popaion 2000@yahoo. com Professor Ph d. Dobrin Cosmin Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania
cdobrin@yahoo. com Abstract†Romania, a New Member state of European Union, has undertaken a complex process to adapt to new
cnicolescu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Sebastian Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania
ceptureanu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Eduard Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania
eduard ceptureanu@yahoo. com that innovative efforts within SMES were especially focused on new products (34.87%),new technologies
2009 International Association of Computer science and Information technology-Spring Conference 978-0-7695-3653-8/09 $25. 00 Â 2009 IEEE
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were used to solicit for relevant data. Collected data was presented and analysed using tables, bar charts and pie charts as extracted from Statistical Packages for Social sciences (SPSS). The
hypothesis test was conducted using the SPSS package. On the findings, innovation was found as one of the major attributes which aid SMES to remain competitive.
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catalysts of activity for an entire economy (Chichoni, 2011), many of them fail. In Zimbabwe up
to asses the true nature of SME failure due to lack of accurate data on this phenomena.
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innovations that were simpler for potential users to understand would be adopted more rapidly than those which required the adopter to develop new skills and knowledge
other users, as well as the availability of trained skilled users, technical assistance and maintenance ï Relative Advantage
Relative advantage is the perception that an innovation is more advantageous than its substitute idea according to Rogers (2003.
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Data was collected mainly using structured interviews and questionnaires and analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Studies (SPSS
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h14. pdf Accessed 18 september 2012 Baumgartner, J. P. 2009. The innovation process. http://www. innovationprocess. htm Accessed
http://www. dare2. ubvu. vu. nl/bitstream/handle/1871/16050/dissertation. pdf. Accessed 19 September 2012
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-entrepreneurship. pdf. Accessed 25 october 2012 Ettlie, J. E. & Rubenstein, A. H. 1987, â€oefirm size and product innovationâ€, Journal of Product
profiles. http://www. iamot. org/conference/index. php/ocs/4/paper/viewfile/941/Accessed30 September 2012
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on firm performance, http://www. ceps. lu/pdf/4/art1331. pdf. Accessed 15 september 2012 Oakley, R. Rothwell, R. & Cooper, S. 1988.
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http://www. innovation-models. pdf Accessed 10 aug 2012 Tiwari, R.,Buse, S.,&herstatt, C. 2007), Innovation via Global Route:
Innovation Portal website at www. transport-research. info ISBN: 978-92-79-25925-8 doi:
6) Policy and research outlook...23 Bibliography...24 Glossary...25 Contents INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING AND PLANNING
by both decision makers and transport users. A new culture in urban mobility is needed in order to deliver
users need to adapt their attitudes and behaviour with regard to mobility Effective transport planning involves more than
Transport users must be central in mobility strategies because individual choices affect the sustainability and efficiency of urban transport systems.
user requirements for reliable, safe and easy access are met by the private car, further contributing to
bring opportunities for integrating data for journey planning and electronic ticketing, and smart cards to facilitate interoperability between public transport
modes The challenges of global warming, scarce energy sources and increasing energy prices are on the top
for all users •New forms of vehicle use and/or ownership and a less car-dependent lifestyle
•Innovative transport telematics systems for traffic management and travel support The CIVITAS community has become a driving force
The site presents information on fundamental research, applied research and demonstration projects, as well as innovative solutions adopted by individual towns and cities.
