-tria has an industrial core region formed by the three cities of Linz (the capital of the province), Wels, and
Outside this core area there are peripheral areas in the north and south of Upper Austria but also several
are research-oriented †Software Park Hagenberg SWP) and Research and Training Centre for Labour and
-oriented is the Software Park Hagenberg (SWP), located close to the capital of Linz. It is a technology and
research centre for software development, industrial mathematics, and related services, exclusively focusing on this technology field.
software, data processing, and consulting services. There are hardly any manufacturing companies and only a few high-tech firms.
machinery, and services (frequently software) while only 19 belong to the metal-and-steel industry, metal pro
software industry frequently carry out product innovations, often together with customers And finally, science-based producers (e g.,
contain the introduction of new software products and services or the development of new customer segments.
demonstrating the extent to which this results in cumulative processes in core regions at the expense of peripheries.
The authors use the software ag -glomeration in Dublin and the IT-sector in Tampere as examples to demonstrate how the
which could originate out of territorial catalysts fostering a local innovation system such as technological parks.
-tion) and IT (esp. international computer hardware and software enterprises that have operations in Bangalore. The enterprise structure consists of many branches of MNCS
Texas instruments, Infosys Technologies Ltd..In total, Bangalore is the most im -portant centre of civil and military aircraft and aerospace industry and IT in India.
In a historical context, the US major enterprise Texas instruments that †discovered†Bangalore as a location is of great importance.
-lore†s software cluster owes †its origins and growth to increased cross-border flows of
the Indian software industry in the future. †This refers to the often heard criticism that Bangalore†s success is only a result of the foreign investment because of low cost ad
the minicomputer industry and a reduction in military budgets, both on which the local industries were highly dependent.
dislocation of emphasis from hardware to services) was a benefit for Boston that †was
The settlement of an IBM plant in 1965 can be seen as a major initial impetus for a new phase of economic development as part of a †third industrial
-sic research is seen as a core asset of the region (Stoerring and Dalum 2006. The
that the region build on its core assets, namely ICT (Norcom) and the emerging life sciences at university for Biomedico
of printing and publishing companies in the UK outside London (Oxfordshire County Council 2005 Figure 7:
Tuttlingen, or the settlement of major multinational enterprises such as IBM in Montpellier †Big pharma†in North Jutland and Texas instruments in Bangalore.
Soft factors such as regional image and identity and the †openness†of a region are both important inputs as
The most prominent examples are the †QWERTY€ keyboard and the VHS video systems (cf.
The software cluster in Bangalore. In: J. H Dunning (ed.:Regions, globalization, and the knowledge-based economy.
Innovation in Small Scottish Software Firms. In: Entrepreneurship & Regional Devel -opment 12 (3), 217†244
accessed or ordered via the Europa server or directly at the Sebw website www. europa. eu. int/comm/enterprise/ict/policy/watch/index. htm, www. ebusiness-watch. org
3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software...53 3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology...
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration...60 3. 4. 2 Use of ICT for cooperative and collaborative business processes...
outlook and policy implications...185 6. 1 Key findings...185 6. 2 Possible further developments of e-business...
Nearly all companies which use computers in the TLS sector said in 2007 that they were con
software systems ERP (Enterprise resource planning) systems are one of the main platforms to enable this goal. If a customer or supplier has an ERP
Use of specific software systems for transport & logistics management Specific software solutions for the TLS sector
such as Cargo Handling Technology, Fleet Control system and ITMS (Intermodal Trans -portation Management Systems) are also
logistics software systems 16 3 12 20 31 29 8 22 35 43 12 4 6
-ment) systems, a comprehensive software to capture, storage and analysis customer data in an integrated way, is used not yet widely in the
Software products System and application software â 76 billion IT services Consulting, implementation and operations
management â 140 billion Carrier services Fixed voice telephone and data services, mobile telephone services, cable TV
and other public or private organisations, conducted over computer-mediated networks. The goods and services are ordered over those networks, but the payment
public or private organisations, conducted over computer-mediated networks. (OECD E-business: automated business processes (both intra-and inter-firm
over computer mediated networks. OECD e-Interactions: covers the full range of e-transactions as well as
business processes (both intra-and inter-firm) over computer mediated networks"(OECD 2004, p. 6). In addition, the OECD proposed that e-business processes should integrate
technological development has to be at the core. In other words, the utilisation of the most up-to-date technologies, including ERTMS,
Transport is a key driver for the EU-25 outlook in terms of both energy and emissions
transport chains is one of the most challenging application domains for computer and business sciences in the transportation sector
and e-business are relevant for nearly all core business areas of the TLS industry. Therefore, the issues analysed should rather be understood as representative
organisations core business processes to generate enormous benefits in terms of performance as well as provide greater value-added products and services.
