from the work undertaken on this topic. These messages and recommendations provide material from which governments may draw in promoting innovative SMES in the global economy
Further work by researchers in 13 OECD countries based on large scale statistical surveys provides evidence that the use of ICT can
inefficiency in the use of capital and labour, e g. by reducing inventories, and that the more customers or
ongoing work programme of the Consumer Policy Committee on ADR issues, and take into account initiatives in other international organisations and d the private sector
works closely with the E-business Opportunities Roundtable, a private sector initiative, on a series of regional events to help SMES understand
social market economy, 50 proposals for improving our work, business and exchanges with one another hereafter †Towards a Single Market Actâ€) COM (2010) 608,27. 10.2010, available at
acquis has promoted the cross-border availability of copyright protected works. Many other stakeholders took the opposite view
service particularly known for sharing pirated works, was not a hosting service provider •The Stockholm District Court103, without providing details of its argumentation
files containing a musical, cinematographic or audiovisual work in respect of which the applicant claims to hold intellectual property rights, with a view to blocking the
such as pirated or counterfeited works, information about both up-and downloaders needs to be shared between the right holders and intermediaries
It includes practical examples showing how the Directive works. The guidelines must evolve in response to the input received from national enforcers, the
importantly, online service providers adapt works according to the linguistic and cultural tastes of each country in an attempt to maximise economic returns e g. film distributors
legal framework for the multi-territorial licensing of musical works for online services will encourage the uptake of new business models that provide online services to
digitisation and making available of"orphan works"."198 Orphan works are works such as books, newspapers or films that are protected still by copyright but whose
copyright holders are known not or cannot be traced. Therefore, the right holders cannot be contacted to give their permission for libraries and archives to digitise their
works and make them available online. The lack of a common EU framework on orphan works is a particular obstacle to the development of European large-scale
digital libraries. As part of its efforts towards the creation of digital libraries, the Commission brokered a Memorandum of Understanding with Key Principles between
They differ from orphan works in that their right holders (authors and publishers) are known. 199 3. The proper functioning of the Internal Market requires the development of a durable
-protected works is collected in the form of levies on recording media or recording equipment (photocopiers, printers, Mp3 players, CDS and DVDS etc..
online distribution of audiovisual works on 13 july 2011 which was open until 18 November 2011.201 On the basis of the results of the public consultation, the
works, COM (2011) 289 final, 24.05.2011, available at http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/docs/orphan-works/proposal en. pdf
199 See for more details European commission, Memorandum of Understanding: Key Principles on the Digitisation and Making Available of Out-of-Commerce Works, 20.09.2011, available at
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/copyright-infso/copyright-infso en. htm#mou 200 On 23 november 2011, Mr. Antã nio Vitorino, former European Commissioner for Justice and Home
and their work is crucial in Europe's pluralistic and democratic society. Protecting author's rights for journalists and ensuring that they maintain a say
over how their works are exploited is central to maintaining independent, high-quality and professional journalism. Publishers play an important role in disseminating the
work of writers, journalists, researchers, scientists, photographers and other creators The Commission believes it important to safeguard the rights that journalists and
publishers have over the use of their works on the Internet, in particular in view of the
Commission work on collective redress at the EU level is scheduled in the Commission Work Programme for
Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Commission work
One of the achievements of this work programme is notably the so-called"e-commerce moratorium"(WTO members will not charge import duties on
The work programme has been ongoing since 1998 and covers all trade related aspects of e-commerce
-protected work -IPR holder -nature infringement -location infringing material -declaration that content is terrorism-related
relevant work -infringement statement -description of infringement including file name -copyright statement -date and time
Within the study, our work highlights that open innovation in is impeded by risks related to technology, market place, collaboration among partners, financial sources availability, clients needs, workforce
premise of open innovation is â€oenot all the smart people work for youâ€, hence triggering the need to
reduced risk as others put their human capital to work on risky propositions; and accelerated time-to-market as innovation is freed from the shackles of the
transparent global supply chain, labour and technology supply, information flows, customer needs and expectation, and cost structures.
and talented external researchers to work for the firm Since the geographical and cultural differences in the global market, the supply of quality labour
may be inadequate for the firm. Later on, a firm must carefully maintain its employee relation and
conduct reasonable workforce management in order to cut down the turnover rate among work force (Brunold and Durst, 2012
and talented external collaborators to work for the firm. However, due to geographical, cultural or merely strategic differences in the global market
the supply of quality labour may be inadequate for the firm. Retention risk acts as a major constrain
Within the research, our work highlights that companies are allured to enter external partnerships to enrich their knowledge base,
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution †Noncommercial †Share Alike 3. 0 Unported licence, available at
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licence to this one •For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the licence terms of this work.
