Knowledge-Intensive Work. The Academy of Management Journal, 47 (6), 928-937 Damanpour, F. 1996.
or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations†(OECD, 2005.
than half of the Romanian SMES work to improve their products and services 3. 3 Main approaches to innovation for Romanian SMES
This work was supported by the strategic grant POSDRU/159/1. 5/S/133255, Project ID 133255 (2014), co
to work for at least four years. By 2009 the program had funded about 500 young Andalusians and
programmes that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and, most pertinent for innovation, develop the pipeline of highly skilled workers that help transmit knowledge
for OTRIS to work with small firms and prompt them to focus their efforts on working with more
determining how benefits should be shared in the course of contractual work National regulations have imposed also restrictions on the mobility of university researchers
taking a temporary leave from the university to form a private company. The act governing
The past work of RETA should be capitalised on for the future development of the region in at
ii) the work of ICT literacy of SMES; iii) the survey of the innovative needs of local small firms.
and for a stronger sectoral flavour to their work. Secondly, through the NOVAPYME programme RETA has introduced small and peripheral firms to the use of simple ICT solutions (e g. electronic
) This work could be followed up by ICT-specialised organisations that could assist small firms in introducing more complex solutions such as e-commerce.
ï Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors
ï Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees
manual, semiskilled and technically skilled labour The higher the level of human capital the greater is the return for both the firm (in terms of
the Labour Market Research and Development Institutions Framework and Governance Start -Ups/New Firm Formation
there are four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship in all its forms:(1) higher education;(
extensive work experience;(3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system
This has come to reinforce labour intensive sectors such as tourism construction, and partly agriculture. Fig. 1 illustrates population growth during the last eleven years
Labour utilisation and labour productivity The recent economic crisis has struck Spain severely, and Andalusia has been no exception
conceals a remarkable share of labour informality, which negatively impacts on labour productivity Andalusia is ranked 14
th amongst the 17 Spanish regions (i e. Autonomous Communities) with regard to labour productivity. This is the outcome of the local industry structure but also of low levels of
formal tertiary education (see Table 1). Low labour productivity has also a dent on regional GDP per
2010), differences in labour productivity accounted for 83%of spatial variation in GDP per capita in
the restructuring of labour-intensive sectors such as shipbuilding, chemicals, metalworking, etc mainly with a view to preserving jobs and improving the competitiveness of large companies.
Work experience is important to innovation in part because a long career path brings broader
Increasingly, researchers interested in regional innovation have focused on the role of labour mobility, particularly transnational immigration patterns.
2) extensive work experience; 3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system;
a 1985 immigration law restricts the ability of immigrants to work, forcing them to obtain a job offer
before seeking work visas and residency permits. A 2005 opinion survey of the Spanish public found
Although labour and immigration policies and programs come under the purview of the national government, regions can still take action to attract immigrants by fostering a positive climate.
work in unskilled occupations. The immigrant population has increased from less than 1%of the total population in the early 1990s (mostly British and German retirees) to 8. 8%in 2009, mostly Latin
international universities, on the condition that they return to the region to work for four years.
that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and, most pertinent for
or a new organizational method in business practices†workplace organization or external relations††takes place at these low-tech firms
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
and flexible access to labour to compete in the global market Despite these issues, regions are seeking to link workforce development to economic
trainees become more familiar with workplace practices, and the intermediary may act as an employment broker, introducing workers to prospective employers.
advanced work receive incentives if they hire locally. Ideally, they will be able to train and hire
multilingual websites that work in different national contexts. However, only a few localization training programs exist, leading to a human capital deficit in this area.
International Labour Review 141,1-2: 123-159 Bates, T. 1990. Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity.
and how it's transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New york, NY: Basic books Giloth, R. 2000.
benefits should be shared in the course of contractual work National regulations have imposed also traditionally restrictions on the mobility of university
work for one year and also offer additional support to the companies in the form of economic
as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the
medical research as well as training technicians for later work in hospitals. Citius has a number of joint
and go to work for a start up company with any assurance that they will be able to return from that employment to their university position
difficult for universities to work with small firms and, as a consequence, they focus their efforts on
Consultancy work 21.8 Patent exploitation 4. 6 Joint ventures with Universities 3. 7 Commissioning of R&d
consultancy arrangement works out to the firm†s satisfaction, studies indicate that they often move on to the next level of involvement with the university researcher or research team in terms of engaging in
the universities revealed that the universities themselves are much happier when RETA works with them to bring individual firms to the research office
sets in demand by the second tier of innovative companies that RETA works with. This could be rolled
usually involves engaging university students in alternating work study terms throughout the course of their undergraduate or first degrees.
