of the European communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the
Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for noncommercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through the
emerged from preparatory work in the OECD Working Party for SMES and Entrepreneurship. The wide variation in stages of economic development, institutional
1. This work is an important part of the follow-up to the OECD Â OECD 2004 7
analytical work to be carried out. The issues that are involved are considered further below Fostering women†s entrepreneurship
in the labour force, †An important area where progress can be made is in removing obstacles to female participation in the labour
force. Family-friendly policies, notably as regards child care parental leave arrangements and other child-related
financial support, can have a positive effect on women†s employment generally and entrepreneurial activities more
availability of affordable child care and equal treatment in the workplace. More generally, improving the position of women in society and promoting
healthy and flexibly skilled labour. SME development strategy must be integrated into the broader national  OECD 2004
Work to support whole of government approaches so that trade and investment policies and standard setting are aligned with development co-operation objectives and policies
A recurrent theme in the work summarised here is the need for systematic assessment and review of SME policies
Department of Work and Pensions 71 Local authorities 300 Tax agencies (support services) 81 Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs
A second recurrent theme in the preparatory work for the Istanbul Conference has been the poor empirical basis
economies should be involved in this work where possible â Develop an integrated business statistical register. This requires that countries
of works by Acs and Audretsch, 1988,1990. But at the same time, innovation in small and medium enterprises exhibits some peculiar features that most traditional indicators
were very similar in the sections used in this work. All firms with more than 500 employees were included,
that work closely with only a few customers begin to depend mainly on their own internal 11 resources for ideas rather than seek new information from the outside.
by taking over the front-end skilled design work, GF€ s customers have need no to retain these expensive skills in-house for occasional use,
Figure 3. 3 shows the focus of academic work in the field of innovation models over the last
much of the work is so sector specific, the value is limited. Indeed, apart from some relevant
An extensive and well understood corpus of work exists on product innovation. The most recognized work is associated with Robert Cooper and co-workers,
and is known generally as the â€oestage-gate process†(Cooper, 1994. The stage-gate process, represented in Figure 4. 1
It is not clear whether it works well for service innovation, which, as we shall
â€oei trust the people I work with; I find it easy to be open and honest with people from other
firm should also look for new hires that have diverse work experiences, education demographics, knowledge, skills and abilities so as to bring new perspectives to the table
result, national customers usually have to work with many centers and fail to get the desired
, how the work was recorded, rather than specifically as an aid to subsequent remote, future projects.
•For SMES in the OECD, economic globalisation has created new competitors, especially in low labour cost
of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities. The ability of SMES in the OECD to create,
compete with the low-cost foreign producers,(3) substitute equipment and technology for labour to increase productivity,
Substituting capital and technology for labour, along with shifting production to lower-cost locations has resulted in waves of corporate downsizing throughout Europe and North america.
whereas few large corporations can work up much excitement over such small fish, nor can they accommodate small ventures easily into their
rarely work with other companies; have no development activities; and rarely bring new products on the market.
input is inherently different than the more traditional inputs of labour, capital and land because the value of
expected value of that knowledge, he has no reason to leave. On the other hand, if he places a greater value
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can
â€oeit is not simply the concentration of skilled labour, suppliers and information that distinguish the
But doing so requires skilled labour, and high investments in human capital â'Continual innovation.
industry work in close physical proximity. The narrow division of labour common to large enterprises has been replaced by an organisational structure in
which employees perform a wide variety of different tasks 15 Porter (1990) provides examples of Italian ceramics and gold jewelry as industries in
locations in close proximity to other firms within the network in an effort to preserve small effective work
traditional inputs of production †land, labour, capital †and toward knowledge. As this shift has become
design work, often have an absorptive capacity that recognises and adopts new developments, but they lack
The work adds to the theory of the firm, as it presents a new way
investigation, which I am sure will be helpful in my future research work Thomas Hedner, my dear friend and colleague at Innovation and
enlightening me as the work progressed. His input into the thesis and our general discussions
Technology, for his deep insight into and criticism of my work, which helped me to develop it
interest in my work On a personal level, I have no words that can describe my love and respect to
I present this work in her memory Adli Abouzeedan Gothenburg June 15, 2011 11 Table of contents 1. Introduction 13
however, it is used also in this work in order to align the research text with existing practices. Furthermore, the models do not present performance in a dynamic way
interest to this work are: sales, turn over, intake, and absorption of new technologies indicated by investments in these technologies and total costs of production.
