ï We found that the Authority actively monitors its exposure to risks related to technology approaching end-of-life.
the hardware being supported by the supplier on a'best endeavours'basis. 2 ï The legacy system is unable to comply with the latest NHS information
2 The Mcdonnell douglas hardware and spare parts are no longer commercially available and replacements are drawn from stock that has been decommissioned since the introduction of CIP
extend the life of legacy systems using software layers it called â€oewrappers†that would make legacy systems integrate more easily with newer systems
Computer system ï The Value Added Tax (VAT) service operated by HM Revenue & Customs using
manage, monitor and control their prescribing habits and costs monitor and manage drug expenditure against budget;
equipment and intelligent character recognition software to capture printed information from prescription forms and automatically process the form.
interpreted by the intelligent character recognition software first time. The remaining 30 per cent require manual intervention to identify the customer or prescription
automatically by the scanning software. Items that the Authority processed using the legacy system consistently met the accuracy target in 2011-12.
The legacy Mcdonnell douglas hardware is supported by Northgate on a'best endeavours'basis 26 Part Four NHS Prescription Services:
Duplicate infrastructure, hardware and software arrangements are in place to cope with the two systems. The team has an appropriate mix of skills to maintain and
-replacing the physical server environment with virtual servers, and upgrading the desktop environment. The new virtual server environment is expected to provide
scalability to respond to the increase in demand, although the capacity of the application has not been measured sufficiently to be able to predict the impact of the
in case of hardware failure NHS Prescription Services: the impact of legacy ICT Part Five 29
Software media and licence codes are available and regularly confirmed as operational NHS Prescription Services:
Software versions are current and fully supported with plans in place for future upgrade Performance.
OECD Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, Broadband driving growth: policy responses, 3 october 5
Firms increasingly rely on intangible investments and assets (skills, organisation, software networks) for competitiveness and growth.
using side the rapid growth of software and business method patenting can increase small business costs
Beyond a certain level of connectivity (PC, Internet access, on-line information or marketing), not all SMES will necessarily â€oecatch up†with large firms,
SMES3 have recognised gradually the positive impact that ICTS, such as computer terminals e-mail and the Internet and their applications can have on their business. 4 In advanced OECD countries
computer terminal, usually with Internet access. Many types of business software can improve information and knowledge management within the firm, leading to more efficient business processes and better firm
performance. Communication via e-mail and the Internet can help to improve external communication, in either B2c or B2b contexts,
computers increases the efficiency of business processes such as documentation, data processing and other back-office functions (e g. organising incoming orders
computer-mediated networks, such as the Internet, EDI (electronic data interchange), Minitel and interactive telephone systems 10
share valuable business knowledge and experience, once entered into the office computer, simultaneously This is very different from paper records,
training and organisational changes as well as direct costs of investing in hardware and software solutions While many studies provide evidence of the positive effects of ICT adoption on firm
performance, others have shown no relation between computer use and firm performance. 5 A study of
Eurostat survey on e-commerce shows that nine out of ten SMES were equipped with computers at the end
or sales, is associated not with computer use (Bitler, 2001 12 Differences in Internet access in the 21 countries for which data are available seem to be greater
Note 3. Internet and other computer-mediated networks Source: OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises 2002, May 2003
SMES purchase some standard materials, office equipment and software over the Internet, but only a small
Computers and access to the Internet have become common in most OECD countries, but sales
Taking a wide definition of electronic commerce to cover transactions over computer-mediated networks including traditional EDI) and inter-firm transactions,
and placed refer to Internet and other computer-mediated networks 4. All businesses 5. Orders received
and placed over the Internet and other computer-mediated networks Source: OECD, ICT database, August 2002;
or placed over the Internet and other computer-mediated networks Source: OECD, ICT database, August 2002;
computers with Internet access in rural farming village. The computer, typically housed in the farmer†s
house, is linked to the Internet via phone lines or, increasingly by a VSAT connection. It serves an average
The farmers can use the computer to assess daily closing prices on local markets, as well as to track global price trends
cost factors (costs of ICT equipment and networks, software and reorganisation and ongoing costs; and security and trust factors (security and reliability of e-commerce systems
In 1996 a company employee bought a personal computer at his own expense to use the Internet
and to redefine their core competence and positions in the value chains. So, e-business tools cannot be
Items such as software, music and books can be delivered over the Internet, but the volume of such on-line delivery is still very small.
