a †follow the money†website. iii) Dashboards that describe the ambition, goals, and activities for every
sites and to help peripheral and structural weak areas. Following infrastructure measures can be mentioned:
http://cemi. epfl. ch/files/content/sites/cemi/files/users/178044/public/Measuring%20smart%20special
a †follow the money†website. C) Dashboards that describe the ambition, goals, and activities for every sector, with corresponding indicators and target
Innovation Portal website at www. transport-research. info ISBN: 978-92-79-25925-8 doi:
The site presents information on fundamental research, applied research and demonstration projects, as well as innovative solutions adopted by individual towns and cities.
addition, the website provides news and tools for policy makers and transport experts www. eltis. org
A dedicated website has been set up to provide information and guidelines on how to develop
The website also provides information on events related to SUMPS that are organised with EU support. These events
Website: www. ebsf. eu Buses to strengthen sustainable urban mobility INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING
Website: www. access-to-all. eu Reference: FP7-218684 Status: Completed Total cost: EUR 1 097 797
Website: www. mediate-project. eu, www. aptie. eu/site BACKGROUND One in ten people in Europe is over the age of
60, and according to the United nations, 10 %of the population has some type of disability To make transport accessible and user
eu/site) has become the one-stop shop for initiatives, case studies, policy and standards research and training on accessibility in Europe
Website: www. smartfreight. info INNOVATION IN URBAN MOBILITY-POLICY MAKING AND PLANNING 21 SU CC
EU FP7 project, Accessible Public transport in Europe, http://www. aptie. eu/site â Bypad (2008:
Comments from websites, annual reports, marketing material and observations were added to the field notes. This comprehensive process provided in depth insight into innovation processes
6 See †Best practices†section of WIPO€ s website www. wipo. int/sme/en/best practices
website is to be set up giving an overview of and links to existing multimodal journey planners.
of publications issued by the European commission (see website: http://www. ec. europa. eu /information society/activities/esafety/index en. htm). However, the specific purpose of this
Website www. cvisproject. org/download/roadsense. pdf Safety was aâ major focus of automotive research in the latter
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /Otherwise collectively described as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), these typically employ
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /As coordinator Luisa Andreone (CRF †Fiat Research Centre
Website http://intro. fehrl. org MISS Monitor Integrated Safety Systems The objective of MISS was to enhance the safety and
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects /REACT Realizing enhanced safety and efficiency in European road transport
Website https://www. eurtd. org/quickplace/project-react IN T E L L IG E
Website www. safetrip. eu SARTRE Road awareness for driving via a strategy that evaluates numerous systems
Website www. sartre-project. eu EU (for which aâ deployment roadmap has been set out under the DG Mobility and Transport project EASYWAY
-strations are advanced already well at project sites in Heathrow Airport (PRT), London, Rome†s new exhibition
Website www. citymobil-project. eu Following eventual take-up on aâ sufficient scale, traffic management systems will for the first time have the ability to
between city centres and airports or peripheral parking sites †ready for pick-up by customers
Website www. i-travelproject. com Trip advisors Another important direction for ITS research is the promotion
Website www. access-to-all. eu WISETRIP Wide scale network of e-systems for multimodal journey planning
Website www. wisetrip-eu. org IN T E L L IG E N T T
Website www. conduits. eu IN T E L L IG E N T T R
Website www. city-log. eu Intelligent freight distribution Optimisation of the movement of freight, both within the EU
Website http://heavyroute. fehrl. org Damage limitation The high weight of long range trucks poses some threats to
Website www. simbaproject. org Research cooperation with countries beyond the EU itself † inâ ITS,  as in many other fields †is aâ central element of
Website www. viajeo. eu STADIUM Smart transport applications designed for large events with impacts on urban mobility
Website www. stadium-project. eu/site IN T E L L IG E N T
mushrooming social networking websites C H A p T E R 8 Conclusions and the way forward
info@forfas. ie or through the website August 2013 Forfã¡s Wilton Park House Wilton Place
reducing the revenue for websites that rely on ad-based business models. 106 This appears to be one reason the EU lags behind the
the effectiveness of IT investment include the new law requiring websites to obtain â€oeexplicit consent†before placing web cookies,
particularly to smaller websites, while the latter is likely to delay progress in the emerging area of big data analytics
available revenue for websites and can cripple the growth of useful services Another example is the â€oeright to be forgotten†rule implemented by the European
97. â€oenetworked Readiness Index 2014, †on the World Economic Forum website, accessed May 7, 2014
https://www. uschamber. com/sites/default/files/legacy/reports/020508 economicimportance final revi sed lr. pdf 109. L. Christensen et al.