The focus of this work is to discuss SME performance evaluation while accounting for the impact of innovation on firm efficiency in relation to both the firm†s
This work attempts to alert scholars working with firm performance research that a better approach is needed.
An objective of the work is to correlate organization theory (Scott 2003) to the theory of the
It is important to emphasize that this work aims to communicate its message to two types of individuals.
how this work has developed, because the journey was far from conventional. This thesis started a long time ago, back in the early 1990s, after I finished a study at Chalmers
Based on that work the university awarded me, in accordance with its standards, a Phd degree.
done a lot of work in relation to performance within the finance discipline, but their work is not related directly to the way
I tried to build the SIV model Modern finance theory assumes a perfect market (Simkowitz 1972.
SMES often work as suppliers to larger corporations, and as thus transaction costs are highly relevant to their situation.
The initial work to build the desired model (Abouzeedan 2001) applied a textual/statistical analysis method to existing basic information from a Swedish database
Developing this work made it clear to me that there is already a lot of gained experience in the area of building performance models of SMES,
This discussion should also clarify why the reader will see works in this thesis that are focused more on the firm-perspective (paper 1, 2,
I also reflect on some possible future research extensions to this work 28 As a closing note to this introductory chapter, it is worth mentioning that the three
In that work, Klofsten (1992b) described a couple of models that he thought would give the widest possible understanding of the firm performance concept
to my work •The issue of innovation must be considered when constructing performance models for SMES
Klofsten†s (1992b) work focuses on the earlier stages of firm life. He distinguished between two groups of firm models:
â€oesystems and work process that leverage competitiveness. †According to him, it is â€oethe competencies delivered as codified knowledge in the internal environment of the firm and that
theory is limited actually a contribution to a much more encompassing work of analysis of the
works on analyzed data collected by Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939. Social psychologists such as Likert (1961) and Katz et al.
clear in James D. Thompson†s (1967) work. Thompson was among the first to recognize the
Earlier works on the competitive advantage of organization emphasized tangible resources, such financial capital and location (Scott 2003.
thinking is based to a great extent on the work of scholars at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, in England.
Early work in this field recognized the extent to which organizations were shaped by political and legal frameworks, the rules governing market
One new work in this area is the Actor-Networks Theory (ANT. The theory advises us to look at events, actions, and
that future work should broaden the scope of small firm performance predictors to include additional nonfinancial variables (Peel and Peel 1987.
The first three quantitative parameters of interest to this work are the turnover (or sales), production costs, and profit margins.
It leaves the statistical refining work to be performed when analyzing variations of the model in specific contexts of sector and locality
more empirical work If one considers a 45 degree slope to be the lower limit for an SPI indicator
and a lot of empirical work is required to determine a more accurate location for these borders. Furthermore, the borders of the transitional area depend on the
difference between the two companies is that one of them works in a classical economic activity (fishery),
while the other works in healthcare technology. It is possible to generalize these two case studies to assess the ability of the SIV model to address the stated challenges
The existing work handled the issue from various other aspects, such as business strategy and management practices.
The paper originated as a single-authored work, wherein I tried to establish a strategic approach for the usage of SME performance models.
