INFO-Document is encrypted Journal of Intellectual Property rights Vol 10 january 2005, p 34-43 Intellectual Property rights and Innovation in SMES in OECD Countries
The rise of the information and telecommunications industries and the increasing importance of the services sector in the economy of OECD countries
companies in for example, the software and multi -media sectors, as well as in many other sectors which
Empirical data suggests that small firms file for less patents abroad than do large firms (e g.
confidential information is considered a legally protectable trade secret An additional element that must be taken into account when analysing barriers to the use of the IP
cause of concern for many user groups is the possibility of their patents being invalidated during
use of the information contained in patent databases Various studies have shown that the use of patent
patent databases, copyright and other IP rights. Poor IP management skills within SMES reduce their
system by various users of the IP system, including researchers, entrepreneurs and SMES The information gathered by the SMES Division of
databases may be limited of use. This is why a number of IP offices provide value-added technological information services, turning the raw
information provided by patent databases into more workable knowledge that can be of practical use to
their users. In other cases, IP offices have contributed to the establishment of patent libraries or other new
software, nanotechnology, and advanced or new materials c) export-promotion programmes; and d) R&d funds to promote the commercialization of
software, and new materials), but also play an increasingly important role as innovation agents Evidence from a number of OECD countries shows
exploitation of IP rights, the use of patent databases the valuation of IP assets and the enforcement of IP
Information on the Internet â'European Patent office (EPO), Utilization of Patent Protection in Europe, EPO script
/UKTT NUBS FY2002 FR. pdf â'OECD, Compendium of Patent Statistics (2003 â'OECD, Science, Technology and Industry
3 5 ip. pdf â'WIPO Forum on Intellectual Property and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises for IP Offices of
http://www. wipo. int/sme/en/documents/pdf/incubat or survey. pdf References 1 TRIPS Agreement, Articles 41 to 61
2 See Istanbul Ministerial Declaration, Fostering the Growth of Innovative and Internationally Competitive SMES, adopted at
6 See †Best practices†section of WIPO€ s website www. wipo. int/sme/en/best practices
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Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2011 ISBN 978-92-79-18475-8 doi: 10.2832/44199
and travel data...pp. 8†12 Action area 2: Continuity of traffic and freight management ITS services
15t105146 cee. pdf 2t105146 cee. pdf 2 20/06/11 13: 4920/06/11 13:49 Foreword Innovation is essential for sustainable, efficient and competitive mobility in Europe.
ITS have a big part to play in building a truly integrated and user friendly transport
continue to deliver its core role for a thriving European economy †in a user-oriented, safe and environmentally-friendly way
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and businesses is at the core of the European transport policy Today, transport policy is at a crossroads.
and information systems. A transport system can be considered as smart if it is capable of dealing with new situations †such
integration †by linking all sources of data to produce valuable information for transport users and operators
The potential of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to help realise broader transport policy goals lies in their wide variety
the user. The progress made under the two main policy and legal instruments designed for this task †the ITS Action Plan
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associations of users †supports the Commission on the technical and business aspects of ITS deployment.
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traffic and travel data Many ITS applications rely on an accurate knowledge of the road network and of traffic regulations like one-way streets
Optimal use of data will also facilitate multimodal journey planning pages 13†16 >Action area 2:
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ensuring the safety of vulnerable road users such as the elderly; and providing services for safe and secure truck
The handling of data †notably personal and financial †in ITS applications raises a number of issues as citizens†data
-protection rights are at stake. Data integrity and confidentiality must be ensured for all parties involved, especially citizens
The provision and use of ITS applications also create additional requirements in terms of liability. These issues could be a major
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Given advances in data-collection technology and with growing demand for more precise and real-time information
the need for more †and better †data is increasing all the time. Yet differences between national policies on traveller
sectors as well as rules for cooperation on data exchange content and service provision >AIMS >make private, especially safety-related, traffic
-and travel-related data >promote public†private cooperation to improve traffic and travel information >increase data quality and improve multimodal
cooperation >encourage (cross-border) data exchange >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS The European commission in 2011 completed a study on
traffic and travel data access, with a view to analysing the status quo in the EU and producing draft policy options
Specifications and procedures should be established for the use of public data; data availability, formats, exchange
and (cross-border) procedures; and legal issues (contracts agreements, licences, liability. Harmonisation should make it easier to develop Europe-wide traffic
and travel information services Definition of procedures for the provision of EU-wide real-time traffic and travel
•provision of traffic regulation data by the transport authorities •guaranteed access by public authorities to safety-related information collected
•guaranteed access by private companies to relevant public data DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 8 11/05/11 15:
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Accurate road data is needed for in-car navigation devices as well as for travel planners and all kinds of traffic-management
However, data shortcomings are restricting the ability of in-car systems to consider traffic-management plans
countries on the collection of road and traffic-regulation data have been uneven and often completely lacking.