system software. Warehouse management systems (WMS) assist managers in tracking products throughout the entire storage and distribution process.
from simple computer automation systems to high-end, feature-rich management programs that improve order picking,
facilitate better dock logistics, and monitor inventory management. Case studies about Geodis (Belgium) and AIT (France)( Chapter 5
Computer Network Intranet Online purchases business model Online sales business model External integration of business
(*)External integration of business processes refer to the automatic linking between a computer system for managing orders and a supplier†s or customer†s business system.
study, nearly all companies (97%)which use computers in the TLS sector said that they
step towards the computer integration of business processes. Such integration potentially streamlines and boosts the efficiency of the enterprise.
of multiple connected computers that communicate over a wired or wireless (Local Area Networks †LAN,
the use of ICT to connect computers internally to a company network increases with company size.
medium of communication and by the software controlling the communication (i e.,, the protocols). ) An Intranet is a specific application of the internal computer network which
%Remote access means that employees can access data from the company's computer system remotely, e g. when working from home or travelling.
come from software developers Exhibit 3. 1-7 Percentage of firms who uses Voice-over-IP in the TLS sector
software tools and the use of specialised tools supporting business functions within industries other than the ICT industryâ€. 63 There are companies-usually medium and
Focussing on core competencies by outsourcing noncritical activities to specialised providers is a general trend in the TLS industry,
in ICT hardware or networks during the past 12 months Weighting:%%of empl %of firms
A Cross Sector Perspective and Outlook 76 In the context of information systems, heterogeneity means that the systems are somehow
-Sector Perspective and Outlook, E-business W@tch Special report, 2005 78 Technical Committee 278 (2007) â€oeroad Transport and Traffic Telematicsâ€, Open Call for Project
The IM@GINE-IT personal assistant is a small additional piece of software that will run on any mobile device,
be it a mobile phone, mobile PC, PDA or in-car system. By communicating with Web-based services hosting the
relevant information, the IM@GINE IT device offers an integrated route -guidance system which combines in-vehicle, pedestrian, public transport and
3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software The open source model Open source software (OSS) is computer software
which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain. This permits users to use, change
and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. Open source is cited frequently as one of the most important movements in modern software
creation. Related projects are supported by the European Commission82 and almost every further and higher education institution makes use of open source software.
The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock in.
Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open-source
software OSS includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed under an open-source license.
It is developed often in a public, collaborative manner and is the most prominent example of open source development
and often compared to user generated content. The cost of immediate acquisition to the end-user is usually minimal
this is because the right to freely redistribute the software makes selling licences for copies of open source software an unlikely business proposition
The following research example shows the possibility of OSS in the logistics field: the Open source Warehouse Management System, developed at Fraunhofer-Institut fã r
Materialfluss und Logistik in Dortmund, Germany Mywms-The Open source Warehouse Management System Modern Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) have to operate quite a number of
different interfaces, consider restricted storage strategies, minimize transport routes and times, support different kinds of stocktaking and many other things.
Despite of existing standards, e g. VDI or FEM which cover partial fields, there are no generally accepted
standards for WMS. The suppliers of WMS have to use their own, often limited development capacities to their activities.
Networked Enterprise Applications and Software, FP6 508011), coordinated by University Bordeaux 1 with 47 partners and more than 300 researchers
open source software. In October 2006, it granted â 3m towards a project, called SQO-OSS, to
test the quality of open source software. And just days before, the Commission extended its open source web portal, the Open source Observatory
http://ec. europa. eu/idabc/en/chapter/452) to develop interoperability between applications E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Open source development Another approach which has already been implemented successfully in many projects is based on openness and transparency and parallelizes some of the above mentioned
codes of a software project as well as a permanent communication between all participants. This makes the interface specifications, the system architecture and the data
mywms, the Open source Warehouse Management System. This system is designed with modern software technologies and tools with the aim to create a widely accepted
WMS with well-defined interfaces and data models. mywms will be object oriented and coded in the programming language JAVA.