The first is a short work published in 2001, in which we presented the concept of the
This paper presents the first published empirical work, excepting the working paper of 2001 (Abouzeedan 2001), in which the SIV model was used to analyze SME performance
The original work upon which paper 3 was based proposed a new parameter of the SIV model (Abouzeedan 2001, Abouzeedan and Busler 2002) †the Survival Index (SI
The case study presented in this work indicated the analytical power of the new model, as it succeeded in giving a reasonable indication of the worsening situation of the
That led me to write the first version of this work. The first draft of
This work introduced a new type of capital†innovation capital. In the paper, we argued that innovation capital can be used as an indicator for the degree of richness of the
policy-oriented work, and was published in a special volume entitled â€oescience, Technology and Sustainability in the middle East and North africa. †The volume included works from
various scholars who are interested in issues of economic development in that region Summary of paper 5
The company had a work force range of 49†90 employees through the years Summary of paper 7
The firm works to adapt personal cars for the usage of handicapped people, both as drivers and as passengers.
profiling profits from empirical work. The last paper (paper 7) returns the discussion to the
6 gave a good example of how policy profiling profits from empirical work. The last paper, paper
The work achieved in this thesis contributes to firm theory (Cyert and Hedrick 1972, Moss 1984, Amess 2002, Jacobides and Winter 2007, Ricketts 2003), and more
the work contributes to the literature†s correlation of organization theory (Scott 2003) to the
The published works tend to avoid such discussion by focusing on alternative topics, such as business strategy models (Rasheed
future work using the IBAM tool The Arab countries presented a unique case, where each country has an
that promote SMES can use the tools of analysis developed in this work, such as the SIV
empirical work. The Review of Economic Studies 62 (1), 53†82 Ettlie, J. E.,Bridges, W. and O†Keefe, R. D. 1984.
How open source software works: â€oefree†user-to -user assistance. Research Policy 32 (6), 923†943
work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 14 (1), 115†126 Qian, G. and Li, L. 2003.
defenses of a work group in relation to the social structure and technological context of the work system.
Human Relations 4 (1), 3†38 Trott, P. 2008. Innovation management and new product development. 4th edition.
Sociology of Work of the International Sociological Association, the Executive council of the Society for the Advancement of Socioeconomics,
and working times"committee of the Association internationale des sociologues de langue franã§aise. She is also president of the Association d†à conomie politique and editor of the
Chair on Technology and work organization, professeur associã with Ecole nationale d†administration publique and UQAM, she has published many articles and books on
employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization, as well as the articulation between work and family life.
See websites for details www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chaireecosavoir www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chairebell www. teluq. uquebec. ca/interventionseconomiques
It must first be specified that the works by classical analysts of society and its evolution
Although Schumpeter†s works have made it possible to isolate the role of the entrepreneur as a key agent of change in economic organizations, he did not broaden the
Schumpeter and Veblen†s works Veblen and the role of technology Veblen makes an important contribution to the economic analysis of innovation, but
Schumpeter and Veblen†s works constitute important background for the development of an analysis which embeds innovation in society.
â€oeevolutionary†economists who completed their work by proposing a global vision of innovation. For this movement, innovation is a process (Freeman et al.
Vernon†s works show that there are five phases to a product initiated through innovation: novelty, growth, maturity, standardization
evolutionary economists and authors who have drawn on their work. Thus, writings by Chambon, David and Deverey (1982) on social innovation, by Flichy (1995) on technical
The renewal of the concept of innovation is also related to the rediscovery of the works
In the tradition of Mead†s interactionalist perspective of sociology (1934), the works by Lazarsfeld et al.