See for example the sectoral focus on this European commission website: European commission Enterprise and Industry â€oeict for Competitiveness & Innovation, †(accessed May 16, 2014
Commission website, last modified January 16, 2012, accessed April 18, 2014 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail. cfm?
-ilibrary. org/sites/entrepreneur aag-2013-en/02/02/index. html 177. Ibid 178. Danny Leung, CÃ saire Meh,
http://www. ftc. gov/sites/default/files/documents/public events/fifth-annual-microeconomics -conference/tucker. pdf
Commission website, accessed May 15, 2014, http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals/pillar-i
Enterprise and Industry, European commission website, accessed May 15, 2014 http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals/pillar-vii-ict-enabled-benefits-eu-society
per home and Ethernet switches concentrating the customer traffic at the central MPOP (ODF) sites.
but GPON splitters and OLT at the central MPOP sites, and (4) FTTB P2p DSL is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibre per building
portals, websites blogs and wikis; promotional literature; video clips; and slideshow presentations In parallel, a number of consultation rounds with key educational stakeholders (policy-and decision
website. 17 Survey analytics showed that most of participants entered the survey through a direct link from the
networking with other organisations and stakeholders across sites and also within the same organisation, in order to encourage the emergence and scaling up of learning innovations.
http://www. innovationunit. org/sites/default/files/Only%20connect%20 -%20a%20new%20paradigm%20for%20learning%20innovation%20in%20the%2021st%2
to install patient information systems at some sites, these require significant investments for their successful implementation.
sites for analysis. In order for this to work, there must be standards for representing the data and for
overlooked, with the result that many sites are unable to share data thus limiting the flow of information
and community health sites and primary health care centres. These are the first points of care
and retrieve clinical data across care boundaries and sites, and consists of over a million medical concepts.
b) to list the most important websites that are relevant to micro and small businesses
website at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme definition/sme user guide en. pdf 2. 2 Why is this relevant
as well as the links to the relevant websites and points of contact The European union has three key funding instruments to support SMES
which are published once a year by the European commission on FP7 website Certain topics are dedicated to SMES
and to apply for grants you can visit the website of the European Research Council
website http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/dc/index. cfm In order to provide help and advices to the participants of FP7,
states on the website of the FP7 programme. The network is based on existing national and regional
website at the beginning of each year http://ec. europa. eu/transport/marcopolo/about/index en. htm 4. 4. 3 European Lifelong learning Programme
http://ec. europa. eu/solvit/site/index en. htm SOLVIT is designed to solve problems encountered by both citizens and businesses in case an EU Mem
On this website you can find booklets issued by the Commission answering questions you may have
The website provides you with a guide with thematic and sectorial access to locally relevant energy
Each national representation†s website provides the address of regional representations as well http://europa. eu/whoiswho/public/index. cfm?