The best way to do this is with a link to this web page •Any of the above conditions can be waived
if you get permission from the copyright holder Layout: European commission Concept & Reproduction: Luxembourg Publication Office of the European union, 2014
ISBN 978-92-79-33017-9 Catalogue number: KK-AI-13-001-EN-C doi:
indeed citizens to learn, network and work together for progress We learnt at the conference that the problems
financial crisis in the light of the excellent work done on knowledge capital, structural intellectual capital and the effects on national competitiveness
one example, the work of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is a step in the
-work effect Another key concept for creating successful innov -ations and accelerating their adoption, particularly
idea that works in one sector can span a boundary and be adapted successfully to generate new value
hard work. HEE is especially important as according to a report from the Global Entrepreneurship Moni
also the possibility to focus the development work in right direction for impact. Experimentation as
To make this work earlier in the innovation process the Commission is cover -ing the risk in selected areas by precommercial pro
-works are the driving force. An innovation network is an informal or formal grouping based on trust, shared resources
-tallising the collective work of the LL stakehold -ers. Hence, new concepts, artefacts and solutions
a proper balance between the work environment settings, individual comfort of office employees work efficiency,
and reduction of energy consumed by an office during regular work hours. In accord -ance with these high-level objectives, pilot applica
-tion was designed by INT and the developed Smart Office prototype was deployed to the testing office
model that could work for any use case. This has enforced the idea to create a holistic UX model that
based on previous work like for example on hedonic or ergonomic quality 33 Figure 12.1: Resulting Score for the Model Completeness and Simplicity
This work was carried out in the context of the ELLIOT EU ICT Project that was funded partly by
works-in progress and overhead are very high compared to software. Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices
work environment. As the market further matures companies need to have focused more customer targets and value propositions.
-works, seed capital funds, etc RELATIONSHIPS: Here we distinguish between two main types of relationships as the social evolution
development work, they would also have the power to propose new types of innovations, which then
-works and other agglomerations) at the regional level (23 Civil society as the fourth pillar of the Quadruple
work public sector •Marketer, e g. to raise awareness of user-ori -ented innovation models and practices among
-works. As in Mode 2, Mode 3 emphasises parallel processes, where basic, applied and experimental
Microtask outsources office work. Zen Robotics specialises in automating recycling. Valkee makes a device that lifts wintry dark moods by shooting bright light into the ear canal.
trum, often to help parents deal with the practical problems of combining fullâ time work and
8) Ex post evaluation of the ERDF 2000†2006, Work Package 11: Management and Implementation Systems
Research, Work Research Centre. further references:(16 18)( 19)( 21 17) Carayannis, E g.,, Campbell, D. 2009) †Mode 3â€
-works of clustered partners. Knowledge, talent and funding flows between them; thus building intercon -nected knowledge that breeds intra-and entrepre
that are a physical location where people work -ing in a KIC from all disciplines and cultures come
EIT ICT Labs leads a collaborative effort to work on industry standards. If they succeed in creating
-ods to work in centres where individuals from differ -ent types of organisations and cultures (nationalities
-work enterprises, with their co-location nodes becom -ing switching points in the European scheme of over
-tems and work streams, involving parties special -ised in various domain areas within the ecosystems
-works and ecosystems required for service delivery and business model development and validation Emergent questions included also issues related
Programme level work was allocated not specific resources, and impact was monitored not systematically by the projects
for successful work include timing, noncompetitive setup and execution focus in the projects. The work
of the horizontal groups is considered of more rele -vance as the projects tackle similar issues at the
Partnership Work Programmes 2011†2013â€. FI-PPP€ s website is: http://www. fi-ppp. eu
provide support to less skilled labour, for it required 82 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4
6) International Labour Office (ILO)( April 2010) G20 Country Briefs †Australia†s response to the crisis
Meeting of Labour and Employment Ministers. Retrieved from http://www. dol. gov/ilab/media/events/G20
due to increased access to education and labour costs emerging countries Access to knowledge it is democratised now.
