for technical work, capital investment for plant and equipment, marketing and promotions. They went on to clarify that larger size have a key enabling condition because of access to key
Leseure (2000) in support observed that, works in one organisation does not necessarily apply to another and managerial practices vary from one
works in cities and towns, and by 2050 some 82 %of the continent†s population will be concentrated
technology is the work of man, and therefore, by definition, can be influenced 1. 2. The main theme
and technology is the work of man, and that we ourselves determine to a large extent how it is given shape and form
Innovation is the work of man, but making science and technology work is by no means easy.
work of †a scientist of genius who can propose new combining, go against the tide,
-work is still very fuzzy. However, we can distinguish at least following two approaches •The transaction cost perspective identifies networks
products, materials or labour, is owned independently and operated, and is dominant in its field on a national basis. The
International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly hills, CA: Sage 8 Lumpkin, G. T, . & Dess, G g. 1996).
As building capacity of subcontractors is a painstaking and risky process, exporters work with trusted subcontractors and retain complex sampling,
did not work, and he lost this job as well. †Firms are aware of their small base to manage
regularly invites foreign designers to work with subcontractors. Their subcontractors, however notice no difference in innovation between APIKRI and commercial exporters.
This report represents a continuation of work by the WBCSD in the areas of sustainability, innovation,
biotechnologies were important starting points for our work Appendices ITSS layout cag 2. qxd 05.08.2002 10:49 Page 30
rely on creative work protectable by copyright Effective management of IP rights may provide new business opportunities for companies with the
-today work, IPOS are increasingly devoting resources to a range of additional services aimed at facilitating
EU Member States, is to give advice on the work programme standardisation mandates and on the adoption of possible
The action plan was adopted after much preparatory work and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is
the work conducted by several research projects (such as Rosatte †http://www. ertico. com/about-rosatte) and taking
was launched to support the European Commission†s work towards a European multimodal journey planner and to
regions †this work should include benchmarking and standardisation on door-to -door information flows, interfaces between the transport modes, traffic management
Based on the outcome of this work and if appropriate or required, specifications may be elaborated under the ITS Directive
Building on this work, specifications related to intelligent truck parking should also be elaborated under the ITS Directive
be among the activities taking work forward on cooperative systems >>Coopers (Cooperative Systems for Intelligent
>support and monitor the work of ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute †http://www. etsi. org) and CEN (the European
for standardisation work. For V2i and V2v, ETSI adopted the European Communications Architecture for Cooperative
the 2009 and 2010 ICT standardisation work programmes CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation â€
will start its work •EU-wide multimodal travel information services •EU-wide real-time traffic information services
notes, †Our work led directly to the night vision systems introduced in Europe around one year later.
†Work in INTRO and related FP6 projects has contributed to aâ better understanding of the ways in which
or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge, without any particular application or use in view
3. Experimental development (systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and practical experience that is directed to producing new materials
Using hours of work or the amount of workers as the denominator yields labor productivity (the measure used in this report unless
earlier work by Milana and Zeli. 62 Iammarino and Jona-Lasinio find that Italian regions with significant ICT production have greater labor productivity
because â€oehigh levels of labour and product market regulation are associated with a lower productivity impact of ICT. †104 Overall, Van Reenen et al. find that product market
and further work is necessary to determine whether ICT capital depreciation rates have a significant effect on investment
Previous work by Bloom and Van Reenen also found that American management quality was better overall than European management across a range of
Simona Iammarino and Cecilia Jona-Lasinio, â€oeict Production and Labour Productivity in the Italian Regions†(European Urban and Regional Studies, February 7, 2013), doi:
Growth of labour productivity, in per cent, Business Services Sector; accessed February 24 http://stats. oecd. org/Index. aspx?