The following website helps you to find the representations of the EU institutions in your country
9 http://www. wheel. ie/sites/default/files/Consultation%20process%20on%20partnership%20agreement%202014%20
and website use is a challenging task on account of the sheer volume of information available
Over the past decade, the number of websites has been growing at exponential rates and according to estimates by Netcraft, there were
185 million active sites at the beginning of 2014 Google remains the leading search engine in most countries, and accounts for around 90
Social media sites have become the most accessed websites by users in both developed Chart 1. 16:
Growth in daily Google searches 2007-2013 Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. statisticbrain. com/google-searches
-filesharing site with services in 61 countries. As of early 2014, Youtube boasted more than 1â billion
Other top popular websites include Amazon Wikipedia and Linkedin as well as various news and online e-market sites at the national level
see below on e-business. Wikipedia, the largest and most widely used online encyclopaedia featured more than 30 million articles by end
businesses with websites was lower, accounting on average for 71 per cent and ranging from 36
websites (e g. Youtube) and blogs (e g. Twitter In the developing world, data on ICTS in
have established central websites and that more than 50 per cent of countries provide links to
sites (UNDESA, 2014. Efforts are needed still to connect lower-tier administrations in countries When it comes to the provision of e-services
and services on government website portals increased threefold, with 70 per cent of countries providing a one-stop shop portal in 2012, as
https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%20
9 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DK%20%20-%20broadband%20markets. pdf
12 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%202-BROADBAND%20
14 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%203-INTERNET%20
website of the dominant operator or prices were provided to ITU through the ICT Price Basket Questionnaire. 25
8. Co-location/site sharing mandated 7. Infrastructure sharing mandated 6. Infrastructure sharing for mobile operators allowed
16 The most visited websites in Tunisia by December 2011 were predominantly in English. Initiatives to promote Arab digital
TEAMS€ website (http://www. teams. co. ke) and EASSY€ s website (http://www. eassy. org
24 The details of the different †4g†plans offered by Tigo can be found on the following websites
World Bank†s website on measuring poverty: http://go. worldbank. org/W3hl5gd710 35 Differences in the equivalence scales of the source data used in this chapter are corrected roughly using ITU estimates on
categorize interests based on sites visited (as opposed to content accessed Sophisticated clickstream analyses from DPI data17 can also generate more finely
websites could be classified individually in terms of the information they provide, then Internet -user activities, including their frequency and
claim to enhance website page rankings, and search-engine optimization (SEO) 38 is now an established part of website development
Changes in behaviour could also partially explain the declining veracity of Google Flu Trends GFT), researchers having found influenza-like
applications and websites Service access detail records Whenever a user utilizes a telecommunication service, each access is recorded not only for
smaller job sites in the United states. More information can be found at http://www. conference-board. org/data/helpwantedonline. cfm
in order to understand which sites were accessed, in what order and how much time was spent at each Endnotes
19 For more information on Cignifi, see their website at http://www. cignifi. com /20 The full report can be accessed at http://unstats. un. org/unsd/statcom/doc14/2014-11-Bigdata-E. pdf
whereby a website†s structure and content are optimized to make the site more visible to the webpage-indexing process of one or more search engines,
thereby ensuring that the website and/or webpage appears higher up in the results of a search query
regulation on the Indian Department of Telecommunications website http://dot. gov. in/sites/default/files/Unified%20licence 0. pdf
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 212 45 Most network operators use multiple sectorized antennas on a single base station.
http://www. ibmbigdatahub. com/sites/default/files/infographic file/4-Vs-of-big data. jpg ICT Qatar (2014), Qatar†s ICT landscape 2014 households and individuals.