from their work terms into the university classroom. This example is discussed in further detail in one
administrations in locating work placements for their students. In successful coop programs, this is usually accomplished through the provision of several dedicated university personnel to the task of
identify the firms that would be interested in providing work placements for students in a cooperative
evaluate their performance in the workplace before hiring them. The Co-op Program is attributed with †putting knowledge on the streetsâ€,
find firms willing to take the students on work placement Relevance to Andalusia The key lesson to be drawn from this experience is that the patient investment of resources in a
coop education initiative in finding the work placements for students For further information http://www. cecs. uwaterloo. ca/about
work that has recently been carried out on the future evolution of technology parks. However, it is
Europe becomes a more attractive place to invest and work 1. Extend and deepen the internal market
anecdotal evidence, the impression is that young Andalusians continue to prefer the relative labour market security of the public sector. Nevertheless,
Their main role was to commission work from a range of different organisations to ensure the delivery
particularly of capital and labour, from the more productive and internationally competitive sectors of the economy.
although its strategy is to work with firms in particular sectors (e g. aeronautical biotechnology, renewable energy) which are important in terms of targeting rather than risking a lower
RETA€ s model of work, the broad objective of having †technology agentsâ€, providing †one-stop†shop
dominated with over 2 000 independent producers in a labour intensive sector that has 3 000 direct
that involve lending material and equipment and even labour in some cases (Maskell 1998 Christensen, 2010
provides generous provision for vocational training and retraining both for those in work and the unemployed.
hiring and firing of labour while employees are given generous social protection and rights to retraining †has been attributed as a major factor in the resilience of Danish SMES through past crises
autonomy from the state but involve the key stakeholders in different sectors (e g. businesses, labour
of RETA€ s work. The collaboration between OTRI and RETA should not just focus on R&d-intensive
RETA€ s future will also depend on its ability to learn from its previous work. The experience of
Some of the work started by RETA could also be resumed and brought forward by other
This work could be followed up by ICT-specialised organisations assisting small firms to introduce more complex solutions such as e-commerce.
To summarise, the work done by RETA over the last years should be capitalised, if anything to
and this is where careful planning of the work of intermediary agencies can be particularly useful
Entrepreneurship works when new firms are formed, when new skills are developed and deployed, and when new talent is able to work with new products and services.
However, harnessing talent among these communities for work in growing sectors could open up opportunities for new products and markets.
ï Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors
ï Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees
Alex, thanks for accepting to lead this work when it was still only a project
With regard to the use of SME samples, we decided to work with small and medium -sized companies,
and labour intensity. The American Economic Review, 91,320-334 Dimitratos, P.,Lioukas, S. and Carter, S. 2004.
What web merchants can do is using the information that online customers leave behind when browsing the Internet,
Companies as Amazon and Netflix are the living proof that personalization works They have used this tool for many years and as a result,
-consuming work and the problems that appear when one enters a foreign market Consumer trust is vital
What works for Germany does not necessarily have to work for China or Brazil, for instance.
Therefore, you will have to investigate, among other things, relevant trust marks, payment options, and laws and regulations.
applying KETS will enable producers to using labour, capital, energy and other inputs more efficiently.
reside in another country than the country of the workplace Industry Impacts and Market Potentials
the system work European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 44error! Unknown document property name.
health and safety concerns, cluster network organisation have to establish a certain work ethic to address these issues.
labour costs, such as Asian countries (Mowery, et al, 2007 43 The most recent R&d data of the OECD Technology Outlook 2008 does not go beyond 2006
while 1, 200 graduates leave higher education per year. In comparison, the closely related sector of IT and software employs 14,000 people with 2, 200
While work in the past was focused on †demand pull†activities such as improved mobile phone functionality, the decisions for these functions were external to the cluster.
not-for-profit national industry association that works to articulate a national strategy for the
1) the highly skilled labour pool and commercial talent, 2) a strong cluster policy supported by federal and regional funds,
High skilled labour pool and commercial talent Generally, Canada has skilled a highly workforce and several world leading microelectronics
leading research laboratories and prestigious universities providing a strong high skill labour pool. Its key asset in this respect is the Minatec campus where public researchers, university
slightly skilled and stable labour pool, a local lead customer base with many corporate headquarters located in the province,
attracting and retaining highly skilled labour Significant numbers of and spin-offs creating a dynamic business environment
production, work, life, and entertainment, and which attracts high-tech professionals and technologies. The park is surrounded by a number of renowned science and engineering
behind it was explained not until Pasteur†s work in the 19th century. Nowadays methods of molecular biology are used in a targeted manner
and temporary work, but it did provided not subsidised services. Later on, when the biotechnology cluster was established already,
Local economic development agency PÃ'le Quã bec Chaudiã re-Appalaches works closely with Montrã al-based Investissement Quã bec as well as companies and institutions from the area to
This also results in a strong labour pool with highly qualified technical personnel available. A
Low labour costs Favourable loans available from Investissement Quebec Funding available for collaboration High level of Venture capital (lack though
production and labour costs in China Market structure 70 percent SME€ s Large firms are e g.