Percentage of businesses using a computer with ten or more employees 0 5 10 15
as incompatibility between systems (e g. central/computer reservation systems) and the dominance of relatively small agents and suppliers with less ICT capability may impede efficient
along with music and video, books and magazines and software, are among the leading consumer products sold over the Internet (OECD, 2002c.
violin, which the customer can listen to through a desktop computer. The price of the instruments ranges from
Not all SMES will â€oecatch up†with large firms beyond a certain level of connectivity (PC
source software has been proposed as an economically viable solution for establishing and upgrading ICT systems. It can enhance system interoperability
Open source software has been proposed as one means of reducing anti-competitive pressures. It may be easier for small firms to have
relationships with larger firms at lower cost if open source fosters wider compatibility between different applications and operating systems and lowers the cost of ICT adoption
Most competition authorities in OECD countries, independently or in co-operation with others in different jurisdictions, have examined how on-line markets,
requirements and interoperability with these services, affecting their choice of systems and software Technology neutrality and the interoperability of a variety of network infrastructures and software is
essential when initiating e-government projects In addition, e-government activities have demonstration effects for SMES by providing them with
buy a computer, get connected and set up a Web site and reports on ICT and e-commerce
contributes to building computer and Internet literacy in SMES United kingdom Learndirect SMES are a priority group for the on-line service.
•Monitor anti-competitive behaviour as e-business becomes more widespread, electronic marketplaces evolve and potential market power increases
-commerce to monitor progress and improve cross-country analysis However there is no one-size-fits all approach to policy
/Bitler, M. P. 2001), â€oesmall Businesses and Computers: Adoption and Performanceâ€, preliminary draft October Bricklin, D. 2001), â€oewhat†s Been Successful in B2c†(available at
OECD (2001a), Science, Technology and Industry Outlook: Drivers of Growth: Information technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship, OECD, Paris
OECD (2002b), Information technology Outlook 2002, OECD, Paris OECD (2002c), Measuring the Information Economy, OECD, Paris
OECD (2003b), OECD Communications Outlook, Paris OECD (2004), â€oerecommendation of the Council on Broadband Developmentâ€, C (2003) 259/FINAL
services. 11 Online retailing, online press, search engines, social networks, blogs, media streaming, online gambling and e-health are included in our analysis. The main focus
Finally, m-commerce (electronic commerce conducted from a mobile phone, tablet etc. in the EU plays a more modest part in the growth of electronic commerce than in the USA and
screen or in a programme guide are provided not services"at the individual request"of a recipient because
on screen and by e-mail. In 10%of purchases, a confirmation of the order was received only
by e-mail and in 8%only on screen. In 1%of purchases, no confirmation was received58
both screen a sample of websites in a given sector for compliance with EU consumer
intermediaries a general obligation to monitor. National courts have in recent years produced decisions imposing injunctions on intermediaries obliging them to prevent a
specific liability exemptions for information location services (search engine services) and hyperlinking services. Austria, Hungary, Spain and Portugal have adopted specific liability
exemptions for search engines according to which a company can benefit if it meets the conditions that hosting service providers are required to meet
video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime
Where specific exemptions from liability for search engine services and hyperlinking services have not been included explicitly in national legislation,
not specify why a search engine should be classed as a hosting provider Similarly, there is divergent national case law on video-sharing sites
o Youtube displays commercial video clips and not only content that expresses a personal opinion o Because of the arrangement of the website the average user cannot tell at
activities to providing server space for users to independently upload and organise content The case law on online selling platforms is fragmented also
91 Appeal Panel Decision of Civil Court of Rome, IP specialist section, 22.02.2010, and Court of Rome
an economic operator to display advertising links to its site accompanied by a commercial message that appears on the right hand side of the screen
whenever one carries out"a search "101 Cour d'Appel de Paris, 21.11.2008, ref. no. 08/09553;
through Google's search engine. These advertisement links appear whenever a"keyword"that can be reserved by an economic operator corresponds to the word (s) entered as a request in
the search engine In the national proceedings LVMH (the holder of the"Louis vuitton"trademark) complained about the fact that both competitors and counterfeiters of the firm had reserved the keyword