http://www. whitehouse. gov/sites/default/files/docs/big data privacy report 5. 1. 14 final print. pdf UN Global Pulse (2012), Taking the Global Pulse:
to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for
to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for
to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for
websites and/or through direct correspondence Prices were collected from the operator with the largest market share,
or post articles, visit our website FAQ page http://sloanreview. mit. edu/faq /Customer service Email:
ï Websites located on Internet Ministry for Information Society (responsible All Ministries offering public services Page 20 of 170
o Site completeness o Maturity of Integrated Web Services o One Stop Portal Approach o Multi lingual site
o Forms/Process /Descriptions o Promotes Collaborative Platform o Helpdesk availability Romania offers provider-centric on-line
these sites Romania has a separate payment portal which allows citizens to make payments for
dedicated websites where the user can read about different topics, give feedback by voting or commenting on the articles
The difference between them and a website is that blogs & forums are generally build on free platforms
websites that allow the user to publish, recommend and comment any kind of content. Bu using the â€oebookmark†function,
the user can find and bookmark sites and information of interest that can be accessed from anywhere and also,
websites where the user is given the possibility to create, upload, publish share and receive feedback on photo and video content
networking sites in all Member States, while older people who use social networking sites are practically
Page 58 of 170 the same as the percentage of Internet users. The generational split has two main components:
services, creation of a website and internet banking, the last reason being claimed only by 8%of users
all public institutions websites and public services ï Public institutions websites with real time feedback option implemented
Communication ï Smart use of social media channels: define the user profile, engage and empower him in conversations
ï Websites located on Internet ï Social media ï Operational systems available The information provided by Big data systems does not include personal information or information
ï Websites located on Internet ï Social media ï Operational systems available Operational ï Definition of the analysis
Social media sites can be used for documentation on innovative concepts such as"classrooms in the mirror"or distribution of the latest
future sites for networks and elements of the electronic communications networks •The simplification of the
impressive success stories in obtaining a global reach, in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.
as social networking sites like Facebook and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb,
but it may not apply easily to some other services such as e -democracy platforms, caring networks and
-cess to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary †app stores. †The lack of standards forces
set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil
Digital Social Innovation website could introduce innovators to both other local innovators and innovators sharing similar
The Impact Hub of Vienna37 is a network of several cities across the world which, according to their websites,
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website, and in
11 http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites/default /files/good incubation wv. pdf 1 Combinatorial innovation means
/sites/digital-agenda/files/IA4SI%20 %E2%80%93%20fact-sheet%20 v02. pdf Nesta and Young Foundation Discussion
/sites/default/files/event/attachments /Copy%20of%20generating social Innovation%20v4. pdf Innovation platform. Measurement for policy
standpoint, see the Communia website http://bit. ly/V2knnk 50 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki
/72 http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites/default /files/good incubation wv. pdf 29 http://www. citizens. is
/76 http://www. nominettrust. org. uk/sites /default/files/Nominet%20trust%20-%20 Triple%20helix%20overview%20paper
http://www. e-living. net/sites/default /files/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg
//budgetparticipatif. paris. fr/bp/jsp/site /Portal. jsp? document id=133&portlet id=100 Accessed 29th january 2015
through a dedicated website and a published handbook 5. Implement the professional development activities for mobile learning across other faculties at the
appointed, and a prototype project website was created. The leadership team, together with professional development and IT experts, met fortnightly for planning and monitoring,
project website •Publication of edited book •Long-term evaluation Products from each phase Phase 1
Website of exemplars and strategy descriptions Phase 4 Final conference Edited book Project report Final public website
Evaluation Reeves & Hedberg 2003 Review of literature and existing initiatives Formative evaluation of PD workshops
project website Effectiveness evaluation of 12 learning environments Effectiveness evaluation of whole project Peer review of
project website At the end of Phase 1, the project structures had been put into place (i e.,, project management, team
meetings, project website), a literature review had been conducted, and the educational affordances of the devices had been investigated and reported
communication from one site to another. When teachers had designed their learning tasks, they were able
supports and assessment items) and uploaded descriptions of pedagogies to the project website Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008:
and the project website. A final 2-day conference was held after all cases had been implemented and evaluated at the end of the second year of the project.
The project website also includes succinct case study descriptions and exemplars of the pedagogies developed for the m-learning devices.
conference papers and workshops, on the website and through other means such as listservs and electronic newsletters
a project website, literature review created as an Endnote library with embedded papers, a searchable catalogue of educational affordances of the mobile devices, a
updates for the website to reflect the progress of the project, creating a system to monitor and maintain
The project website served as a focal point for the project activities, schedule and resources. In each
phase, the substantive value of the website grew, both as an important communication device and as a
and the technology affordances page for the ipod on the project website Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008:
Web pages from the project website Conclusion Although general guidelines on the use of technology have been delineated by MCEETYA (2005
http://www. cabinetoffice. gov. uk/sites/default/files/resources/uk-government-ict-strategy-2011 0. odt
e-commerce sales of magnet products via the site had reached already more than USD 700 000, and the site
To increase the number of visits to the site, the company used both an on-line campaign and
to (potential) customers lured 1 000 visitors to the site during the peak early month.
outsource Web page design and updating, have found it difficult to contain site development costs which
%1%Website maintenance Telephony ISP charges/website hosting Responding to e-mails Advertising License fees Bank fees
Other Note: Percentage of total investment in Internet e-commerce. N=34 Source: Ernst & young (2001 Logistics services, e g. package collection and delivery, also matter.