action pertains to the field of strategy since it works on the action system of an organization
/â€oethe contents of this work reflect the views of the author (s) and do not necessarily represent the position
Innovation capacity of SMES, is the fruit of their work. It showcases a selection of tried-and-tested
or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. Innovation, thus defined, is clearly a much broader notion than R&d and is
inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names images, and designs used in commerce. IP is divided into two categories:
which includes literary and artistic works and is not relevant for the present report 1
INNOSUP-4-2014 within the †Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises†Work Programme
is sent directly to NORT with a short report on the work done. NORT pays the bill directly to
members†relationships in distributed work environments The VE/VO was tested particularly in the field of technological innovation and technology
o Grant for the labour costs of the innovation assistant o Mandatory training of the innovation assistant by a specially designed post
assisted with the development of new products and/or methods in their work o Development of the above-mentioned pilot projects in the selected SMES
H2020 call in the Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises work programme: INNOSUP-5-2014
H2020 call in the Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises work programme: INNOSUP-4-2014
defining their work programme, identifying GPS and analysing their conditions of transferability ï¿INTERACT66: This programme provides assistance to stakeholders that are implementing
technology†in the Horizon 2020 work programme †Innovation in SMES€. The label will help with the
and work together securely. This trend towards †virtual†support through web-based platforms seems
maintain and sustain member relationships in distributed work environments The VE/VO was experimented particularly in the field of technological innovation and technology transfer
Call in the Innovation in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises work programme 2014. Link •INNOSUP-5†2014:
Medium-sized Enterprises work programme. 2014. Link •Innovation and business strategy: why Canada falls short.
European union takes part in the work of the OECD This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-general of the OECD. The opinions expressed
and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the
The report draws on the analytical work carried out by ECOOM Koenraad Debackere, Petra Andries), the Joanneum Research Graz (Christian Hartmann), Technopolis
The genesis of the concept can be traced back to the work of Dominique Foray and Bart van Ark and
theories of economic growth (e g. the theory of the division of labour by Adam smith) and notably trade specialisation.
focused on a combination of structural reform policies-labour reform, competition policy, tax policy, etc and efforts to preserve investments in knowledge based assets such as education and innovation especially
fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
social institutions (labour-employer relations) also affect factor endowments Framework policies. Broad policies such as investment in education and infrastructure, social policies and
regulations in labour and product markets can play a role in shaping specialisation patterns by affecting comparative
The study represents pioneering work in the area of impact analysis in Finland. VTT updates the survey every other year by identifying innovations in economic
9 For example, Universities can provide private and public authorities both with strategic advice and experts to work
The GRDC works closely with its two key stakeholders †Australian grain growers and the Australian Government.
the life sciences and biotech) have agreed to take up the work set out by imec further and see whether this
institutes and universities that work in this field. Most notable are the University of Gent with a strong
as well as a highly skilled labour force. The external connectivity of the cluster is relatively high, for a number of reasons.
their work that are most relevant to their future. The FISCH office pools these articulations;
and skilled labour. Skills shortages and gaps are most urgent in the medium and higher skilled segments of
But it may also pay off for the ELAT region as a whole to pool available labour resources
presence of scientific and technological infrastructure to work with and to assist the automotive industry
strategy (Ultra-low carbon vehicles in the United kingdom) to coordinate public sector activity and work with industry and academia to build on the R&d activities of the automotive industry to make the United
The NAIGT initiated three phases of work to achieve this Phase 1-the NAIGT developed a mutually agreed Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Product
Its work was delivered through an industry led steering group of senior industrialists, academics and financial analysts experienced in the sector.
To help take forward the Council†s work, two subgroups were created. The Supply Chain Group aims to build consensus on the challenges in the UK supply chain
SEMIP works in consultation with industry and the organisation is chaired currently by an industry representative
live, invest and work INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 98 Â OECD 2013
providing ongoing employment and creating an environment that allows workplace mobility and hence the possibility of open innovation and idea â€oecross fertilisationâ€
to avoid duplicate work within the companies of the Upper Austrian Innovation Holding and to identify
As science, technology and labour market for world class experts became global, only global ambitions can lead to sustainable
represents pioneering work in the area of impact analysis in Finland. It is even internationally unique since
Each cluster has to define indicators that will allow evaluating its work and progress. The
resources to optimal use by taking part in a cluster, benefit from an improved division of labour or supply
development strategy took over 2 years of thorough cooperative works involving many actors, including experts and citizens.