and data formats for the collection of road data and traffic-regulation data in all EU Member States
>establish common minimum requirements and standards regarding the timely and coordinated updating of this data in all EU Member States
>establish common minimum requirements attributes and data formats for recommended routes, in particular for heavy goods vehicles
>TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS Building on the results of the actions on real-time traffic and travel
data for digital maps (Action 1. 3), the European commission will launch a study to analyse the status quo concerning road-data
collection and the provision and reuse of traffic circulation plans traffic regulations and recommended routes in the EU. Looking
road data. road data Optimisation of the collection and provision of road data and traffic circulation plans
traffic regulations and recommended routes (in particular for heavy goods vehicles Optimised collection and provision of road
traffic and travel data DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 9 11/05/11 15: 15t105146 cee. pdf 11t105146 cee. pdf 11 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50
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The problem has been that the road data needed to produce them is not always available, accurate or
databases maintained by thousands of European road authorities in a standardised, non-discriminatory and transparent way
data for use in digital maps in the EU >define procedures for ensuring fair, simple and
transparent access to this road data for digital map providers >identify common minimum requirements regarding
road-data collection for digital maps, and of the technical and standardisation needs, is ongoing.
and existing or planned national and European spatial data infrastructures, the ongoing study will try to provide
designed to ensure timely data dissemination >>For further information on the topi ht p://ec. europ. eu/tran port/its/road
of availability of accurate public data forof availability of accurate public data forof availability of accurate public data for
Definition of procedures for ensuring the availability of accurate public data for digital maps and their timely updating through cooperation between the relevant public
Availability of accurate public data for digital maps DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 10 11/05/11 15:
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free of charge to all road users. Currently, information about safety-related traffic incidents is delivered most often by radio
for all road users >harmonise a Europe-wide free minimum service >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS
Definition of specifications for data and procedures for the free provision of minimum universal traffic information services (including definition of the repository of
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from A to B †typically on the web †can save people time and money,
a door-to-door multimodal travel information system for the cross-border European traveller >AIMS >consolidate travel information into new or improved
>address issues of data availability, data sharing formats) and data quality >move from national systems to a true European
door-to-door information system and multimodal journey planner >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS The ITS Directive foresees the development of functional
technical, organisational and service-provision specifications for EU-wide multimodal travel information services. A study
website is to be set up giving an overview of and links to existing multimodal journey planners.
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ensuring seamless support to the road user >foster cooperation and facilitate the electronic exchange of traffic data and information across
borders, regions and urban/interurban interfaces enabling door-to-door and truly multimodal travel planning >realise standardised information flows between the
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>improve interoperability of computer applications used by different stakeholders >develop a standard framework for freight information
using state-of-the-art technologies such as radio frequency identification and EGNOS-or Galileo-based location devices e-Freight >A c T I O N 2. 2
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ITS solutions making use of satellite positioning and mobile communications offer new opportunities for infrastructure
so that road users can circulate throughout the EU without having to be concerned by charging procedures changing from one country or region to another
Service (EETS), by which road users subscribe to a single contract with an EETS provider in order to pay the charges
>enable road users to pay tolls easily throughout the whole of the EU thanks to one subscription
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vehicle occupants and other road users >AIMS >introduce advanced emergency braking systems AEBS) and lane departure warning systems (LDWS
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manufacturers, mobile network operators and EU Member States †and to facilitate the deployment of a Europe-wide
>upgrade Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPS) to enable them to handle ecalls >achieve the full-scale roll out of ecall throughout
mobile networks; specifications for PSAPS, under the ITS Directive; and measures to mandate the introduction of ecall
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phones and portable navigation systems, the so-called †nomadic†devices. It is important that such systems be used
information and communication systems †the European statement of principles †and is looking potentially to develop a set of regulatory measures to facilitate
principles on safe and efficient in-vehicle information and communication systems Safe onboard human†machine interfaces
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Vulnerable road users are defined in the ITS Directive as †non -motorised road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists as well
as motor-cyclists and persons with disabilities or reduced mobility and orientationâ€. While this encompasses a quite