Some placed detailed corporate information on the site to illustrate their technology and financial base (Tiessen et al.
an e-commerce site 46.8 18.9 45.3 33.4 39.3 33.6 27.3 35.4 28.6 33.6 Making needed
Since the Internet and many travel-related sites allow on-line customers to compare the price of
The site has attracted customers not only in the United kingdom and Ireland but also throughout the world Australia;
customers who have bought an instrument through the site. Some customers, impressed by the presentation of the
violin-related site among individuals, dealers and others interested in the instrument Source: UK E-commerce Awards (http://www. ecommerce-awards. co. uk/)and the company Web site
B2b on-line marketplaces and auction sites have also not been attractive to many SMES in the sector particularly in the light of most of these markets
NET site (www. ause. net) and ebiz. enable site www. strategis. ic. gc. ca/sc indps/ebiz/engdoc/homepage. php
4. 2. 1 Price comparison websites...63 4. 2. 2 Restrictions on advertising...64 4. 2. 3 Unfair commercial practices...
and sales orders made via websites or systems of electronic data interchange, excluding manually typed e-mails
themselves to offering an e-mail address accessible for their customers through the website They must also provide for other forms of direct communication. 47
standard message e g. inviting them to visit a particular website. Whether a message is "commercial"or not leaves room for divergent interpretations as well
sure that businesses adapt their websites. On the other hand, respondents to the e-commerce consultation expressed concerns that the contracting requirements of the ECD may have been
in Member State A considers that the website of an online trader established in Member State
Many cases concern websites which give incomplete information such as failing to indicate all the taxes and costs included in a price.
Other cases concern websites where the trader's identity, location and VAT-numbers were missing,
available on the e-commerce website of DG MARKT. 79 National websites contain general 78 Report from the Commission to the European parliament and of the Council on the application of
both screen a sample of websites in a given sector for compliance with EU consumer
standards,(2) develop the exchange of best practices through a common website and (3 develop tools and techniques to identify emerging online threats for consumers
By way of example, a major video-sharing site reported that more than 24 hours of video are uploaded on its site every minute. 83 Checking
all videos that are uploaded from possibly illegal sites would be too heavy a burden to
liability exceptions, offering a video-sharing site would probably be too great a commercial risk.
This could include, for example, sites containing infringements of intellectual property rights (such as trademark or copyright infringements), but also sites containing child pornography, racist and xenophobic content
defamation, incitements to terrorism or violence in general, illegal gambling offers, illegal pharmaceutical offers, fake banking services (phishing), data protection infringements, illicit
emerged that the legislators could not have foreseen, such as video-sharing sites, selling platforms, social networks and peer-2-peer services.
video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime
reasoning ruled that a hyperlinking website was a mere conduit activity that could benefit from the liability exemption of Article 12 ECD
Similarly, there is divergent national case law on video-sharing sites •French case law recently confirmed that video-sharing sites can benefit from the
liability exemption for hosting activities, for instance in the Magdane vs. Dailymotion case. 89 The fact that Dailymotion received advertisement revenues was irrelevant in
others90) that a video sharing site for videos uploaded by third parties cannot benefit 86 Crown Court, Gloucester, 06.02.2010, ref. no.