Free software products will be used for the development and operation. LINUX, for example, will be preferred the operating system and Postgresql the preferred database.
The complete user interface is based browser i e. it uses the common web browsers. This allows for the use of existing network
structures and inexpensive personal computers with almost any operating system as workplace computer The first level includes a core system with the inventory management, the master data
management and the possibility to enter and process storage and retrieval orders. For practical use mywms has to support concrete interfaces to ERP-systems and the
conveyors. For this purpose, corresponding programme modules will be developed and saved in a driver library. The further development of mywms includes a coupling to ERP
Deployment of Open source Software Deployment of open source software should follow the same pattern of evaluation of
needs, testing, and acquisition from a supplier and so on as would be used with proprietary software. The cost of deploying and supporting software, whether open
source or closed source, is very often much higher than the simple cost of licence
acquisition, and will often be the principal component of the total cost of ownership. 84
There are clearly a number of Open source products that can offer a fast return on investment, because they are genuinely excellent software products
and the support is acceptable. In comparison with proprietary software OSS is more inexpensive in acqui
-sition and use (total costs of ownership), also because the direct and indirect main -tenance costs are significantly lower.
84 Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx
efficient maintenance of the software which will result in a more effective effort by ICT
cost of deployment and also the potential impact on the rest of the software that they are
"software. The owner of a closed system can let his programme cooperate with open -source software;
after all he has access to the complete source. The opposite-closed source code, not able to cooperate with other programs-is more common than an
improves interoperability of computer systems and with that the strategic strength A recent research has found that almost 40%of European companies already use some
type of open source software, and a further 8%reported plans to pilot it during 2006.
server and server operating systems are the top two areas, with two-thirds of firms using
or Linux. 85 The E-business Watch 2007 sectoral study confirmed that operating systems (including Linux) based on OSS are used widely by
large companies (nearly 50%).86 Exhibit 3. 3-3 shows that for the TLS industry the use of OSS clearly increases by firm
Special emphasis should be put on the deployment of OS Software in micro and small enterprises which constitute the vast majority of TLS
companies Exhibit 3. 3-3: Companies using Open source Software 8 9 21 28 10 13
32 41 21 24 30 47 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
+Open source operating system Open source databases Open source browsers Base (100%:%Companies using computers. N (for sector, EU-7)= 997.
Weighting: Totals (for the sector and for all 7 sectors) are weighted by firms. Figures for size-bands are in%of enterprises from the size-band
Questionnaire reference: A13a, A13b and A13c 85 Forrester research, Inc. 2005. â€oeis Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe?
†http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html 86 See E-business Watch (Survey 2007
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 56 Source: Sectoral E-business Watch (Survey 2007 In addition to the possible cost savings of using OSS that can be essential for SMES
software for local needs. Proprietary software companies are concentrated usually global in a few parts of the world.
This is the nature of the software market, which, thanks to network effects and proprietary standards tends towards natural monopolies. 87 Also,
as is the case in the TLS sector, many large corporations are now deploying Open source
products at the heart of their IT, but doing so in a considered and responsible way. 88
A digital signer will require software, and will probably have to pay a certification authority some price to issue a certificate
Hardware to secure the subscriber's private key may also be advisable. Persons relying on digital signatures will incur expenses for verification software and
perhaps for access to certificates and certificate revocation lists in a repository On the plus side, the principal advantage to be gained is more reliable authentication of
Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR 89 Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature
these core business processes leads to faster cycle times, reduced overhead, more competitive offerings, and increased visibility into business drivers
critical core business processes 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Specific software applications for knowledge management are intended to help
companies organising information that is relevant for employees in a way that they can easily retrieve and use it.
A document management system (DMS) is a computer system or set of computer programs) used to track
and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents. A DMS system allows an enterprise
and its users to create a document or capture a hard copy in electronic form, store, edit,
A typical ERP system will use multiple components of computer software and hardware to achieve the integration.
A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.