In a work environment as competitive as described before, the only factor that can lead to success
watching a teacher speaks no longer works. Most students are digital natives and they are accus
Now thanks to the work of innovation gurus we know that it is possible to develop a cul
Israeli students to work in a company, their prefer -ence is to work on their own developing own ideas
work related to the collection, preparation, ana -lysis, visualisation, management and preservation of large amounts of informationâ€.
-works, call centre operations, and external services such as 911 emergency networks. The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels
-dant systems and processes that duplicate work across government states and departments, spark -ing resistance from those who feel it will take over
structure works also across sectorial boundaries linking the best excellence to create new inno -vations and to achieve best results,
all the operative work of OIA takes place in the centres that focus on different fields of expertise,
staff where the practical work is done Example of Oulu Innovation Alliance Innovation Centres and Open Innovation †Center for
same time researchers gets feedback to their work from users of research results what to study next
work in all the strong sectors of Oulu The OIA collaboration is playing an important role
-works, making it even more successful and attractive The international approach to innovation, as well as Oulu†s excellence in the field of interactive 3d Inter
years of works and debates, the world of connected objects faces a tremendous increase in innovations
-lars that work together, holistically supported by a cross-stage communication and dissemination process •A European network of business incubators and
•determination and willingness to work with open technologies to build innovative and tech -nologically challenging projects and products, in
-work across Europe as well as virtual incubation and embedding in the innovation ecosystems these incubators are a part of
work it is important to establish whether there is a risk for escalating behaviour In the living lab a †base camp†has been opened
therefore more work is being created than one might think at first sight. The renewal rate of the
-works to reflect the current landscape One of the main challenges businesses are facing in the sharing economy is defined their strongly
-duction team within the company works with the Quirky Global Community, covering all parts of the
Local Motors also works with large enterprises through hosted challenges, whereby the enter -prise may outsource a design task to the Local
-works go some way to help in that process but the scope for experimentation and exploration within
Legal work has to deal with very difficult legal inter -pretation and very often †for securing the com
works. Unfortunately, this seems not to be the case even today. I am afraid our legal education system
The nature of the work evolves from legal compliance towards risk management In a dynamic world, a 100%certainty may kill the
Numerical analysis of what works best Apple is the other side of the virtual spectrum.
-cesses does not always work in radical changing environments, because the user does not know
worker, we are more and more likely to be work -ing with people influenced by attitudes and val
-works of open innovation, but adds alternative approaches like copycatting, exploring organisa -tional taboos to accelerate innovation
people who take their work seriously, but not them -selves, those who work hard and play hardâ€
We innovators are very fond of describing and explaining how the world should work in terms of metrics and models.
implementation in work groups. Applied psychology: An International Review, 51 (3), 355†424 4) Amabile, T. M. 1996.
work/life balances for citizens: wherever and when -ever. Wearable technologies supported by Internet coaching will create well-being lifestyles for young
practices alike, there is a need for additional work to advance the knowledge regarding open innovation
provide a broad range of work fields in the area of craftsmen businesses including carpenters
Accordingly, they may have to work in several consecutive steps, which in some cases look like a bootstrapping strategy
processing steps and were thus more expensive when manufactured in countries with high-labour costs.
hospitalisation is the central concept around which the consortium works. The Patient Room of the
started a glass works company that produced its own line of glass instruments. This Belgian company
who complained that they only could do real nursing work during 50%of their working time.
Disciplining disloyal partners only works under certain circumstances. First, a strong leader must operate in the network,
partners only works if the innovation network is instrumental in creating a competitive advantage for the companies involved.