addition, the website provides news and tools for policy makers and transport experts www. eltis. org
A dedicated website has been set up to provide information and guidelines on how to develop
The website also provides information on events related to SUMPS that are organised with EU support. These events
has funded various projects on data collection monitoring and analysis of modal effects and ON ITS for integrated traffic management
Website: www. ebsf. eu Buses to strengthen sustainable urban mobility INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING
transport data from all over Europe by means of common mechanisms, standard rules, and protocols. This easy to install
•Improved onboard e-services with screens providing information on real departure times and disruptions with alternative routes
-modality, library, public Wi-fi, dedicated space for mobile retailers. EBSF can become the core of the
transport network for seamless mobility of urban citizens Further steps More than 100 bus stakeholders contributed to
of user groups in different cities need to be taken into account. European policy and research are dedicated to developing innovative solutions to attract more passengers
user-oriented information technologies and optimal channels to meet the needs of different user groups One such measure being tested in European cities is
personalised travel plans. Travel information centres in several cities are now providing citizens and visitors with real-time travel information and transport
planning services both face-to-face and via the web While reliable information is often available for
information on transport modes. users with a portal on multimodal public transport within the EU and
to provide a unique internet portal to facilitate multimodal trip-planning in and between major urban
types of mobile devices. This enables efficient pooling of information, which can be accessed by transport operators, infrastructure managers, information
centres, and users before and during a journey EU-funded research is also developing transport
information systems to meet the specific needs of the disabled Safe and secure urban transport Over the last ten years, transport has become
users are more vulnerable to robbery, violence, and terrorist attack. Furthermore, surveys indicate that low perceived security is a key barrier to public transport
for many potential users. Security of urban passenger transport is a key element of the EU Internal security
Surveys of public transport users, for instance in Stuttgart (Germany) and Malmã (Sweden), have shown that these measures have raised passenger
database, January 2012, Brussels INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING AND PLANNING 15 SU CC
the involvement of large user groups with different types of physical social or economic disadvantages,
Website: www. access-to-all. eu Reference: FP7-218684 Status: Completed Total cost: EUR 1 097 797
Website: www. mediate-project. eu, www. aptie. eu/site BACKGROUND One in ten people in Europe is over the age of
60, and according to the United nations, 10 %of the population has some type of disability To make transport accessible and user
-friendly for everyone, travel opportunities need to be equitable for all. This includes ACCESSIBILITY For ALL
towns and cities where disadvantaged user groups live. This discrepancy prompted the European commission to launch the Mediate
able-bodied users. In close consultation with all user groups, tools were developed to assist public authorities and transport operators to
improve access to public transport The Access2all project carried out a detailed user needs analysis and prepared a directory
of best practices, which includes innovative concepts for vehicles, infrastructure, services and public information directed to eliminating
addition, a software tool was developed to assess the accessibility level of buses, stations and hubs,
Europe-wide user platform for groups facing barriers to public transport Initiated by the Mediate project, the Accessible
eu/site) has become the one-stop shop for initiatives, case studies, policy and standards research and training on accessibility in Europe
The portal uses Europe†s largest vehicle database and provides energy consumption and emission data on vehicles as well as an online calculator
for lifetime costs of vehicles, as required by the Directive 2009/33/EC. An internet forum enables
procurers to team up in joint procurement calls to achieve economies of scale with larger volumes www. cleanvehicle. eu
transport user. Policy intervention is needed to ensure that users take into account these external costs in making transport decisions.
The Action Plan on Urban Mobility promotes internalisation of external costs in the urban context,
and efficiency of pricing solutions based on the user pays principle. Studies include implementation issues such as public acceptability, social consequences
A step further in the user pays principle is the integration of environmental impacts into procurement decisions
Website: www. smartfreight. info INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING AND PLANNING 21 SU CC
software systems, prototypes and applications have been developed for activities such as truck access control, dynamic tunnel access control and vehicle and cargo monitoring.