Exhibit 3. 4-1 Use of e-business software systems Companies having†Transport & logistics sector TLS
†a software application to manage the placing or receipt of orders †a warehouse or
industry reported the use of software solutions or internet-based services for e -procurement (see Exhibit 3. 4-1). This shows that there is a gap between the percentage
software for this (20%.%It can be assumed that companies without such software place orders mainly through websites or extranets of suppliers,
which does not require any special e-procurement system. The digital back-office integration of procurement related
%SCM software can help companies from the TLS industry to match supply and demand through integrated and collaborative interaction tools.
companies appear to be more active using specific software systems, like cargo handling technology and intermodal transportation management systems
has legal implications to both transacting parties. e-invoicing is mediated a computer transaction between a seller/invoicer (invoicing entity) and a buyer/payer (receiving
The solution is based on a software solution that allows automating the exchange of documents between customers
This software is linked to the internal information system of CEMAT, an Italian company specialised in combined
core business processes. For these type of reasons, e-procurement has been seen to have the potential to play a pivotal role in a firm†s endeavours to â€oecreate a competitive
companies, a possible explanation is that many companies have software for managing their inventory and supplies internally, without really integrating suppliers directly through
%firms using SCM software/sharing information on inventory levels with suppliers (2007 4 8 22
SCM software is intended thus to manage numerous and different activities and tasks many of which have their own specific software.
Some vendors have assembled these different chunks of software together under a single solution, but the development of a
complete package that is right for every company is a big challenge. As a result, SCM
Capture technology, such as barcode scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANS and potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products.
The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly from one software vendor to another;
software management (â€oegoalâ€) system with GPS train control (â€oee-trainâ€. Hupac is a leading company in combined transport across The swiss Alps and in transport of
over 245 railway stations where each selling point is equipped with a PC and a printer linked to the different systems. 90 million tickets have been sold through the system and
CRM software suites are quite expensive and require intensive organisational preparation to be introduced effectively in a company.
%Companies using computers and which have the respective business function asked N (for sector, EU-7)= 970
%Companies using computers and saying that only some or none of their processes are conducted as e-business
(and the implied computer usage) is related to the LAN, W -LAN and own company website adoption
Thus, the existing ICT infrastructure and e-business software systems analysed in the preceding sections led the TLS sector to a situation in
Open source Software. The use of OSS seems to be correlated positively to the size of the company in employees.
adoption of ICT hardware and software correlates with innovation activity of firms "conduct"),and whether there are any significant links between innovation activity
stochastic production possibility frontier (SPF) model by using a panel data set for 14 EU member states for which all necessary data was defined available as EU-14). 114
Gross production value per total working hours based on EU-141 Multi-Country-Panel Explanatory variables Coefficient Standard error t-value
115 For the econometric estimation, the software package Frontiers 4. 1 was used (Coelli, 1996 E-business in the transport & logistics industry
assets include investments in software, training and organisational transformations that accompany ICT investments. In other words, firms that combine high levels of ICT and
or teams managing the same tasks (Mcafee, 2006 Rather than e-commerce, it is the use of electronic networks that leads to a higher
specified in the software design The copy-exactly strategy is particularly beneficial if the initial understanding of the
of work, such as banking (Mcafee, 2006. ICT facilitates firms†innovativeness by propagating innovations that are structured less than business processes.
Infrastructure endowment index that comprises of hardware components used by a firm and includes the share of employees with an internet access at their workplace
Software endowment index that comprises of software applications used by a firm The index includes the following applications:
a software application to manage the placing or receipt of orders, ERM, SCM, CRM and the use of the internet to buy and
Software index (A6, A7, B1, B3) 0. 362***0. 060 IT practitioners (E1) 0. 571***0. 195
ICT hardware of little importance for organisational changes: Hardware endowment, measured in terms of network infrastructure usage and internet
access, does not increase the likelihood of introducing organisational changes Software use and IT practitioners drive organisational changes:
The intensity of ICT applications and in particular IT-skilled employees are the major drivers of organisational changes.
skills, soft-and hardware have different implications for companies†conduct and performance. Whereas hardware is a necessary condition for an efficient ICT use
it is not a sufficient condition for business transformation. These are rather human 123 Similar to probit/logit regressions, ordered logit model is used
skills combined with innovative software that enable firms to rearrange their operations, functions and workflows,
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, is already a commodity that does not offer companies any potential to create a competitive advantage
the outsourcing of non-core activities may actually play a more important role Finally, there seems to be some (preliminary) evidence regarding the time structure of
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, offer companies less potential to create a competitive advantage compared to software applications and skilled employees
Second, ICT usage has a positive impact on company performance, i e. firms that introduced ICT-enabled innovations were more likely to have experienced a sales growth
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Integrated software management with GPS train control at Hupac, Switzerland Discussion of challenges and success of the application of an
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status 3. 5. 2 e-Integrated supply
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Case study 11: Real-time passenger information system at
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Case study 12: Improving public transport management
machines and consolidated in the computers of the company, with a centralised analysis of the relevant information
introduction of computers in the year 2000. In this year the company had four computers operating.