Regulatory Practices, †Labour Economics 11, no. 1 february 2004: 33†58, doi: 10.1016/S0927 -5371 (03) 00055-1
complexity of clinical work. But this is not sufficient to gain the transformative benefits that the health system needs from ICT
capacity to transform work practices and processes by creating opportunities for health professionals to take on new roles and to
The existence of entrenched, non-standardised work practices tailored to specific patient populations or organisational
When technology does not integrate into everyday work practices things can go wrong. 4, 5 An Australian survey of 10000 nurses in
I now spend more time filling out paper work and far less time face to
potential streamlining of work processes is hard to realise, and staff ffort into maintaining multiple systems.
focus has been on automating clinical work practices such as ordering tests and prescriptions, which significantly improves
systems into complex clinical work processes, limited training and the intermittent nature of ICT funding.
•The focus must shift from automation of clinical work to innovation; from evolutionary application of ICT to revolutionary
accompanying work practices, organisational structures and models of care. As the metaphor of the archer illustrates, new technologies
clinical work practices as part of health ICT implementation projects have adopted traditional business process re-engineering22 methods
nature of medical work and for the unique organisational and workforce characteristics of the health sector, in which the various
need fresh approaches that look at how work is conducted in real -world clinical settings †not as specified in linear policy and
things work in new ways. Until we heed this lesson, we will continue to see ICT as a mere tool for automating existing activities †further
22 Hammer M. Reengineering work: don†t automate, obliterate. Harv Bus Rev 1990 68: 104-112
work †proceedings of the IFIP WG82 working conference on information technology and changes in organizational work.
London: Chapman and Hall 1996 24 Braithwaite J, Westbrook M. Rethinking clinical organisational structures: an
22 Hammer M. Reengineering work: don†t automate, obliterate. Harv Bus Rev 1990; 68: 104-112
and the work of DG Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO) and regional policy makers on regional
Also DG REGIO observed this challenge in its work with RIS and RITTS, as well as DG Enterprise and Industry in the context of politically driven cluster
and indicators of regional economic structure, such as labour, organisations, publications and patents Figure 8: Patent applications in absolute numbers (2010
performance indicated by regional data on labour, organisations, publications and patents 21 References Aho, E.,Cornu, J.,Georghiou, L,
and also as a function of labour costs that vary among the Member States. In any event, upgrading existing digital cable
previous work These results (depicted in Figure 4) show that, over the OECD as a whole, quite
and also as a function of labour costs that vary among the Member States. In
Considerable work is needed to enable a traditional cable network to deliver broadband connectivity; however, this has long since been accomplished throughout Europe
require carrying out civil works (digging, burying new fibre), for example in cases where surplus fibre is available.
The upgrade will tend to be more expensive in those cases where civil works are required
based in part on earlier nonpublic work by Pantelis Koutroumpis, represents one of the few studies of the costs of achieving DAE goals that explicitly considers technologies
x Support curriculum development that allows teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams
Built on work undertaken in previous phases of the SCALE CCR project (Bocconi et al. 2012;
confirmed by the work of the ICT cluster, which includes representatives of Member States who
work under the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) E&t 2020.18 The Digital Agenda Assembly session on â€oemainstreaming E-learning in education and training†in June 2011,19 confirmed that
%Curriculum development that allows teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams (62.4%)has proved to be a very effective mechanism for empowering teachers to act as
& Punie, 2013) teachers work in autonomous multidisciplinary teams of five to thirteen members, each team being responsible for
2. Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams, with enough flexibility to choose the content
Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams, with enough flexibility to choose the
for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams, with enough flexibility to choose the content. timetable etc
room for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams, with enough flexibility to
Special thanks to Mark Spohr for his generous contribution to this work and who drafted this report.