the ECJ notes that"with the help of software it has developed, Google processes the data entered by advertisers and the resulting display of
the ads is made under conditions which Google controls. Thus, Google determines the order of display according to, inter alia, the remuneration paid by the advertisement"(paragraph
116). ) However, the ECJ considers that to examine Google's activity in the light of recital 42
server, sets the terms of its service, is remunerated for that service and provides general information to its customers cannot have the effect of denying it the exemptions from liability
"computer knowledge "Stakeholders sometimes defend a differentiated approach on the basis that the means by
provider to introduce filtering software for the prevention of copyright ingringements is incompatible with Article 15 of the Directive, construed in the light of the requirements
involving the use of peer-to-peer software †which applies indiscriminately to all its customers †as a preventive measure
oblige it to actively monitor all the data relating to each of its customers in order to prevent
computer system at its own expense"(paragraph 48 •"is to be regarded as not respecting the requirement that a fair balance be struck
have imposed or have been asked to impose the use of filtering software to prevent illegal information and activity by means of injunctions on intermediaries.
specific filtering software("Audible Magic")to prevent infringements of copyright 140 Case C-360/10, Belgische Vereniging van Auteurs, Componisten en Uitgevers (SABAM) v N. V. NETLOG
The court considered that this software had proven to be effective and considered that the average cost of implementing the measure did not
injunction against the two intermediaries forcing them to apply filtering software would not be infringing Article 15.
Court refused to oblige ebay to implement filtering software for its"health and beauty section"to prevent infringements of L'Orã al's trademark.
filtering software was not necessary as ebay had made the required efforts to prevent trademark infringements, suggesting that to some extent there is an obligation of
The Court notes that copyright owners may well"monitor information(..(),but they are not ISPS
impose filtering software are compatible with the prohibition of a general monitoring obligation. However, one can imagine that
equipment, including computers, smartphones or other devices connected to the internet Users should be able to know
they can infect computers with viruses and the illegal offer of pharmaceuticals affects consumer confidence and threatens
Cookies are hidden information exchanged between an internet user and a web server, and are stored in a file on the user's hard disc.
They are designed to facilitate a browser-server interaction in order to collect data. Cookies allow the creation of profiles which can be
behaviourally targeted display ads from the company that the user signed up to. The principles oblige the
In all those business models, the use of search engines has become widespread. Customers rely increasingly on search engines to find their preferred product or service.
Search engines charge advertisers on a pay-per-click basis. The trend is towards direct-response type
advertising instead of display advertising Publishers have focussed on the importance of advertising revenues which account for 50%of
newspaper revenues in the printed environment and almost 100%in the digital area Restrictions on advertising may
Today, with the availability of adequate computer support for reading text, books have become services
equipment (photocopiers, printers, Mp3 players, CDS and DVDS etc..However different rules and tariffs apply across Member States.
and approved software languages to the detriment of third-party software. In September 2010 following a change of policy by Apple,
planned acquisition of Sun microsystems by Oracle. 213 The acquisition raised the issue of the competitive effect of open source software products
Interoperability of standards is also crucial for guaranteeing access to the Internal Market Against this background, on 14 december 2010 the Commission adopted its guidelines on
and supplied in digital form such as computer programmes, applications, games or music Contracts for the supply of digital content are within the scope of the Directive, but the right
consumer) buyers of digital content not only about its compatibility with hardware and software, but also about the application of any technical protection measures or digital rights
management, for example about a limitation on the right of the consumers to make copies of
Recent Eurobarometer surveys224 and those carried out by the European Business Test Panel EBTP) 225 and the Enterprise Europe Network226 confirm that businesses with an interest in
European Business Test Panel, European Contract Law survey, available at http://ec. europa. eu/yourvoice/ebtp/consultations/2010/european contract law/report en. pdf
newspapers, music, movies, video games,"premium rate service",directories, and low priced event tickets Consumers also complain about the high cost of payments.