The computerisation of the main business processes of the company started in the year 2000 and now, in 2008 the company has more than 50 computers
The big change in the computer adoption in the last has eight years has been the
computerisation of all the processes. This long and complex process has replaced previous manual processes with automated processes using computer systems and
applications. The computerisation of processes has represented a major operational change for the company This centralised information system started as an e-business system project in the third
capacity computer servers (from Hewlett packard) in the central company office. They are connected with all computers in centres with offices
and ticketing offices This way, AISA collects and aggregates data from its various facilities, for example bus
the different company centres are integrated in the central servers The company has designed this proprietary system in conjunction with its ICT provider
accounting and payroll software panning garage software for management A practical example of applications enabled by the company-wide integration of data
flows is a new timetable which manages the timetables of all individual workers and automatically links these data to the payroll application.
integrated (with the new software version operating The centralised information system has also a positive impact on data security.
possible to make backup copies of all the relevant data from the central servers avoiding duplicating task and minimising the risk of losing important data.
longer in local mode), files have to be saved on the server and not in the local hard drive
company web site, a Sage software solution for the accounting, as well as a global transport management solution
solution developed by an external provider was composed of a core programme with specific developments to match AITS specific needs.
The solution that has been developed is composed modular software of the core Solulog solution and some specific developments to meet the needs of AIT.
Since the 1980s, with the introduction of the first computers in the ticket sales area, ALSA has been developing its current modern e-business and ICT systems.
The company introduced the first computers in the sales area in the 1980s. These computers were dedicated mainly to the ticket selling systems, the first
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 135 implementation of ICT technology in the company in this department.
hardware and licences and â 200.000 to development. The technical department (IT department) in charge of the project,
which is implemented with business objects to provide the necessary information for the integrated sales system and the resource
representative panel of customers in the pilot phase. CEMAT has involved only its biggest customer in the pilot phase.
â€oexsellcentralseatsâ€) linked to more than 200 local servers that host the ticket sales system, as well as a statistics/reporting system (â€oexselldataâ€) and a data maintenance
For a nationwide system, a unitary hardware and standard software architecture has been chosen to offer long-term benefits, like improved technical support, technical
solution is based on Hewlett-packard hardware, Oracle RDBMS software and Practical Automation thermal printers, verified for more than 7 years in real-time operation and
being the architecture of an accepted system. The operating system is Microsoft WINDOWS NT for PC€ s & PC Net Servers and HP-UX for RISC machines.
The solution has been implemented in over 245 railway stations where each selling point is equipped with a PC and a printer linked to the different systems
When a customer goes to a selling point to buy a ticket, the sales system sends the
inquiry (entered by a CFR employee into the computer) to the reservation system which checks if a seat is available.
If so, it blocks the seat and sends seat number and price to the sales system which stores these elements, together with information such as about
validated the technical solution (hardware and software) as well as the design and provided real data to determine the transaction volumes needed to operate such a
From 2000 to 2004 a new version of the software solution was designed by the CFR
million euros for the hardware including the services and 5 million euros for the application software and deployment
Future major developments that are foreseen are to open the system for the public on the
as well as to equip train staff with mobile devices connected to the systems to sell and print tickets in the train.
Feroviarä managed the software development, the infrastructure setup and the deployment of the solution. The passenger railway company established a new
as well as hardware and software for the four deployed e -services. Maintenance cost for the portal is about 11000 Euros per month
integrated software that manages transport data in real time, coordinating all phases of intermodal traffic. â€oegoal†is connected to â€oee-trainâ€, an innovative GPS train control
ever enlarging network has led to the creation of an integrated software management system with GPS train control
taken 8 months most of it being the software implementation, followed by a 4-months test
The overall cost for the solution including software, hardware and implementation were approximately 100.000 Euros.
The cost for one GPS unit is about 1200 euros and 60 units have been deployed so far.
hardware and software) and intelligence traffic systems. This firm was in charge of the integration and implementation of the system,
Global Oriented Application for Logistics) is integrated an software designed by Hupac that coordinates intermodal transport from booking to billing.
information is integrated then automatically within the Goal software, providing a constantly updated situation of the progression of each train.