o Youtube provides a specific layout of the website and Youtube's logo is shown in rather big letters above the playing video
o Because of the arrangement of the website the average user cannot tell at first sight that the videos were uploaded by the user and not by Youtube
considered that a video-sharing site could not benefit from a liability exemption The court stated that Youtube was not to be regarded as a hosting provider but as
website (recipients of ebay's services in terms of the E-commerce Directive) act under the authority or the control of ebay (the provider of an information society service in
its clients various services on the same site without losing the right to benefit from a
carried out on its website was considered irrelevant in this context. In this case, it was considered that ebay was not an editor as it could not be proven that ebay checks the
messages that users post on the site. The fact that ebay has designed the architecture and structure of its site and that it has developed systems for organising and ranking
the content on its site is not sufficient to conclude that it cannot benefit from the
hosting liability exemption •The UK High court in L'oreal vs. ebay95 considered, without any further reasoning
exercised some editorial control on parts of the website •The Paris Court of First Instance99 refused to recognise a content aggregator
displaying on its website links posted by third parties as a hosting provider because the owner had played an active role in how the links should be classified and presented
the site allowed the classification and structuring of certain information provided by users did not imply an editing activity.
to follow from the fact that the site did not offer a possibility to check the information
on certain websites referred to in users'posts National jurisprudence on file sharing services also diverges.
an economic operator to display advertising links to its site accompanied by a commercial message that appears on the right hand side of the screen
trademark infringements committed (and possibly to be committed) through its site. In order to attract new customers to its website,
ebay had bought keywords, including trademarks held by L'Orã al, from paid internet referencing services (such as Google's"Adwords".
instance, has a"general awareness"that its site hosts illegal information The first interpretation is defended commonly by civil organisations in defence of, in
their sites and that this constitutes actual knowledge. ISPS that advertise the possibility of downloading music and videos of the consumer's choice would for instance have this form of
political party by a third party was considered manifestly illegal because the website of the third party was almost identical to the website of the political party, but
contained hyperlinks to racist content, meaning it could tarnish the reputation of the political party if internet users confused the two websites. 105 Also,
defamation has been considered manifestly illegal in some instances. 106 By contrast, infringements relating to advertising
A host of a website containing hyperlinks leading to to child pornography was attributed knowledge of these illegal hyperlinks
133 The website www. chillingeffects. org, an initiative from several US law faculties and some NGOS, reports on
review of such decisions, the tracking of its source and identification of the web hosting provider and, in particular, the notification to the competent authorities.
Investigation to compile a black list containing child pornography websites, on the basis of which ISPS have to block access to those websites
•The Hungarian Act on certain aspects of e-commerce and information society services transposing the E-commerce Directive) provides for a notice-and-takedown for mere
forced to block access to copyright-infringing websites •The UK Terrorism act provides a specific procedure for terrorism-related
where there is a financial gain involved in the takedown (for instance phishing websites. A majority of the respondents to the consultation proposed a European notice-and-takedown
refuse to use the NTD procedure proposed by a particular site and provide information in a
University136 demonstrates that the average time before takedown of child pornography sites is much longer than the time before takedown of phishing sites
d) Liability for providing wrongful notices or for taking down or blocking legal content NTD procedures do not exclude a risk that wrongful notices are provided to intermediaries (in
video-sharing sites, argue that right holders should favour"monetisation"over takedown "Monetisation"involves receiving a share of advertisement revenues that can be attributed to
and includes also"blocking"of websites 47 procedures; the consequences of submitting wrong notices; the instruments for removing or
Video hosting sites have, for instance, voluntarily and in cooperation with right holders, developed so-called fingerprinting techniques that identify the unique hash code
interoperability between these techniques for different video sharing sites would be a particular burden according to some right holders
especially for retail websites 145 See in particular the Commission Communication"A Digital Agenda for Europe",COM (2010) 245 of
example, a user may often visit sport sites and thus be categorised in the"sports fan"segment.
Directive, makes illegal under Article 13 (4) all commercial e-mails advertising websites without disclosing the identity of the sender on
ticking a box when visiting an internet website"."The Commission services understand this in their guidance document as follows
specific website content may still be made conditional on the well-informed acceptance of cookies or similar device,
advertisement, coupled with a website providing the user with information about how to switch off behaviourally targeted display ads from the company that the user signed up to.