285 European Business Test Panel (EBTP) survey, Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2010-11 http://ec. europa. eu/yourvoice/ebtp/consultations/2010/adr/report en. pdf
or when it pays a search engine operator for an internet referencing service in order to facilitate access to its site by consumers domiciled in those various Member States
the online movie rental business the DVDS were delivered still. 312 E-commerce and other modern technologies can also help to communicate to consumers the
Final Report to Microsoft Corporation and Intel Corporation, 2009, p. i, available at http://download. intel. com/pressroom/pdf/cdsvsdownloadsrelease. pdf
312 Marcelo Velã¡squez, A comparative study of the environmental impact of the online and offline movie rental
relativa a certos aspectos legais dos serviã§os da sociedade de informaã§Ã£o, em especial do comã rcio electrã nico, no mercado interno
As technology investor Bill Joy of Sun microsystems explains, a fundamental premise of open innovation is â€oenot all the smart people work for youâ€,
digital amplifier industry, the open source software industry, the mobile operating system Android the biopharmaceutical industry, Procter&gamble, Italcementi, Deutsche telekom, Innocentive
organization†s core competencies to its rival organizations. Therefore, knowledge sharing is a potential risk because the organization may lose its competitive edge over its competitors
since leaking critical internal resources and disclosure of core competencies to cooperation partners may alter the aim and ethic of the open innovation process.
Collaboration among partners, the core process of open innovation, entails a variety of risks that alter the purpose.
three core process archetypesâ€, Proceedings of the R&d Management Conference (RADMA), Lisbon 13. Hess, A m.,Rothaermel, F. T. 2011.
server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of the publication LEGAL NOTICE By the European commission, Directorate General for Communications networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT
in Europe to get us all on a path to sustainable intel -ligent living. Indeed conference attendees voted on
the Innovation High Level Panel which will report its finding under the Italian Presidency of the EU
Intel Labs Europe, Intel. Corp Foreword 5 Uptake Open Innovation 2. 0 in your projects
Curley Martin Intel Labs Europe & National University of Ireland Maynooth, Innovation Value Institute martin. g. curley@intel. com
den Ouden Elke Eindhoven University of Technology, Intelligent Lighting Institute e d. ouden@tue. nl Golebiowska-Tataj Daria European Institute of Innovation and Technology daria. tataj@eit. europa. eu
Open hardware devel -opment is emerging in tangible products and is very interesting from the investors†perspective, as it
devices both from hardware and system level Chatterjee describes quite an interesting approach to entrepreneurship and growth.
such as the Intel. Labs Joint Pathfinding process create mechanisms that are able to span the so
A second core characteristic of the OI2 paradigm is the use of the quadruple helix model where gov
Intel Labs Europe, Intel. Corporation Chair Open Innovation Strategy and Policy Group martin. g. curley@intel. com
Bror Salmelin MSC Eng. Adviser, Innovation Systems EC Directorate General CONNECT Board member Open Innovation Strategy and Policy Group
information from back office servers. NFC †both its reader-writer function and its card emulation
computer that remotely communicates with the Smart Office application server, which runs local Linksmart middle ware and the Nosql system
database Figure 9: The Environmental Services Use Case The Healthcare Services Use Case The Cardiovascular diseases (CVDS) are globally
value for users when software applications bring new knowledge to people. There could be other dimensions like a †societal†dimension inn order to
Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, Valencia, Spain, January 2012 12) IS°FDIS 9241-210 (2009.
IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA, 254-259. DOI=10.1109 /ICSS. 2013.35 http://dx. doi. org/10.1109/ICSS. 2013.35
the key not only to our virtual world, but also to our physical world The barriers of entry into the financial business
printing is entering our living space, and all kinds of labs including the Fab Labs, as open design and
hardware labs, are giving us access to tools for developing hardware Some of these trends get accelerated by countries
like India or Kenya, where whole generations leap -frog to new hyper connected devices. At the most
-chip, the company†s smallest computer. The fact that this chip is so small means it can be inte
extremely low-power Quark processor, Bluetooth and Wi-fi connectivity to communicate with other devices. Essentially, technology should make our
-tomer and we have seen these new hardware tools popping up due to several reasons. Even software
developers, like XL Team in Romania, start to hire electronic designers to prepare for the wearable
tool can provide, looking beyond the software and inside technology and enter the world of hardware
We have seen high adoption rates of banking apps and the most world known example of mobile
One of the first disruptive hardware tools built might be Square (2). Jack Dorsey, the creator of Twitter, was
the first to develop a mobile device for banking activ -ities, launched in May 2010. Square allows users in
through their iphone and Android phones, either by swiping the card on the Square device or by manu
Might the entry into hardware be a good move for financial institutions Selling hardware is totally different from a ser
-vice offering. The costs of revenue is high in any device manufacturing segment because fixed costs
compared to software. Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices This is the case in the printing industry.
The high mark up items are the software, accessories and ink. It†s the same model used by the auto and tele
-com industries Companies like Apple have to sell their, new or upgraded, products again and again within a year
or two. For the software industry, micro-transac -tions for updates are more common and are much
more frequent. And there is a good margin behind it, often close to 90 percent, like with Microsoft
So where does this lead to the financial industry Not entering the market? Leaving it to parties like
Sumup, Paypal and Square? This might not be advisable. As we have seen at the recent technol
-ogy developments, hardware is the new software Hardware is a good way to create connectivity with
the client We see a potential huge market that might be bene -ficial as well: security is becoming a large concern
Some of the existing peripherals could already be used for that matter, others still have to be built
widespread, like the copy machine, and 3d printing doesn†t seem to match to this requirement
majorly by the hardware revolution. Geographically Central and South america, due to its uncapped eco -nomic potential, has a tremendous potential, also in
hardware has a huge potential to change the entire business model of the economic region: having a hit
expected to be integrated into peripherals or even brought into the smart phone. Because of its pro
We expect the hardware device to be the next wave in the financial industry. Especially with the NFC
particular to the European union and its core insti -tutions and principles, exposed essential problems and unsustainable developments in many European
placed at the core of the new European cohesion policy as the main driver for the achievement of the
national policymakers to focus on a number of core processes in the knowledge economy and soci
puter screens to show off their collections of action figures Ilkaa Paananen, Supercell†s CEO, points out that Finland has spent years preparing for its curâ
Kajak University offers courses in video games Finns have a comparative advantage in the four things that make for great games †bloodâ
The arrival of the ipad and its apps allowed the Finnish industry to break out of its frozen
Screens on the wall display how Supercell is doing against its rivals in real time. The gamesâ
entrepreneurs such as Niklas Zennstrã m, the coâ founder of Skype, and Daniel Ek and Martin
capital from outside investors such as Microsoft, which chipped in $42m. Rovio now has 500 employees in Finland and had a turnover of $100m in 2011.
-ation †core model†of the Triple Helix focuses on the knowledge economy. Quadruple Helix already
-ments of Intel and Gallina Blanca. Furthermore, the KIC€ s incubator is hosted by †Creapolisâ€, the ESADE
continuously monitors and adjusts its instruments for addressing the identified grand challenges and achieving the mutually set strategic goals for
platform offering generic, reusable software com -ponents and services, thereby enabling developers across Europe and globally to build, prototype and
IBM, Nokia, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple show, the platform owner potentially gains sub -stantial advantages in terms of value creation and
flat model emerge as in open source communities or will closed more, hierarchical forms prevail, or can we foresee hybrid forms?