applications and services on vulnerable road users has not been documented well known or. Indeed, though there is
benefits, the vulnerable road users †the very people who need the most support †seem to have been left out
of vulnerable road users >AIMS >identify significant subgroups of vulnerable road users and the most relevant ITS applications/services
>assess (positive/negative) impacts of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable
road users, and if possible quantify these impacts >prioritise among ITS applications and services and detail concrete measures to enhance positive
road users, to be complemented by a stakeholder consultation More in depth research about safety impacts, possible
road users Vulnerable road users >A c T I O N 3. 4 >A C T
IO N 3 4 DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 20 11/05/11 15: 16t105146 cee. pdf 22t105146 cee. pdf 22 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50
321 I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R T s Y S T E M S i N
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road users were among the applications on show. Follow-on projects, field operational tests, work on standardisation
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Telecommunications Standards Institute †http://www. etsi. org) and CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation †http://www. cen. eu
data exchange for traffic management and travel information) specifications >finalise the adoption of required specifications for
and travel data exchangeand developed as a traffic and travel data exchange mechanism by a European task force set up to mechanism by a European task force set up to mechanism by a European task force set up to
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http://www. cen. eu) and ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute †http://www. etsi. org) continued their
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†in combining location information and personal data †have possible implications for personal privacy. There may also
confidentiality and secure handling of data, including personal and financial details, and show that citizens†rights are fully
>assess the importance of data protection and privacy aspects in the areas and actions of the ITS
and data protection issues related to ITS applications and services. Meanwhile, a number of EU-backed research projects
Secure Vehicle-to-X Communication systems, 2011†14) is now addressing this topic as well http://www. esafetysupport. org/en/esafety activities
Assess the security and personal data protection aspects related to the handling of data in ITS applications and services and propose measures in full compliance
with EU legislation Data security and data protection DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 26 11/05/11 15:
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IO N 5 2 >A c T I O N 5. 2 I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R T s Y S T E M S i N
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information, free of charge to users >interoperable EU-wide ecall >information services for safe and secure parking
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in the form of a new web-based decision-support toolkit that will make it easier to find relevant and up-to-date
financial and operational impact and cover aspects such as user acceptance life-cycle cost†benefit as well as the identification and evaluation of best practice
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http://ec. europa. eu/transport/publications/doc/2009 its factsheet en. pdf >T H E E u R O P E A n C O M m I s S i O N †S
16t105146 cee. pdf 34t105146 cee. pdf 34 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50 HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758
Priced publications •via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu Priced subscriptions (e g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European union
16t105146 cee. pdf 35t105146 cee. pdf 35 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50 M I-32-10-588-EN
16t105146 cee. pdf 36t105146 cee. pdf 36 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50 Contents Foreword Intelligent Transport Systems †the smart move
Data security and data protection Legal framework: Directive 2010/40/EU For further information
STUDIES AND REPORTS Transport E u R O P E A n COMMISSION European Research Area Intelligent
Internet: http://ec. europa. eu/research/research-eu EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research Directorate H †Transport
Office CDMA 04/188 B-1049 Brussels Tel. 32-2) 29-68329 E-mail: Patrick. Mercier-Handisyde@ec. europa. eu
More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2010 ISBN 978ï 92ï 79ï 16401ï 9 doi 10.2777/16313
CCTV) security systems to more advanced applications integrating live data and feedback from aâ variety of information sources (e g. parking guidance, weather information
•Various forms of wireless communication for both short-range and long-range data exchange UHF, VHF, Wimax, GSM, etc
•Computational technologies †the present trend is towards fewer and more costly microprocessors, allowing for more sophisticated applications such as model-based process
control and artificial intelligence •Sensing technology †employing sensors to feed control systems with both vehicle-based
data (from devices such as radar, RFID readers, infrared-and visible-band cameras) and infrastructure-based data (from similar devices,
as well as inductive or pressure sensors installed or embedded in and around the road To meet the challenges of achieving virtually accident-free, clean and efficient mobility
of publications issued by the European commission (see website: http://www. ec. europa. eu /information society/activities/esafety/index en. htm). However, the specific purpose of this
level of the interactions between the various constituents of transport systems, including users and their optimal combination
•between vehicles, infrastructures and users †against an appropriate background ofâ legislation to promote deployment across Europe
RIS for inland waterways (River Information system) and VTMIS for maritime transport (Vessel Traffic Management Information system.