on open ICT software, onboard equipment heterogeneous wireless communication infrastructure and CALM (platform for vehicle -to-vehicle and road-to-vehicle communication
implementation in on-board and on-cargo units. Specific systems have been designed for monitoring hazardous cargo, which is a
as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute SMARTFREIGHT will also have an impact on collective knowledge and future research
and integrate freight data in urban mobility statistics 22 INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING AND PLANNING
outlook The EU acknowledges its role in supporting urban transport authorities to meet the manifold challenges
transport more attractive and accessible to all users and developing more sustainable vehicles New mobility concepts have been investigated to
EU FP7 project, Mobility schemes ensuring accessibility of public transport for all users http://www. access-to-all. eu
EU FP7 project, Accessible Public transport in Europe, http://www. aptie. eu/site â Bypad (2008:
CARE-EU road accidents database, January 2012, Brussels â European Green Cars Initiative (2012: Public-Private Partnership European Green Cars Initiative
http://www. mobilityplans. eu/docs/SUMP GUIDELINES WEB0. pdf â TEMS (2012: The EPOMM Modal Split Tool, http://www. epomm. eu/tems/index. phtml
CARE European road accidents data base CIVITAS Clean and Better Transport in Cities CNG Compressed Natural gas
which (knowledge intensive) intermediaries and the quality of the interface between users and producers play an increasingly important role
appearance on the Internet R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861†883862
Computers that do not really help to raise the quality of education DDT, a substance that fails to free the world of famine,
information technology in education, of biotechnology for health care and our food, and the significance of new materials for clothing and consumer products and the high level of
a successful combination of hardware, software and orgware, viewed from a societal and /or economic point of view
Hardware relates to the material equipment (mostly) involved and software concerns the knowledge in terms of manuals, software, digital content, tacit knowledge involved in
the innovation. Orgware refers to the organisational and institutional conditions that influence the development of an invention into an innovation and the actual functioning
what at first sight are purely hardware innovations, such as the conveyor belt. Without the extremely radical social, financial and
this connection of a seamless web 1. Schwarz and Thompson speak of a technology culture. In their view, innovations are not things that are forced upon us from outside, but
3. Sliding panels 3. 1. Introduction Innovation processes are complex societal phenomena that are linked strongly to the
infrastructure and more in particular on the interface between the users and the producers of knowledge
to this†to mobilise the creative potential of users. Hagedoorn 23 points to the growing
drugs) demonstrate the dependence of innovation processes on the acceptance by users and†perhaps even more importantly†on the ability to mobilise and use the creative potential of
users to improve the innovation process. Other laws apply in this †network society†or †knowledge economy†than in the hierarchical variant.
c) Users have an increasingly important role in innovation processes. Maybe this†together and linked with the genesis of the †porous society††is the major difference
This raises the question of how to organise the interface with users in such a
potential of (potential) users. Consumers and, more generally, user†producer relations are being paid more and more attention in innovation studies 33†35 Constructive
38 also put the interaction between users and producers at the forefront. Until now however, these approaches have played all too often a marginal role
growing importance of users in innovation processes and the network character of innovation demand new concepts.
knowledge), via diffusion-oriented, towards far more user/demand-oriented policies Without any doubt, this trendwill continue during the first decade of the 21st century and
firms, software houses, knowledge-intensive consultants) plays an important role in this respect. Recent research shows that these services play a crucial role in innovation processes
Despite this growing core of shared insights, there is also a gap that can be distinguished between two major approaches in innovation studies.
The core of this approach is the actual conceptualisation of innovation as a process in which the
A number of related approaches as actor network theory 48 transition management 31, constructive and participatory technology assessment 36,38
network technologies, such as faxes and PCS, become all the more in demand the greater their market penetration, brings up for discussion another basic rule of
producers and the users of knowledge; different (scientific disciplines; policy and science R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861†883878
the growing importance of alliances, flexibility and mobilising the creativity of users Changes in the knowledge infrastructure
knowledge intensive) intermediaries and the quality of the interface between users and producers play an increasingly important role
considered as an attempt to link user needs better to innovation studies. Innovation is the work
This †user orientation†is, together with the ambition of improving insight into innovation processes, at the heart of this young and multidisciplinary
Actor Network theory and After, Blackwell, Cambridge MA, Oxford UK, 1998 27 C. Edquist (Ed.),Systems of Innovation:
34 P. den Hertog, J. A. Stein, J. Schot, D. Gritzalis, User involvement in RTD.
53 H. J. Brouwer, Computer stelt economisch weinig voor (Computers say very little), Volkskrant, 1999 (4
Sliding panels Introduction Structural changes in our economic system Questions and challenges Broadening of decision-making processes and the network society
The growth of strategic alliances in new core tech -nologies during the 1980s illustrates this situation
alliances in the Japanese computer industry •The success of co-operation among small tradi -tional firms in Italy has inspired regional initiatives
their resources toward core activities. To obtain complementary assets, two solutions are possible Market transaction or co-operation.
