the general process of stimulating entrepreneurial activity and diversifying the regional economy.
employment and opportunity Rationale for the intervention Although the Andalusia region has recognised the importance of entrepreneurship and has
i) the very high and increasing levels of general and youth unemployment; ii) the levels of human capital relatively low compared with elsewhere in Spain;
Transiting from unemployment into self employment Description of the approach Germany has suffered from persistently high unemployment rate, as well as low self employment
rates. Consequently, a programme known as the †Start-up Subsidy†(SUS †Existenzgrã ndungszuschuss) was introduced in 2003 under
have received in unemployment benefits for a period of six months plus a lump sum to cover social
Germany had one of the lowest self employment rates in Europe (fluctuating between 10-11 percent) and yet experienced persistently high levels of unemployment (between 7-9 percent.
To overcome this constraint, the German government prioritised active labour market policies, including vocational educational training, employment subsidies, job creation schemes and self employment
schemes targeting the registered unemployed. The policy has been successful in terms of uptake whereas in 2002 3. 5 percent of the unemployed received the subsidy (37 000 start-ups), this increased
both the probability of being in self employment and/or paid employment and the personal income are
significantly higher for participants. †(Baumgartner and Caliendo, 2007, p. 26 Reasons for success Business experts must examine the start-up concept
unemployment is concerned, calls for a much greater emphasis on assisting the unemployed into self -employment through training, start-up grants, etc.
The emphasis should be on allowing the potential entrepreneurs to determine the market need and attempt to fill-it, regardless of sector or other policy
However, incubators are not a panacea for entrepreneurship and job creation. The experience of incubators in the EU has been mixed.
contribute to high-growth firms or the employment impact in terms of job creation), this suggests the necessity for an evaluation of the Andalusia incubator practice so far.
Baumgartner, H. J. and Caliendo, M. 2007) Turning Unemployment into Self employment Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Start-up Programmes, DIW, Discussion Papers 671
SME development and growth is critical to fostering entrepreneurship, job creation and economic development in Andalusia as a result of the dominance of SMES in the regional economy.
enterprises to a level that can contribute more significantly to employment creation and regional growth. The imbalances in the regional economy were exacerbated further in the boom period from
The employment impact is certainly significant in a region that had hitherto been lagging in terms of new technology sectors;
vocational training programmes. Perhaps more could be done to understand the more immediate and routine needs of SMES for improving the productivity of the sector and developing information about markets and best
basic vocational training and technical support in areas such as product development, process innovation and marketing. With both of these kinds of initiative, decision-making should be devolved
The availability of alternative employment in the growing economies of the nearby cities of Florence, Siena and Pisa resulted in an outflow of the
farming population attracted by less arduous and more economically rewarding forms of employment By the early 1990s, modernisation efforts were judged to have failed with attempts to make the
vocational training and apprenticeships; Danish firms spend 2. 1 percent of their wage bill on training
long term specialist apprenticeships †between 5 and 10 years †has continued through the 2000s despite increased competitive pressures on firms from foreign low cost competition (Christensen
provides generous provision for vocational training and retraining both for those in work and the unemployed.
This allied to the generous unemployment benefits available as part of the system is also seen as important in encouraging entrepreneurial
European, Denmark†s employment remained relatively stable up until 2007 but with the economic downturn and collapse of global demand in many key markets, unemployment has climbed from 3. 6
percent to 5. 9 percent in 2009, forecast to rise above 7 percent in 2010.
vocational training, information gathering and more practical forms of business support For further information http://ideas. repec. org/p/aal/abbswp/96-6. html
new firm formation and employment creation (Birch and Cumbers, 2009. The UK has one of the
Sciences Modern Apprenticeship scheme which provides subsidies for SMES to take on trainees Relevance to Andalusia and considerations for adoption
Employment Observatory, Working Paper, University of Aalborg Maskell, P. 1997 Learning in the village economy of Denmark.
employment rose at an annual rate of 6. 6%,as compared to only 4. 7%nationally between 1997 and 2007;
over the same time span, unemployment decreased at 4. 7%annually, halving the number of the unemployed from 442 000 to 212 000.
unemployment has soared from 11%to 27.2%,only 3. 5%below the 1996 value preceding the †phenomenal decadeâ€
Conversely, unemployment among young adults (aged 16-24) with just a high school diploma stood at stunning 56%at the end of
This is shown, for instance, by the fact that the ministry of employment is not actively involved in the design of regional innovation and entrepreneurship strategies,
responsible for vocational education, self employment programmes, and even for some entrepreneur training schemes. A by-product of this divide is that workforce development is aligned not as with
%threshold, it would be important to capture the potential of self employment programmes for both reducing joblessness and increasing business activity rates;
self employment programmes. Self employment has the potential to alleviate unemployment, enhance the long-term income of participants,
and positively impact on their career prospects by improving employability. Currently, however, self employment programmes are in the remit of the regional
ministry of employment. As a result, co-ordination and co-operation between the ministry of
employment and the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science would be crucial in this domain This is all the more true
because the success of self employment schemes is highly dependent on the training of participants, who are often unfamiliar with business management practices
Incubators are one of the most favoured tools of business development promotion in Andalusia Only within the Malaga technology park (PTA) there are six of them.
yet there is only one vocational training diploma in Andalusia included under the Energy and Water professional family.
the problem of high levels of unemployment, especially youth unemployment in Andalusia Entrepreneurship works when new firms are formed,
job creation in strategic sectors ï Refocus entrepreneurship education along the models of the best business schools, trying to attract
through self employment programmes ï Setup a business incubation monitoring and evaluation system that assesses the performance of
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