172 See the DG€ s website: http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/services/gambling en. htm 61
buying medicines online, with the result that they, often unconsciously, buy from illegal sites with all the attendant health risks
requirements and the creation of an obligatory"trust mark"("common logo")for websites legally offering medicinal products on the Internet.
necessary in this context, price comparison websites, restrictions on advertising, and unfair commercial practices should be tackled
4. 2. 1 Price comparison websites As outlined in the Staff Working Document"Bringing e-commerce benefits to consumers
In 2010, eight in ten online shoppers used a price comparison website to research their purchases,
comparison websites, only a low proportion of price comparison websites (17%)give customers the option of offers available from other Member States.
tested price comparison websites are available in more than one language179. As a result consumers often do not find out about cross-border offers
The performance of the tested price comparison websites was substandard in many aspects when it came to the provision of information.
Only one in two price comparison websites provided the full details of their business address. The situation with online retailers was
In 60%of tested price comparison websites, it was not clear whether retailers had to pay to
and most price comparison websites did not display the correct final price. Information provision on added costs was rather poor.
websites showed prices including VAT and other taxes, and delivery charges. Another worrying finding was that in more than half of trials,
service providers to create their own website in the hope that clients will find their business
and make a direct order online through their website. Second, online businesses such as newspapers, video sharing sites,
and commercial blogs offer content and services to consumers for free, earning revenue by selling advertising space on their sites to businesses
that intend to reach those customers. Third, online enterprises such as travel planning sites sell both advertising space and their (own) services directly to consumers
In all those business models, the use of search engines has become widespread. Customers rely increasingly on search engines to find their preferred product or service.
available on websites is fair and that it does not confuse consumers. In order to ensure that
provisions (websites selling airlines tickets, online mobile phone services, websites selling consumer electronic goods •on 3 december 2009 the Commission published detailed guidelines aiming to provide
and services by exploiting the global availability of their websites. However, most online traders still serve a very limited number of Member States.
It is not unusual that websites automatically route the consumer to another website which corresponds to their country of residence,
enabling the web shop to maintain different price policies based on national borders. Consumer transactions may also fail at the stage of revealing credit card details due to the address of the
choose to have their country specific sites with a TLD of the country in question. Businesses
within the application (instead of providing a link to a website where the commercial transaction is concluded),
and require quality standards for the use of an internet site to sell their products.
as they have to adapt their website to the legal requirements of every Member State they direct their activity to
when a website contains activities directed to consumers in other Member States (see Chapter 4. 7. 4
society services beyond retailing, for example, in the way sites can be referenced by search engines or how technologies can be slowed down or blocked.
The relevant forms were made not available on the premises or the websites of 41%of the courts visited.
the fact that the website of a business, on the basis of which a consumer entered into a
the address being provided on the hotel†s website which the consumer had viewed. The consumer found fault with the hotel†s services and left without
The European Court of Justice ruled that mere use of a website by a trader in order to engage
facilitate access to its site by consumers domiciled in those various Member States Nevertheless, other less obvious items of evidence,
Likewise, if the website permits consumers to use a language or a currency other than that generally used in the trader†s Member State, this can also constitute evidence
On the other hand, the mere mentioning on a website of the trader†s email address or geographical address,
whether it is apparent from the traders†websites and overall activity that they were envisaging
http://www. vvc. gov. lv/export/sites/default/LV/publikacijas/civillikums. pdf 5. Informä cijas sabiedrä bas pakalpojumu likums
website -subject-matter of injury and description of facts substantiating infringement -data necessary for identification of infringement
number, website protocol, or Unique infringement The ISP must be notified of the decision of the
-the law of 12 may 2010 contains in its Article 61 a basis for filtering of illegal gambling sites
-the decree of 20 june 2009 lays down the basis for a public website for reporting cybercrime (notably child abuse content, financial crime and racist content
4. 2. 1 Price comparison websites 4. 2. 2 Restrictions on advertising 4. 2. 3 Unfair commercial practices
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011