-tween users and producers induces an under -standing of reciprocal needs â Communicative learning involves the establish
a panel of French SMES 4. 1. Research methodology The firms of our sample received public funds to
industry, software industry, building industry and agriculture. The projects which did not fit into this
Computing activities 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 (1 Other 2 2 7 1 2 2 1 2 19 (6. 1
Communication systems also play a great role to in -crease organisational absorptive capacity. Firms must focus both on the interface between the departments
data were not fully available for each case. From 1980 to 1987, ANVAR changed its administrative
trends, networks and corporate patterns in non-core technologies. Research Policy 24, 207†231 Jacquemin, A.,1987.
the SPRU innovations database revisited. Research Policy 26 (3), 19†32 Von Hippel, E.,1987.
analysis from a panel of French SMES Research methodology The sector of production of the innovation
and make little or no use of external knowledge (Wikipedia, n d Innovation has been studied in several forms in the entrepreneurship literature.
error due to the confidential nature of the data and the variance among participating firms (Dess & Robinson, 1983.
analysts and other users interested in the growth and performance of SMES Economies of most nations are composed largely of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and their ability to
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Report on High-Expectationentrepreneurship, London Business School/Mazars/Babson 3 Bhide A. 2000.
Higher education institutions (User friendly ï Reduce the Local authority cost burden from SME The Global Innovation Scoreboard (GIS
•Further Investigation of Clustering •Part-time Innovation drivers •Development of more Innovation Centres
Annex 3. Statistical data...44 Figures Figure 1: main concepts explaining innovation...2 Figure 2:
much of my back when I left to Yogyakarta or set behind my computer. Finally I acknowledge all respondents
Offering a pink mobile phone in addition to a black mobile phone, for instance, already opens up a new market niche.
As a result incremental innovation is a catalyst of economic development for all firms in all countries
knowledge on internet and in articles, periodicals and books. These interactions and searches may be open in order to create a birds-eye perspective of available technologies,
Data is triangulated from three sources: semi-structured interviews, survey and secondary data Data collection was based on a detailed case study protocol.
I was supported by a research assistant for translation, transcription, administration and logistics. 42 semi-structured
interviews were conducted, comprising 27 firms, 3 experts, 11 major players of the local innovation system and one global buyer.
on the contacts of researchers and internet. They were drawn from all firm sizes, sub-sectors and
about two hours and were followed up by additional questions by phone when needed Comments from websites, annual reports, marketing material
and observations were added to the field notes. This comprehensive process provided in depth insight into innovation processes
The traditional clustering of firms per type of material has been replaced by clustering around market demand
Table 1: survey sample per subsector and firm size (turn over Firm-size W ood Pottery
became part of a larger clustering of firms and the speed of innovation became even faster (Resp
stock as well as a large database of potential buyers. The interplay between market demands for innovation and externalities thus push the sector towards middle to high end product markets
acquiescence bias and social desirability bias (www. wikipedia. org, 12-2-2013. To overcome these risks
comparable to innovations in the furniture, software and bamboo industry in Indonesia (Brata 2009, Greenhuizen and Indarti 2005, Indarti 2010.
refers to stealing designs from internet Most firms (40%)change their product design quarterly, when a new season demands new colors
#14) or setting up internet campaigns (resp.##18 Many firms started selling locally, as the market in Indonesia is booming.
Public sources include internet, trade fairs books and articles. The local innovation system includes all actors operating in the locality
from global buyers and internet. Clearly, knowledge from abroad is considered crucial for innovation. This indicates that the sector on average follows global trends as communicated by
global buyers and searched on internet Exporters have strong in-flows of knowledge from global buyers, internet and trade fairs
supplemented by knowledge sourced from less important actors. Knowledge from the local innovation system is of secondary importance.
impact of internet suggests that the impact can be significant (Gaul 2011. Global buyers are
Open Internet*4, 6b 3, 0 4, 4b 3, 7 Articles and books*3, 4b 1, 9 2, 6 2, 4
as the data received proved unreliable Innovation creates economic rents, especially relational and product rents. They can be
The sector thus upgrades, as knowledge is shared within value chains and spills over across chains.
database of potential buyers, a large pool of actual buyers and a large product range4. The practice of subcontracting creates flexibility
I sent a fax to KLM purchasing manager to say that I have to come to
Displays and designs and exhibitions improved a lot. In the past, the things I liked were made always by westerners.