Yet, while there is considerable harmonisation of strategic road transport research through initiatives such as those developed by the Technology
and travel data •continuity of traffic and freight management ITS services in European transport corridors and
•road safety-related minimum universal traffic information free of charge to users •interoperable EU-wide ecall (for emergency calls using aâ single dial-up number
Website www. cvisproject. org/download/roadsense. pdf Safety was aâ major focus of automotive research in the latter
impacts on all road users. At this stage, however, some of the essential elements were not yet inâ place
detailed GPS navigation and road/traffic data, including local roadworks. The in-vehicle technologies needed 3g telecom
-munications for the accuracy and speed of delivery to make services usable and useful †and that only really became
sensors, together with an enhanced multifunctional user interface, to warn drivers of potentially dangerous situations
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /Otherwise collectively described as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), these typically employ
computerised data, to enable vehicles to †understand†the environment around them. They facilitate control, accident
•Speed alert †using satellite navigation data to signal thatâ aâ vehicle is travelling too quickly when approaching
road users, with the development of detection systems to warn drivers of the presence of pedestrians, cyclists or street
Running on aâ PC, the model can be used to simulate different road, track, driver and tyre combinations
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /As coordinator Luisa Andreone (CRF †Fiat Research Centre
and growing range of available data sources and types, the impact of potential information overload on the primary task
Centralised processing of data on the natural and infrastructure conditions of aâ road network makes it possible to generate alerts,
be combined with data from moving vehicles to provide operators, maintenance authorities and road users with
rapid warning of emerging problems. Simulator studies and trials with probe-equipped cars were used to explore factors
More tests investigated in-situ sensing to monitor the bearing capacity of roads under different weather
Website http://intro. fehrl. org MISS Monitor Integrated Safety Systems The objective of MISS was to enhance the safety and
efficiency of transport operations through dynamic sensing and prediction of natural and infrastructure conditions Itsâ innovative platform comprises aâ Unified Operative Centre
equipped with fixed and mobile devices, and linked via aâ TETRA terrestrial trunked radio network with †black boxâ€
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /REACT Realizing enhanced safety and efficiency in European road transport
real-time data to aâ central server, where it can be analysed byâ sophisticated prediction and decision-making models
Motorola (Israel Total budget EUR 3. 70 million EU funding EUR 2. 00 million Start/end 01/01/2005 †31/12/2006
Website https://www. eurtd. org/quickplace/project-react IN T E L L IG E
-sive system able to communicate with all interested users. This must take account of many considerations relating to the vehicles, transport infrastructures, drivers†behaviour and
Communication systems benefit increasingly from the multi-channel wireless connectivity offered by mobile telecommunications, low cost satellite technology, dedicated short range
communication (DSRC) and mobile wireless local area networks (WLAN. In conjunction with satellite positioning, this will support personalised applications such as emergency calls and
messages, traffic alerts, accident warning, speed alerts and eco-driving guidance Much can be accomplished using mobile communications alone,
but telecoms are unlikely to provide the split-second speed to react if aâ vehicle immediately ahead suddenly swerves or brakes.
†Closing the loop by using the vehicles themselves to send data back to traffic control centres
will bring great improvements in the efficiency of management and the safety of road users
Galileo and UMTS systems. Under the SAFETRIP project, low cost receivers installed in vehicles will provide aâ range of
Website www. safetrip. eu SARTRE Road awareness for driving via a strategy that evaluates numerous systems
Website www. sartre-project. eu EU (for which aâ deployment roadmap has been set out under the DG Mobility and Transport project EASYWAY
conjunction with smaller amounts of roadside hardware would allow coverage to be extended at much lower cost in
units, routers and antennae, so that they can exchange data with roadside infrastructure, display information to the
drivers (or passengers on public transport) and communicate wirelessly with other vehicles and the infrastructure New generation
which the data can be managed, will greatly increase the quality and reliability of personalised information available to
signs, variable message panels and traffic light status †displayed in their vehicles. New V2v interfaces would also
entertainment content delivered via theâ Internet IN T E L L IG E N T
-strations are advanced already well at project sites in Heathrow Airport (PRT), London, Rome†s new exhibition
Website www. citymobil-project. eu Following eventual take-up on aâ sufficient scale, traffic management systems will for the first time have the ability to
The same data can also be used to extend the functionality of in-vehicle safety systems †for example, by constructing
In contrast to tramways and light rail systems, the principle is that users can summon aâ pod or
•How can other road users be made aware that they are in the vicinity of aâ platoon