creation of core and marginal communities with various rules and levels of commitment within the
Our intangible national intel -lectual capital study revealed early warning signs of financial crisis for countries such as Greece
policy was at the core of the Chilean government response to the crisis, which had a mixture of new
the OECD (5). The outlook for private business invest -ment improved, as business confidence rebounded
•Computer skills as query languages, database design, mining and interactive data analysis scripting or programming languages, expert
The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels needed to deploy Onstar safely as a vehicle-based
application are quite impressive, illustrating how technologies, creatively combined, can become en -ablers of valuable human experiences
a common open operating system that allows for the sharing of data between artifacts and present
for virtual worlds. CIE with its collaborators is now involved in European Future Internet project FI
-lic displays for collecting citizen†s opinion with 30 000 users/month •3d Virtual Laboratory †Visualising e g. urban
enable digital components (including small computers and electronics to be embedded in them. Many intelligent clothing, smart clothing, wearable technology
following essential observation about the core idea that is the basis for the Openeyifâ¢concept In order to ensure seed-type activities generating
the Open Innovation, Open source and ICT Infra -structure Community and the Start-up Ecosystems in different networks around Europe to submit their
and in the development of software applications for smart solutions: professions that are new and require different skills than the traditional ones in
the hardware related industry Introduction Last year, in the Open Innovation Yearbook 2013 we presented the case of participative innovation in
displays, touch screens, and smart phones Many devices collect or use data and are there -fore connected (the Internet of things
data and software applications. The data that is collected through different devices contains e g. time, people counting or proximity meas
used for various software applications •Services At this level meaningful services are developed that provide value for the relevant stakehold
providing hardware to the market. This hardware will become mainstream, easier to produce in low
-cost countries and will create little jobs in Western Europe. However, in the field of meaningful applica
The type of jobs is shifting from hardware related jobs towards the design of lighting services as well
is to the development of software applications for smart lighting solutions: jobs that are new and
the hardware related industry 121 The development of meaningful applications requires a changing attitude interconnecting the
The hardware infrastructure al -lows for such flexibility Increasing Safety in an Entertainment District The city of Eindhoven is currently implementing its
-Nee, Philips Lighting, Vinotion and the TU/e Intel -ligent Lighting Institute The idea is to install a lighting system that enables
-mination of origin and counting of mobile devices to establish where groups of people come from, litres
more hardware related to new ones that focus more on the ICT and services part. We would espe
the software and applications is even shorter. The data scientist might find new emerging patterns
for software applications build on open platforms in the field of smart urban lighting. Also the renewal
Yet, despite our awareness of the core assertion of open innovation thinking †that †the assets neces
Wikipedia over Microsoft Encarta, the latter probably would have been considered the likelier of the two candidates to succeed,
as Microsoft is funded a well company with extensive resources and an estab -lished infrastructure. Yet reality shows the opposite
IBM graphic Source: IBM Institute for Business Value analysis, 2012 131 identify the practical application of the distinctive
crowd asset classes that may have value for us. Let us consider some of the generic opportunities that
-cing the company†s tax preparation software for tax 132 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4
the software as well. The organisation is rolling this insight out into new products (8 The concept of collaboration is exemplified in the
wiki creation and open source code writing where the skills are vested individually but create value collectively and are bound collaboratively
open source production, and collaborative con -sumption models that require a group of par -ticipants to deliver
submit ideas through the crowd sourced panel and the organisation selects which ideas it wants to
That just isn†t our core business†(10 While consumer applications may not be GE€ s core
business, the Quirky team understands the brand value GE brings to the table. Through this collab
as Local Motors, the world†s first open source car company. The company brings together a global
their computer-aided design (CAD) software and recommends the software to its global community of 30 000 designers
Local Motors also works with large enterprises through hosted challenges, whereby the enter -prise may outsource a design task to the Local
in developing open source thinking on this subject we will embed and expand it more quickly For example, to operate within each or any of the
or search engines, you realise that somehow these services have managed to go passed and beyond these problems.
resources we take as the core. Data is one of them design another. Typically, data is where Google
a specific user in order to uncover a core need and an unexpected insight that will drive innovation
something like Gopher, the game Snake on your Nokia phone or the newness of ecommerce in the
In the core of the social and economic impact of Open Innovation 2. 0 are shared the values, shared
In the core of the policy makers is to make the citi -zens â€oehappy†in their ways of living, create sustain
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