Some of the networks work with open books to ensure that all partners involved use fair overhead costs
collaboration and are eager to work with the venture Finally, Toine also had to license the technology from DSM.
detected that the existing turbo-fryers on the market did not work, and his simple adaptation to the air
o Licensing to small firms implies significant work in return for small licensing revenues The venture manager,
What works is a vision, not a dream. In most cases, the vision can be considered as a new
nineties already that the role of formal reporting structures and detailed work processes had diminished a role in favor of informal networks of employees.
or stimulating employees†external work contacts in order to enhance opportunity exploration. The survey data allowed distinguishing between
and discusses the limitations and implications of our work 2. Open innovation Traditionally, large ï rms relied on internal R&d to
Work has become more knowledge-based and less rigidly deï ned. In this context employees can be involved in innovation processes in
work of Von Hippel (2005) users are regarded increasingly not as just passive adopters of innovations, but they may
) This work concludes that innovation in SMES is hampered by lack of ï nancial resources, scant opportu
Past work has shown that there is a great deal of difference in the innovation strategies of small
Drawing on previous work we expected that the incidence and trend towards open innovation would be
Future work should further investigate how organizations engage in open innovation outï ows of knowledge,
and discusses the limitations and implications of our work 2. Open innovation Traditionally, large ï rms relied on internal R&d to
Work has become more knowledge-based and less rigidly deï ned. In this context employees can be involved in innovation processes in
work of Von Hippel (2005) users are regarded increasingly not as just passive adopters of innovations, but they may
) This work concludes that innovation in SMES is hampered by lack of ï nancial resources, scant opportu
Past work has shown that there is a great deal of difference in the innovation strategies of small
Drawing on previous work we expected that the incidence and trend towards open innovation would be
Future work should further investigate how organizations engage in open innovation outï ows of knowledge,
Accordingly, they may have to work in several consecutive steps, which in some cases look like a bootstrapping strategy
processing steps and were thus more expensive when manufactured in countries with high-labour costs.
hospitalisation is the central concept around which the consortium works. The Patient Room of the
started a glass works company that produced its own line of glass instruments. This Belgian company
who complained that they only could do real nursing work during 50%of their working time.
Disciplining disloyal partners only works under certain circumstances. First, a strong leader must operate in the network,
partners only works if the innovation network is instrumental in creating a competitive advantage for the companies involved.
Some of the networks work with open books to ensure that all partners involved use fair overhead costs
collaboration and are eager to work with the venture Finally, Toine also had to license the technology from DSM.
detected that the existing turbo-fryers on the market did not work, and his simple adaptation to the air
o Licensing to small firms implies significant work in return for small licensing revenues The venture manager,
What works is a vision, not a dream. In most cases, the vision can be considered as a new
and as a short paper within the work of the High-level Expert Group on The Future of Community Re
Ark (2005) found that the US lead in labour produc -tivity is explained almost fully by two causes, both
PROLOG was born in 1972 after the work of several French researchers mostly based at the University of
by Bjarne Stroustrup, on the basis of the work he did for his Phd at Cambridge university (UK
science, particularly in the work of two intellectual giants: Alan Turing and John Von neumann. The
computers started with the pioneering work of Konrad Zuse well before WWII. Zuse started his
Plankalkã l of Zuse in 1945, the work of Rutishauer and Bohm in Zurich in 1951,
and the work of Semelson and Bauer in Munich in the 1950s Bauer, 2002. Semelson studied the structure of
Jointly, they developed fundamental works on com -pilers (Books LLC, 2010b Indeed, Zuse†s work is considered by historians of
computing technology to be the earliest pioneering work in the modern era. In his reconstructions of
†the Internet works today because of abstrac -tions that were products of the human imagina
-terplay between theoretical work and pragmatic goals (Bonaccorsi, 2010 A crucial point is that this process is dynamic and
started to work with large service firms as potential customers as early as the 1960s. While the most
pioneering work in software during the 50s in Central europe. In History of Com -puting: Software Issues, U Hashagen, R Keil-Slawik and A l
Follow this and additional works at: http://arrow. dit. ie/buschmarart Part of the Marketing Commons
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. 0 License Recommended Citation
-works, improved access to equity finance, and fa -cilitated internationalisation Prepare breeding ground: Policies should pre
-try, Trade and Labour (OSC. The OSC operates no policy tools aimed explicitly or exclusively at