In fact, these systems require abundant resources including skilled labour technological, and financial means, all of which can be difficult to procure in low-income settings.
and strengthen capacity through training to use, work with, and develop effective ICTS. It is useful to
Although the lessons discovered from the work of the Gates Foundation and infodev were drawn all from
developing countries with the goal of providing guidance on what works and how many of these lessons
pharmaceutical and laboratory work. They used free open-source software for the project which enabled them to enlist the support of a large community.
sites for analysis. In order for this to work, there must be standards for representing the data and for
system is more cumbersome (labour-intensive) and prone to error Key findings  Use of electronic formats is aggregated higher for data than individual data
crucial to this work Regional or district offices are involved often in immediate short-term operational planning for the
Defining standards is a complex and labour intensive task. Fortunately, many international organizations have taken up the work of developing
and maintaining standards. This gives countries access to well researched and defined standards that they can adopt
discussed below reveal, a great deal of work is being done in this area ISO TC 215 and CEN/TC 251
ISO€ s Technical Committee (TC) 215 on health informatics works on health information and communications technology to facilitate interoperability of health data
The Comitã Europã en de Normalisation (CEN) TC 251 on health informatics works on standardization
CEN TC 251 works closely with the ISO TC 215 to develop standards as well. Over the past few years these standards have addressed a wide
•study how the program works and adapt it (freedom 1 •redistribute (adapted) copies to others (freedom 2;
Public Procurement is the purchase of goods, work or services by a government or a public agency
•Directive on reduced VAT rates for labour-intensive services •Revision of the-already existing-Late Payments Directive
Also the Council of ministers stated that the Member States would work together with the European commission to implement the Small Business Act
Given the extensive work already being undertaken to promote research and innovation in the Region, and the aim of this Strategy to increase innovation through greater collaboration, the
•Availability of skilled labour •Flexibility and adaptability of workforce •Attitudes to globalisation
s Innovation Works Report 2004 •Report of the Research Prioritisation •Steering Group 2011
%of the cost of research work to develop new and improved products, processes or services, or
the work and expertise of several UL-based research centres focused on sustainable forms of energy,
However, further work and collaboration is required if the Region is to reach its full potential.
•To work with businesses in the identified sectors to establish the barriers to business
•To work in coordination with key stakeholders in the Region e g. local authorities, Higher Education Institutes and business support agencies such as Enterprise Ireland to ensure that
the capacity to work with innovation in an international arena Clusters also attract the development of new businesses.
•To work with Innovate Limerick Ltd . and the Local authorities in the Midwest to develop a
success of previous events that have been organised through the work of the Alliance since 2009 Source:
•To work with the Higher education Institutes in the Region to maintain and enhance their
•To work with Innovate Limerick Ltd. to provide incentives to cultivate Limerick as a
continue to work to raise awareness and increase up-take of the supports that are available to
It is recommended also that they work in collaboration with Innovate Limerick Ltd. to develop a suitable Investor Forum Programme for the Region
also work with SMES to support their participation in Horizon 2020 calls and projects. Assistance
however, that the LEOS work in close co-operation with the HEIS in the Region who have both experience
and expertise in this area to ensure that the work of the LEO complements the existing role of the HEIS in accessing EU funding under a variety of
The work was carried out under the overall direction of Cosmas Zavazava, Chief Project Support and Knowledge management Department, Telecommunication Development Bureau
growth by increasing labour productivity enlarging enterprises†market reach, saving costs and driving innovation (Partnership, 2014
welfare, finance and labour. In Africa, 31 per cent of countries provided online information on social welfare and 65 per cent on finance
its work in July 2014. Its final report is expected to be submitted to the President of the United
labour productivity, enlarging enterprises†market reach, saving on costs and fostering innovation Access to new technologies is important for
Its methodological work has contributed significantly to the collection of solid evidence on ICT developments worldwide
education, labour, etc. all of which are crucial to monitoring the MDGS, and the future SDGS.