assets provided for the purpose of conducting R&d works in enterprises; innovative solutions by providing financial assistance to pre-competitive research in enterprises
Maå opolska which focuses on gathering information and improving knowledge of the regional labour market and education
Labour unions are the least important actors in the Smart Specialisation process both at regional and national levels
Labour unions Countries Regions INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 184 Â OECD 2013
•How favourable are working conditions for researchers in your region? How much mobility between the public science and the private sector does exist in your region (i e. are
for technical work, capital investment for plant and equipment, marketing and promotions. They went on to clarify that larger size have a key enabling condition because of access to key
Leseure (2000) in support observed that, works in one organisation does not necessarily apply to another and managerial practices vary from one
empowerment and engagement, trust, training, job rotation, and the extent and range of individual networks. At project level it included a diverse mix of project team members
engagement, trust, training, job rotation, and the extent and range of individual networks Educational background of the founder was ranked 63
works in cities and towns, and by 2050 some 82 %of the continent†s population will be concentrated
technology is the work of man, and therefore, by definition, can be influenced 1. 2. The main theme
and technology is the work of man, and that we ourselves determine to a large extent how it is given shape and form
innovations involving the organisation of work were the driving force behind new extremely successful production systems 10 Innovation processes are neither linear nor causal
Innovation is the work of man, but making science and technology work is by no means easy.
work of †a scientist of genius who can propose new combining, go against the tide,
-work is still very fuzzy. However, we can distinguish at least following two approaches •The transaction cost perspective identifies networks
products, materials or labour, is owned independently and operated, and is dominant in its field on a national basis. The
International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly hills, CA: Sage 8 Lumpkin, G. T, . & Dess, G g. 1996).
trends in the international division of labour towards task specialization within clusters make local innovation systemsless likely to be effective as procurement
organizational structures and routines, such as participation in decision making, job rotation and interdepartmental communication and cooperation (Justin et al 2005, Reece 2007, Piralis and
As building capacity of subcontractors is a painstaking and risky process, exporters work with trusted subcontractors and retain complex sampling,
but I cannot leave. There would be no character in the design and business. A silver smith that worked for
did not work, and he lost this job as well. †Firms are aware of their small base to manage
chain management or even leave Yogyakarta Environmental regulations in Europe and the USA steer innovation towards environmental
regularly invites foreign designers to work with subcontractors. Their subcontractors, however notice no difference in innovation between APIKRI and commercial exporters.
This report represents a continuation of work by the WBCSD in the areas of sustainability, innovation,
biotechnologies were important starting points for our work Appendices ITSS layout cag 2. qxd 05.08.2002 10:49 Page 30
rely on creative work protectable by copyright Effective management of IP rights may provide new business opportunities for companies with the
a long delay for obtaining a patent leaves a great degree of uncertainty and delays the possibility of
-today work, IPOS are increasingly devoting resources to a range of additional services aimed at facilitating
EU Member States, is to give advice on the work programme standardisation mandates and on the adoption of possible
The action plan was adopted after much preparatory work and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is
the work conducted by several research projects (such as Rosatte †http://www. ertico. com/about-rosatte) and taking
was launched to support the European Commission†s work towards a European multimodal journey planner and to
regions †this work should include benchmarking and standardisation on door-to -door information flows, interfaces between the transport modes, traffic management
Based on the outcome of this work and if appropriate or required, specifications may be elaborated under the ITS Directive
Building on this work, specifications related to intelligent truck parking should also be elaborated under the ITS Directive
be among the activities taking work forward on cooperative systems >>Coopers (Cooperative Systems for Intelligent
>support and monitor the work of ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute †http://www. etsi. org) and CEN (the European
for standardisation work. For V2i and V2v, ETSI adopted the European Communications Architecture for Cooperative
the 2009 and 2010 ICT standardisation work programmes CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation â€
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