barriers to competition etc but what is not so clear is what combination of conditions works best and, indeed, what
Sweden and Norway with traditionally highly regulate labour mar -kets, while Austria, a country with a fairly loose labour market regulation, has only an average share of high
See also Minniti (2008), p. 787, suggesting that in developed countries labour mar -ket reforms may be particularly conducive to â€oesupport the growth of high-performance venturesâ€
Industrial policy, innovation policy, labour policy Source: Autio et al. 2007), p. 79 52 Autio/Kronlund/Kovalainen (2007), p. 76
MAP works with high-growth SMES to attract, develop and retain fresh talents. Targeting local university graduates,
Office of the Chief Scientist in the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (OSC. The OSC
Chief Scientist (OCS) at the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (MOIT. According to their mission
The OCS works at different levels on these issues, and manages several programmes that aim at the promotion of innovation and support of SMES
further work towards single markets in Europe as well as enhancing the EC€ s Enterprise Europe Network
-entrepreneurs who invest in the companies they work with. â€) The Finnish Ministry of Employment and Econ
-works, improved access to equity finance, and fa -cilitated internationalisation Prepare breeding ground: Policies should pre
-try, Trade and Labour (OSC. The OSC operates no policy tools aimed explicitly or exclusively at
barriers to competition etc but what is not so clear is what combination of conditions works best and, indeed, what
Sweden and Norway with traditionally highly regulate labour mar -kets, while Austria, a country with a fairly loose labour market regulation, has only an average share of high
See also Minniti (2008), p. 787, suggesting that in developed countries labour mar -ket reforms may be particularly conducive to â€oesupport the growth of high-performance venturesâ€
Industrial policy, innovation policy, labour policy Source: Autio et al. 2007), p. 79 52 Autio/Kronlund/Kovalainen (2007), p. 76
MAP works with high-growth SMES to attract, develop and retain fresh talents. Targeting local university graduates,
Office of the Chief Scientist in the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (OSC. The OSC
Chief Scientist (OCS) at the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (MOIT. According to their mission
The OCS works at different levels on these issues, and manages several programmes that aim at the promotion of innovation and support of SMES
further work towards single markets in Europe as well as enhancing the EC€ s Enterprise Europe Network
-entrepreneurs who invest in the companies they work with. â€) The Finnish Ministry of Employment and Econ
'30'may'2015'''This'policy'brief'presents'the'findings'of'the'fifth'work'package'(WP5)' of'the'â€oelearning (from
Work Package 5 European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))2 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments 1 Relevance!
'This'offers'new'possibilities'for'public'employees'to'coqcreate'a'working'environment'that'is'compatible'with'their'work/life'balance'aspirations.'
work/life! balance! and! other! dailyclife! aspects These! may! vary! depending! on! the! territory! considered.!
with respect to'work/life'balance'and'other'dailyqlife'aspects.''These'may'vary'depending'on'the'territory'considered.'
'and'also'the'need'to'manage'work'activities'and'relationships'with'colleagues'autonomously.''8. Highlight'the'diffused'benefits'achievable'for'both'managers'and'employees'through'the
Work should facilitate Creation of high-fidelity models of challenging features transparency, size†This should be validated by testbeds with regards to the practical
2) The EU's strategy for digitisation and preservation builds on the work done over the
2011 and the Commission†s proposal for an Orphan Works Directive of 24 may 2011 5) Therefore, an updated set of measures for digitising and bringing cultural heritage
and use it for leisure, studies or work. It will give Europe†s diverse and multilingual heritage a clear profile on the internet, and the
12) On 24 may 2011 the Commission made a proposal for a Directive for orphan works
a harmonised approach to the issue of orphan works throughout the EU. For the large
-scale digitisation of out-of-commerce works, legislative backing for licensing solutions voluntarily developed by stakeholders may be needed in the Member States
key cultural or historical works and objects, as determined and selected by the Member States) through Europeana will enrich the content of the site, in line with the
18) In as far as cinematographic works are concerned the present Recommendation complements the Parliament and Council Recommendation of 16 november 2005 on
Directive on orphan works, once it is adopted, with consultation of interested parties ahead of adoption in order to facilitate a rapid implementation;
-border accessibility of works that are out-of-commerce c) contributing to and promoting the availability of databases with rights
a) ensuring that rightholders deliver works to legal deposit libraries without technical protection measures, or that, alternatively, they make available to
deposit works from one legal deposit library to other deposit libraries that also have the right to these works
c) allowing the preservation of web-content by mandated institutions using techniques for collecting material from the Internet such as web harvesting, in
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