Other (computer training, etc) 12 12 IHS Working Paper 27.2013. Innovation in SMES. The case of home accessories in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 24
own data. Firms in Yogyakarta didn†t fit the bill, as subcontracting makes it hard to control
is email exchange and (bi) annual meetings at trade fairs or other meeting places. Once orders
Java and Yogyakarta (540 in Yogyakarta, Tambunan 2006b. These are traditional activities of local communities where production has long been advancing.
The importance of clustering in economic development has changed radically the past decades for various reasons.
In this study clustering correlates significantly and negatively with innovation. The relationship is linear (Î=0. 017, Î=-0. 476, r2=0. 0489.
controlled for absorptive capacity and position in value chain, then poverty-driven clustering no longer has a significant impact on innovation et al (see next section.
other studies in Indonesia where clustering has no significant impact either IHS Working Paper 27.2013.
The analysis is based on qualitative data Capacity of non-firm actors and research incentives Interaction with non-firm actors plays a secondary role in innovation.
Knowledge is transmitted in a codified form (emails, letters newsletters) and in a tacit form (training, trade fairs, associations and extension services.
adjusted, but as a result the data on the bottom-end subcontractors must be treated with
Social networks and innovation (handicraft industry in bantul, yogyakarta. Munich: MPRA, 28032 Brata, A..2009. Innovation and social capital in the small-medium entreprises:
specialized hubs in the bangalore software industry Chen, J.,Y. Chen, and W. Vanhaverbeke. 2011.
software-small-and medium-sized enterprises in indonesia. University Library Groningen Ismalina, P. 2011. An integrated analysis of socioeconomic structures and actors in indonesian industrial clusters:
and interpreting innovation data. Paris: OECD publications OECD 2006. Comnmunity Innovation Statistics. From today†s community innovation surveys to better surveys tomorrow
Promoting small and medium entreprises with a clustering approach: A policy experience from indonesia. Journal of Small Busines Management 43 (2): 138-54
AS Java Exporter 12 40 52 63.210 High Leather SSE Aru Subcon 15 10 25
data collection IHS Working Paper 27.2013. Innovation in SMES. The case of home accessories in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 42
Annex 3. Statistical data Table 1: association of acquisition indicators (V-Cramer/significance Travel Language Access to
Annex 3. Statistical data
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41 22) 839 31 00 Email: info@wbcsd. org CH-1231 Conches-Geneva Fax:(41 22) 839 31 31 Web:
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panels: chemical industry Product stewardship guidance: SCJ External advisory board: Dow Technology review bodies Dupont Novartis
Using data from Germany, BASF factored together energy costs and consumption, purchasing costs, and other environmental and
software. Current developments in stem -cell research represent one area in which the rules are quickly being made by
computer operating systems in the software industry Businesses within the pharmaceutical industry are looking to different models
for addressing human needs in developed as well as developing countries. They are discovering that patents while properly granted under
Meeting on Information technology Implications Stuttgart 2001 February Meeting on Information technology Geneva March Working group meeting Montreux
May Stakeholder Dialogue: Intellectual Property rights Montreux July Assurance Team Meeting Geneva July 2001-February 2002
human genes, the status of the data bases built up in functional genomics and the scope of patent claims on
resources (health data, family histories blood samples, etc. legitimately be obtained? is informed consent of the
companies and stored in private data bases? Is it legitimate to reserve exclusive access to data bases for just
one company •Frequently, private companies collect genetic materials by appealing to altruism, conveying the message that
•With respect to gene sequence data there is a growing consensus that these data be disclosed and made
freely available to all scientists. Are there reasons to apply that policy to data bases in functional genomics
Can one learn from the model case of the SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) consortium •What is the proper scope for patent
We also benefit from a Global network of 38 national and regional business councils and partner organizations involving more than 1, 000
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Copyright  World Business Council for Sustainable Development, July 2002 ISBN 2-940240-27-2
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