The vision of motorway commuters joining aâ platoon and watching aâ DVD or working on office
between city centres and airports or peripheral parking sites †ready for pick-up by customers
and context-specific data, trusted travel assistants will be able to plan each journey and guide travellers throughout
Website www. i-travelproject. com Trip advisors Another important direction for ITS research is the promotion
accessibility, based on data provided via RTTI services Forâ passenger transport, the envisaged systems embrace all
types of mobility available to users †buses, taxis, train metro, walking, cycling, etc. Equally vital is optimisation ofâ the
-time data for pre-trip planning and on-the spot response to changing needs or conditions
data for individual bus stops or rail stations, so that DRT could be fully coordinated with the fixed line services †which
transport with a particular focus on vulnerable users (ACCESS 2 ALL; also to help city authorities to implement ITS
of public transport for all users Through the coordination of current research efforts production of common research roadmaps, identification of
transport to all users, including those with impaired mobility Its goal is to encourage transport operators to adopt new
Website www. access-to-all. eu WISETRIP Wide scale network of e-systems for multimodal journey planning
personalised data Existing systems for journey planning and route guidance tend to be limited to single forms of transport or even single
Hellenic Telecommunications and Telematics Applications Company (Greece Total budget EUR 2. 12 million EU funding EUR 1. 44 million
Start/end 01/02/2008 †31/07/2010 Website www. wisetrip-eu. org IN T E
L L IG E N T T R A N S P O R T
Website www. conduits. eu IN T E L L IG E N T T R
logistics-oriented telematics for optimised routing and mission management; driver support systems for safer, more flexible operation of vans and trucks;
Website www. city-log. eu Intelligent freight distribution Optimisation of the movement of freight, both within the EU
freight transport, including digital mapping, the monitoring of dangerous goods and live animals, and interoperability of
through global telecommunication networks that support aâ wide range of information services for transport operators
industrial users and public authorities. In this way, the freight itself will permit synchronisation of its transportation with
Website http://heavyroute. fehrl. org Damage limitation The high weight of long range trucks poses some threats to
infrastructure and other road users. By harnessing weigh -in-motion technology (sensors embedded in the road
Website www. simbaproject. org Research cooperation with countries beyond the EU itself † inâ ITS,  as in many other fields †is aâ central element of
open platform which will facilitate data sharing and exchange from different sources and provide data processing and
management to support aâ variety of services. The project will integrate the open platform with local components and
Website www. viajeo. eu STADIUM Smart transport applications designed for large events with impacts on urban mobility
Website www. stadium-project. eu/site IN T E L L IG E N T
On the positive side, ITS will enable connected vehicle-infrastructure communication systems to deliver real-time and context-sensitive information to enhance safety,
systems will integrate data from vehicles, to provide dynamic, predictive and adaptive control of traffic flows
The evolution of mobile communication networks to 4g and beyond will deliver continuous connectivity to vehicles and travellers, giving access to on-line services via mobile Internet links
Multimodal traffic and travel information services will grow in quality and quantity †with mobile handsets becoming increasingly powerful personal mobility terminals.
on-line booking and payment facilities will be combined with location-based Web 2. 0 applications to facilitate ride-sharing,
data collection and information exchange via mushrooming social networking websites C H A p T E R 8
Conclusions and the way forward IN T E L L IG E N T T
and transport data from various sources with an emphasis on quality, standardisation and cost-efficiency
•development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks
•enhanced geo-localisation and guidance, also able to function in indoor/underground areas where satellite positioning is not available
and improve user acceptance and response to the potentially complex offerings of new mobility services, combining multimodal traveller
CCTV Closed circuit television DG Directorate-General DRT Demand-responsive transport DSRC Dedicated short range communication
GSM Global system for mobile communications HMI Human-machine interface I2v Infrastructure to vehicle ICPC International cooperation partner countries
RFID Radio frequency identification device RIS River information system RTTI Real-time traffic information SESAR Single European Sky air traffic management research program
SICA Specific international cooperation action SST Sustainable surface transport TEN-T Trans-European network for transport
UMTS Universal mobile telecommunications system V2i Vehicle to infrastructure V2v Vehicle to vehicle VHF Very high frequency VTMIS Vessel traffic management information system
WIM Weigh in motion WIMAX Worldwide interoperability for microwave access WLAN Wireless local area network Glossary IN
T E L L IG E N T T R A N S P O
R T S Y S T E M S †¢2 8 European commission Intelligent transport systems †EU-funded research for efficient, clean and safe road transport
on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758
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