The server where the Goal software is stored at is connected fully to the Hupac central system.
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. Other effects acquired over the years
data into the computer An IT solution, implemented in 1990 for managing accounts, invoices, sales and
software The project commenced with a 6-months analysis phase for defining the application needs, followed by a 6-months development phase for the application.
The software developed is running on a WINDOWS NT 2000 server that is managed in house. 15
terminals are connected to the system The most important technical challenge was to develop a standard solution based on
them into a diary and allow the traffic planner to easily put the jobs together on the screen
N c. Cammack & Son†s core activity. The third requirement was to give customers online
Son†s customers to view their own stock records, print reports, plus monitor incoming and
core markets trough improving operational performance while keeping the number of employees constant. Being able to monitor the costs of each truck
on the IBM tool â€oewebsphereâ€. It is running on the company†s main server (IBM AS 400
Security requirements include user identification and password The typical process is as follows: when a shipment is produced,
1050 vehicles with computers, GPS systems and meter measuring systems 350 stops with signs 12 depots with dispatch systems to upload
The FRIDA solution is based on software, entirely developed by Nordic Port. It is a web
via mobile devices (through offline data synchronisation), to ease the process of data collection. Värmlandstrafik checks the vehicles on a regular basis to make sure that they
handheld PC and directly enters the information about the vehicle in the mobile device Once the bus check is finished,
the handheld PC is connected to the PC at the office and the data directly fed into the system
outlook and policy implications Due to the high turnover and number of jobs in the European TLS industry and its
Nearly all TLS companies (97%)which use computers in the TLS sector are connected to Internet.
 Improve dialogue and cooperation with software providers  Encourage initiatives for networking and cooperation
SMES€ ICT requirements are that they support their core business, work well, are user -E-business in the transport & logistics industry
"The use of SCM software is also very limited among smaller companies (6%).Against this background, mechanisms to
Frontier production functions, technical efficiency and panel data: with application to paddy farmers in India, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3 (1-2), 153-169
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR Bresnahan, T. F. and Trajtenberg, M. 1995. General Purpose Technologies"Engines of Growth?
The Intangible Costs and Benefits of Computer Investments Evidence from the Financial Markets. Atlanta, Georgia:
Brynjolfsson, E.,Mcafee, A.,Sorell, M. and Zhu, F. 2006. Scale without Mass: Business Process
A Computer programme for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University
The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox, American Economic Review, Vol. 80 (2), 355-61
Panel of Countries, in: The Review of Economics and Statistics, February 2004,86 (1), 327†344
â€oeis Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe? †http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html
International Productivity Monitor, No. 9, pp. 37-51 Gomes, J. B.,Park, S. H. 1997.
Evidence From Panel Data, Information systems Research, Volume 10, Issue 2, 134-149 Hossain, L, . and Wigand, R. T. 2003).
HP overtakes Dell in worldwide PC market. www. infoworld. com (last accessed on the 25th of July 2007
Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx
Mcafee, A p. 2006. Enterprise 2. 0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration. MIT Sloan Review, Spring
Schreyer, P. 2002), Computer price indices and international growth and productivity comparisons Review of Income and Wealth, Series 48, No.
Thomas, D. How to Keep Your Network Server Secure, INC. technology http://technology. inc. com/security/articles/200609/tipsnetworksecurity. html
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Economic impact of open source software on innovation Verdoorn, P. J. 1949), Fattori che regolano lo sviluppo della produttivitg del lavoro, in:
computer-aided telephone interview (CATI) technology. The overall survey was divided into four separate projects (each using a separate questionnaire) focussing on different
 Software publishing 683 Questionnaire The questionnaires for Projects 1 and 2 contained about 70 questions which were
ICT Infrastructure and E-business software systems B: Automated data exchange (Project 1)/ E-business with customers and suppliers
As in 2005 and 2006, the survey considered only companies that used computers. For the first time, a cut off was introduced with regard to company size.
The highest level of the population was the set of all computer-using enterprises (and, in
shows that computer use can be expected to reach 99%or more among medium-sized and large firms across all sectors
computers 761 Project 2 †Retail and transport 2. 1 Retail 52 1, 151 2. 2 Transport services
use computers 1, 097 Sampling frame and method For each sector, the sample was drawn randomly from companies within the respective
1. 8 Company does not use computers 35 75 32 76 35 5 110 398
For this analysis a panel-data approach was used because of the low number of countries sampled.
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