there is a pressing requirement for increasing productivity through robot usage as labour costs are and will remain high in Europe.
the amount of hard labour that is needed in the manufacturing process and that is taken over for example by robots.
work-related accidents go down Importance of sustaining production capabilities AMT have been characterised as requiring a solution tailored to a specific customer†s needs
These models all seem to work, but we strongly believe they also do because they are suited
A likely shortage of skilled labour should be tackled through both education and immigration policies -A vital venture capital market is important for commercialising research results in KETS
 work  undertaken  by  the  authors  in  this  field4
 work  study  analyst  in  the  early  1970s  undertaking
 work   He  recalls  describing  the  area  as
 work  and  re- †occupied  by  new  tenants
 work  drew  on  other  studies  including  Durmaz  B
 work  and  social  environment  in  which  the  enterprise
 workplace  and  business  environment  design  •Industry- †specific
 work  more  from  home  our  research  is  revealing
 work- †place  Business  owners  have  to  be
 work  effectively  with  their  creative  suppliers  and  partners
 Work  Shop† CBRE  AND  Henley  Business  School Â
Yet apart from Chesbrough's 2003 pioneering work, there are few studies exploring the important relationship between OI and
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training One of the crucial elements holding the open innovation system together is its human and social capital.
strong specialisation in innovative labour; the efï ciency of resource allocation; accelerating knowledge ï ows at lower costs
3. 8. Beneï ting from strong specialisation in innovative labour Economists have shown that the growth of amore complex division of labour is closely bound to the growth of total production
and trade, which strengthens a country's competitiveness 73. When closed innovation prevailed, the economy of specialisation
There is a natural labour division in knowledge generation and commercialisation between ï rms of different sizes.
of labour through an open innovation model OI theory purports that innovators do not necessarily implement all innovation stages,
Through this innovative labour specialisation, companies may be able to focus their strengths on some parts
Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91 3. 13. Online social networks:
Next, NSI effectiveness can be boosted through greater labour specialisation in the innovation ï eld. Finally, NSI will
general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour, Res Policy 23 (5)( 1994) 523†532
98 H. Katajisto, J. Kimari, Education, Training and Demand for Labour in Finland by 2015, Finnish National Board of education, Helsinki, 2005
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training 3. 6. Open innovation improves the effectiveness of NSI
3. 8. Benefiting from strong specialisation in innovative labour 3. 9. Improving the efficiency of resource allocation
why their work tools aren†t all available as mobile apps, as they are in the rest of their lives
But it also extends through their work experience they actively seek out opportunities to work in other
parts of the business and in other geographic regions And they engage extensively outside the business by, for
work †opening up the potential for one-to-one video meetings instead. Amazon, an online retailer, is using digital to invent new
business processes work, and how these all fit together, †adds Tom Velema, EY€ s EMEIA IT Advisory Leader. †Otherwise you
Her work in using mobile and analytics to drive greater sales is representative of where this role is headed (see next trait for more
digital changes the way many businesses work, opening up wholly new possibilities, but people have to buy into this vision, and
the core of the business and how it works, in order to explain how it can change in future
Prins, who prefers to keep work-related topics out of social media uses his passion for cycling as a source for non-work-related
updates and links them to technology, which in turn has helped him to forge a range of positive connections across the business
They are happy in their work: 64%plan to remain where they are, or move into a
approach to their education and work experience Se ct io n 4 It is clear that digital CIOS take a different approach to tackling their
High job satisfaction The first thing to point out is that digital-ready CIOS appreciate the opportunity they hold:
express greater satisfaction with their work than their IT-intensive industry peers do. This is especially striking in three areas
%The work-life balance 33 %37%The allocation of resources such as head count and budget to IT
Digital-ready CIOS are willing to leave their home turf They show a greater enthusiasm to spend time elsewhere in the
%Motivation and hard work Percentage of respondents who have chosen 8, 9 or 10 on a scale from 1=not required at all
work without taking people into accountâ€. â€oeenterprises of all sizes should be more flexible in
tied connection between the work tax and the suburb economy, comparing that between the income tax and gray economy.