Each member contributes to the work of the Partnership within its specific mandate and competence.
work in 2005,2007, 2009,2010, 2012 and 2014. Its core list of 57 ICT indicators, covering many aspects of the information
The methodological work developed by the Partnership has contributed significantly to the collection of evidence on ICT developments worldwide
following in its work programme: 31 •To make an inventory of ongoing activities and concrete examples regarding the use
may however differ because of varying labour costs across countries and regions, but that is only a part of the total CAPEX of
Much of ITU€ s work in the area of indicator definitions and statistical methodologies is carried out through its two expert
Republic of korea to work towards a definition of 5g. Furthermore, it launched a public -private partnership on 5g (5g PPP) in late 2013
like the transient labour population†is one of the policy recommendations brought forward by the
relationship works, and should not be interpreted as identifying a causal relationship between the IDI and MDG indicators.
rents, profits and labour income) from abroad. The Atlas method smooths exchange-rate fluctuations by using a three-year
supplement traditional labour statistics in the United States7 and other countries. In another effort, an academic project at MIT known as the
) Similar work in Haiti showed how mobile phone data was used to track the spread of cholera after the 2010
way to the work done by Frias-Martinez and Virseda (2012) on estimating socioeconomic variables using mobile-phone usage data, as
facilitate the work that needs to be done by NRAS and NSOS, through awareness raising and engagement on privacy frameworks, data
This positioning method works best for cell areas with a radius greater than 500m, so it
Other work has sought to understand international societal ties in Rwanda (Joshua E. Blumenstock, 2011) and the effects of migration on
It works through an online discussion forum (http://www. itu. int/ITU-D/ict/Expertgroup/default. asp) and face-to-face meetings.
million in revenues, 10%work at mid-sized companies with between $250 million and $500
billion in sales, and 33%work at organizations with more than $1 billion in revenues, in
skunkworks, and invest in the ones that work. Cor -porate leadership needs to tweak its road map based
-cant disruptions and opportunities, our global team of over 3, 600 talented individuals work with leading
works, shares information engages citizens and delivers services to external and internal clients for the benefit
Works Ministry for Information Society (responsible based on Appendix 5 Methodology #of subscribers to re -broadcasting services
works Increase involvement in R&d projects Full coverage activities: Improve legislation and promote innovation Strategic Initiatives
4. Work procedures for the development of egovernment solutions and for the management of subsequent egovernment activity
procedures in the work and processes to determine provisions that could promote the use of electronic channels
how to use"social media",how to work Page 48 of 170 outside the office, send
determining a technical work frame for the interoperability of governmental organizations. The concept of governmental Cloud approaches both issues combining a particular concept of a hybrid Cloud with an area
customer, in their work, their decisions, research and implementation. The citizen should be considered the main source for feedback and solution improvement,
3. Collaboration †open data will provide opportunities to work together (improvement of service generation of data sets) with natural persons,
adult individuals so they may have the perspective of a work place and to develop an individual professional
facilitating their entry into the work environment Responsible: Ministry of Education with support from Ministry for
Materialization and digitalization of cultural heritage (libraries, physical archives and audiovisual works museums) to facilitate access to the European level
have to digitalize approximately 1000 cultural works/day in order to achieve the precise target Making the collections held by Europe's libraries, archives, museums and audiovisual archives available
national cultural works By designing all representative cultural creations in a wide digital universe, within an electronic
engineering works. A major part of these costs can be attributed to inefficiencies in the rollout process related to the use of existing passive infrastructure (such as ducts, conduits, manholes, cabinets, poles
-ordination of civil works, burdensome administrative permit granting procedures, and bottlenecks concerning in-building deployment of networks
•Improving the transparency and coordination in the relevant civil works •Simplifying the authorization procedures for the new network developments
works, so that the construction of electronic communications networks, of infrastructure elements and of supporting infrastructure for electronic
Works. (Operational •Developing a system to inform the operators with regard to the civil works planned by local
authorities •The systematic possibility to mount pipes and related infrastructure together with the performance of public works
Data calculated for people of work age (15 †64 years Source: Statistical research of work force in households (AMIGO
The Labour Inspection Purchasing a vehicle Registration of the vehicle 1. Obtaining a certificate of
work incapacity 1. Notification submitted to the labor protection department 2. Preparation of a Finding Report