5. Unemployment and Labour Activation Measures 45â 6. Business Process Outsourcing & Shared Services and the South East
s labour and market skills analysis work on infrastructure requirements and on national development strategies. It includes inputs from Enterprise Ireland (EI), IDA and SFI, Fá
Finally, the percentage of those with lower secondary and below in the labour force in the South East is high (23 percent) compared to the national average (19 percent
and work in the area. Fáilte Ireland are currently developing a regional tourism development
A Business Support Unit has been established within the City council to work alongside the enterprise agencies and undertake promotional activities for the City internationally.
absorptive capacity weaknesses to work with the research teams and to make best use of the research
which builds on the work of Irish Energy Research Council and the EPA research programmes27.
and an ability to work in multidisciplinary environments33. The HEIS in the region will have a
improvement works at the Dunbrody museum in New Ross Fáilte Ireland supports tourism training and education at the Waterford Institute of
5. Unemployment and Labour Activation Measures Regional Unemployment Profile42 Overall, employment in the South East has declined by 37,200 relative to Q2 2008
The HEA Springboard initiative, aimed at assisting unemployed people to re-enter the labour market through the provision of part-time courses in areas of identified skills needs,
with direct access to employers and the workplace. The initiative is aimed solely at the unemployed and grant funded at 100 percent to ensure that job seekers can participate at nil
labour that could not be met from domestic or EEA sources. There was a significant contraction in the number of new employment permits issued to workers in the South East
Machinery Operatives †create additional needs given the unfavourable short term labour market outlook for sectors such as construction and traditional manufacturing.
 Industry and education and training providers need to work more closely together in the development and revision of course curricula to ensure that students have the most
 Work Placements: Structured internships and opportunities providing work experience opportunities within enterprise are hugely valuable in improving the success of students
and job†seekers. Internships should have identified goals and outcomes with a particular focus on employability  The Jobbridge programme should be examined with a view to identifying best practice
 From the perspective of FDI in shared services, IDA continues to work to attract
Call centre Technology also enables people to work from home, instead of in a traditional centralised, call centre location
the scale of the labour pool, and availability of multilingual skills in an urban area, and ease
but also for skills and labour 56 http://www. idaireland. com/news-media/announcements /58 Future growth opportunities exist particularly in the financial services sector and in the public
challenged to compete effectively because of the relatively high labour cost base here. Initial savings can certainly be offered,
 The Enterprise development agencies also continue to work with existing firms through transformational change initiatives:
The Prospecting team†s work will focus on emerging export opportunities which the companies could hope to start generating revenue from in the next 2-5 years.
but also for their ability to work in a customer-oriented, continuously improving organisation  Ireland†s strong cohort of SSC Masters should be leveraged, sharing best practice
Researchers at SEAM work with a diverse range of companies in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and medical devices, electronics
majority of this work has been funded through EI€ s Innovation Voucher Scheme. The TSSG has created 11 spinouts in the mobile services/internet application space.
SFI will continue to work with IDA and EI to provide the people and ideas to underpin enterprise development in the region, as it is essential that the
but may not always reflect increased work or output levels. Also, not all GVA growth can be considered positive.
 Facilitating works at St. Mullins  New recreation hall in Bagenalstown  New Town Parks in Carlow and Tullow
 Works have commenced on the water supply to Belview Port (completion 2010  Contract signed for Thomastown Waste Water Treatment Plant
 Water conservation rehabilitation works Wexford  Wexford Opera house  Broadband MAN in Wexford Town  M11 Gorey Bypass
Drivers Costs, Labour Value, time to market, scale flexibility Stage of Industry development Mature Relatively young,
skills, ability to work in a team and leadership skills are all relevant  In activities that involve HR services or Finance/Accounting †an understanding of country
ï§Informed the work of the Midwest Task force appointed by the Tánaiste and supported
from its endowment of natural resources, population, labour, its economic and social capital, infrastructure and its location relative to markets.
labour/talent Leadership and Strategic Capacity outlining relevant organisations and indications of locally driven initiatives
This leaves a potential gap in terms of designated regional leadership and authority to ensure adherence to the RPGS post 2010.
are finding themselves without work and with uncertain prospects in the short term. The interest in entrepreneurship has increased significantly
Much of this work is undertaken at national level, and cross -agency collaboration has been effective in this regard over recent years.
commute to the GDA to work. The Midland's central location and close proximity to Dublin
and a demonstrated ability to work collaboratively to achieve objectives Points of interest and potential
HEIS to consider work placement where students would take up opportunities in a flexible and cost effective way42
45 This work has contributed to the deliberations of the Midwest Task force appointed by the Tá
but also presents an opportunity to work with this distinctive diversity through a more coordinated regional approach.
and will choose where they want to live and work. Quality of life factors take on a new dimension in this context
an attractive quality of life †basically a good place to work, live and to do business In this context it is important that a location
labour/talent Leadership and Strategic Capacity outlining relevant organisations and indications of locally driven initiatives
However, continuing cost pressures, particularly in more labour intensive activities, combined with the deteriorating economic conditions globally present
and perhaps also a missed opportunity to work with this distinctive diversity through a more
and an ability to work in multidisciplinary environments22. The HEIS in the region will have a key role to play in developing and
government and it seeks to facilitate the supply of appropriately skilled labour to local employers by identifying regional skills needs
EI also works closely with the CEBS in the region, for example, enabling access to the EI
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