of Labour Retirement 1. Retirement at the age limit 1. 1 Application for Retirement 1. 2 Submission of documents proving
attesting to the amount of work placements 2. 3 Submission of documents for the infirmity that causes early retirement
Ministry of Labour Ministry of Defence Ministry of Education Special Telecommunications Service Ministry of Health Ministry of Transport
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributionnoncommercial-Sharealike 4. 0 International License Principal investigator and main author
and works through a combination of research, investments networks, grant funding and practical support to innovators
One example of the potential in mobilising citizens to create collective knowledge is done the work by Cancer Research UK
for Europe and under the Horizons 2020 Work Programme As shown in this research, Europe has pioneered a reasonably comprehensive set of
under the Horizon 2020 Work Programme and in particular, but not limited to the Collective Awareness Platforms
Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration, Science
economies work †for example, valorising labour time equally, or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
-work where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting. Safecast then worked with hackerspaces and used
The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing and advocating for Open
Standards, the P2p foundation, that works on promoting peer-to-peer practices, and the Iot Council, promoting an open
The work by Nesta in the UK, on the tech for good incubator Bethnal Green Ventures, and the Waag society in Amsterdam, working on setting up and hosting
-works, and open hardware Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop
sensor net works, free interoperable network services, open Wifi bottom-up-broadband, distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures
-works that incorporate a wide variety of wired and wireless links, nodes, routing, applica -tions and users.
The work by Tor on creating secure, privacy-aware and crypto tools that bounce Internet users†and websites†traffic
examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,
as is the work by the social innovation research project COMMUNIA. The European Thematic Network on the Digital Public domain is an international association
open research works, is FLOK Society in Ecuador 45growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware
OCRACY CULTURE AND ARTS HEALTH AND WELLBEING WORK AND EMPLOYMENT S MA RT PU BL
Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation
OCRACY CULTURE AND ARTS HEALTH AND WELLBEING WORK AND EMPLOYMENT S MA RT PU BL
Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation
strategy of case study interviews, work -shops and events relevant to these com -munities, we have identified DSI actors as
-works in more depth than disconnected social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in de
-works and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam and Fab Lab Barcelona.
-works and new ways of making. The col -laborative economy and open knowledge is the specialty of the second largest †but
work together would strengthen the over -all resilience of DSI in Europe by com -bining open hardware, open data, open
The work -shop brought together over 70 DSI prac -titioners, researchers, experts, and poliy makers from different European coun
first won†t work. But it†s only through the process of constant idea creation that you
As outcome of the DSI policy work shop we have designed a Bottom-up Policy Toolkit for practicioners and policy mak
their work What the biggest barriers were that they faced and how to address them (through
what works (and what doesn†t). Finally it†s important to acknowledge that policy may not be able to solve some problems
-ticular public institutions and work done with public money †should be open and transparent
of creators (to control their work and to be able to make a living from their creativity) and the interests of society (access to
networks and to create collaborative work environments. In this context labs can be understood as spaces
•Observing potential users to see if the product works in their context •Quantitative responses to the idea, for example survey potential users to test
tools digital social innovations can apply to capture the impact of their work, from user
The work done by Wikiprogress is exploring new digital tools for including people in relation to what should be measured through the development of indicators, as well
beautiful design work Thank you to the projects Advisory Group who have been generous in sharing their own experience from working with
A teaching gimmick that works. Developmental Cell, 7, 796-798 Wood, J.,Keen, A.,Basu, N,
and our work led to audited savings of almost £1. 2 billion in 2012 Our vision is to help the nation spend wisely
Department for Work and Pensions using the 26 year old Pension Strategy Computer system ï The Value Added Tax (VAT) service operated by HM Revenue
3. 4 The Authority works to a target to process 97.5 per cent of items accurately.
require further development to add the business rules for the work-load currently handled by the legacy system.
6 Department for Work and Pensions: The introduction of the Work Programme January 2012 7 Department for Work and Pensions:
Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission: cost reduction, February 2012 8 HM Revenue & Customs: The Compliance and Enforcement Programme, March
2012 Back-office systems 9 Department for Business, Innovation and Skills: Shared services in the Research
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