Andrew Mcafee, MIT Center for Digital Business Mark Norman, Zipcar; William Ruh, General electric; Kimberly Stevenson, Intel;
George Westerman MIT Center for Digital Business ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sloanreview. mit. edu EMBRACING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY •MIT sloan MANAGEMENT review 1
intel Gets urgent 10/Executing the Change •making a Case for digital transformation •incentives
and a core strategic consideration, 81 %believe their companies will be somewhat or much more competitive in two years.
-net and various kinds of enterprise software. But they have been slow to adopt, or are skeptical of
-ident of software at General electric, notes that â€oethere†s upside for us in the services.
few years, ††said Andrew Mcafee. â€oeunfortunately that†s not going to happen, so a critical skill at the top
-At intel, there is no lack of a sense of ur -gency; the company knows mobile
important provider of mobile processors, in -cluding turning down the opportunity to provide chips for the original iphone. intel†s
intel believes it needs a more collaborative culture to help it gain an edge in mobile processors
to start this cultural change, intel†s top 25 executives gathered for a strategy discussion
order for intel to compete effectively in the emerging mobile market. then it had to cre
Among steps intel took to improve com -munications were adding 220 video conferencing rooms, electronic white board
network. intel has also set up teams based on accounts, not internal departments intel is taking small, concrete steps to
-wards changing its culture, rather than massive, risky leaps. the small-step strategy is one many companies could adopt when try
intel gets urgent 10 MIT sloan MANAGEMENT review •CAPGEMINI Consulting sloanreview. mit. edu R e s e A r c H r e p o R t e m b R a c i n g D i g
Andrew Mcafee, principal researcher at the Cen -ter for Digital Business, told us in an interview that
instead of the software servicing the people, it is the other way around. †Another said that the pace of digital transformation de
the core infrastructure Migration of the already existent services (both those directed towards citizens and those used as internal
an outlook on Romania†s future and will be in alignment with the long term development strategy
software product and it may be accessed by any computer literate citizen that will be able to disseminate it to the rest of the
society All public bodies will adhere to this Line Action Identification of data registries The most practical option for actual
Use of open source and open standards and providing access open to the application already purchased and susceptible to be
ï The laws, norms and EU's core values apply as much in the cyberspace as in the physical world
social engineering-blogging, how to use your computer at home, how to use"social media",how to work
ï Granular purchase of hardware and software solutions does not provide transparency on governmental level
forming the core infrastructure Enabler Migration of the already existent services (both those directed towards citizens and those used as
hardware, software and operations ï Reduction of costs for the migration of services towards new platforms
ï Agencies can consolidate servers, departments can consolidate data centers and move to one email system,
Openness is a concept common to open source, open government and open data. It is both a philosophy
data movement are similar to those of other"Open"movements such as open source, open hardware open content, and open access
Currently, the European Technology Platform for Software and Services NESSI, together with partners from the FP7 project Big,
computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies and telephony. The benefits are translated into improvement in efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels and in both formal and non-formal
%A forerunner factor of using computers and the Internet in the learning process is the pupil access to these
software (for teaching, testing) will encourage the ICT-assisted teaching and will impose an objective
OER is both an open source of digital content, as well as an opportunity to develop digital interaction with the
within which ICT skills act as core competences Web 2. 0 platforms are currently used for professional development
In terms of Infrastructure, 97%of the Romanian GP practices use a computer during a patient consultation
and 65%of them use the computer to electronic storage of individual medical patient data. 7
Romania displays its best ehealth performance in the area of patient data storage and the use of a
computer for consultation purposes. Half of Romanian practices register administrative patient data and about one-third of GP practices store at least one type of medical electronic patient data.
average of around 8 hospital beds per computer, half of them used in clinical and pre-clinical fields
ï Monitors progress towards the implementation of the Commission's Recommendations ï Facilitates the exchange of information and good
the â€oebiblionet†Romania programme (including voice recognition software and other specialized Internet functions and capabilities such as email, search engines, online music, chat, and radio broadcasts.
with the goal of becoming a specially designated public library branch providing visually impaired persons with access to technology to help them reach their personal and professional goals
Computer access is currently available in around 65%-70%of public libraries in Romania, and our country
App/widget which proposes to its users one cultural event per day based on smart usage of user†s
%Degree of using computer, depending on residence Number of individuals, aged between 16-74 years using the computer, depending on residence
Residence Year Variation 2007 -2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total 6, 847,343 6, 719,591 7, 464,651 8, 325,674 8, 401,940 23
between the two areas of residence, due to reduction of prices of computers in recent years, migration of
-sector, 24.8%by the Software and IT services sub-sector, and the rest of 28.0%is assigned to the Hardware
sub-sector At the beginning of 2011, in Romania, 14,595 of SMES activated in the ITC field, representing approximately
%Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities in information technology overall the turnover of enterprises with
%Turnover of the activity of editing software products and service activities in technology of information (mil. lei
Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities in information technology overall the turnover of economic activity
The solution involving granular acquisition of hardware and software does not provide transparency at governmental level
Opportunities Threats and constraints The development of an infrastructure for the egovernment of the public services
ï Support for the use of open sources and standards for future facilitation and assurance of
Providing computers for the family practitioners The absence of a national registry of the persons who suffer
software The rapid launch of the new products The existence of fake web sites The acceptance of the new on-line payment systems by the
phones, tablets etc The preparation of technologies for the monitoring of the fraud attempts of the payment systems and the
Centers and IT/Software development hubs as well as providing cloud services to the rest of the European
ï Monitor †This phase in the lifecycle of an initiative will check progress against the planned targets
ï Monitor ï Statement ï Current dimension ï Current Performance ï Policy Context ï Process Analys is
Government Enterprise Architecture †the core initiative for egovernment ï Creating the legislation and operational framework for implementing Government Enterprise
Software Delivery Process, Design Guidelines for the Public Entities, necessary key data points for any public service, system lifecycle management, infrastructure management
ï C1-Center on user needs †All public services exist to server their customers, their needs and
Romanian Association for the Software and Electronics Industry National Association for Internet service providers Association of Producers and Distributors of ITC Equipments
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces
They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change
Safecast, a project that enables citizens to capture and share measurement on radiation levels, is one example of the potential
of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant
hardware circuit board with a microprocessor, Safecast built their own Geiger counters. These were given to local volunteers
data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge; and they give rise to new DSI areas such as:(
Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s Screenshot of the crowdmap www. digitalsocial. eu
Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s 1 2 3 WHY IS DIGITAL
-ogies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. Â This network effect applies in a straight
we stress the potential of collective intel -ligence as a self-sustaining, self-directed inte -grated and distributed cognitive sys
-ent operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over dif
-ferent underlying platforms, avoiding pro -prietary systems and vendor lock in on the web. This was a hard
Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms Apple has started a market that was en
open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and
open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana -lytics and are producing valuable data
by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives Take for example the commercial success
the world†s largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results and can repurpose their technology in or
networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness. Making data available as part of a
patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in
knowledge, open hardware 4. The area of society the organisa -tions and their activities operate and
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and
Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return, such as the open source DIY shoest
kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona, or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to
-cost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC †computer numeric con -trol †machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup, and
open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collabo
-rative making. â€oereuse, Remix, Recycle†are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement,
which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods, such as fast prototyping, open design, lean
Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource ex -ploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume
The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools,
People working on open source hardware are creat -ing new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate
research projects, such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration and open culture
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture open source software and open data.
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
3d manufactur ing tools, free CAD /CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators
better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making 27growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces. There are now 96 known ac -tive hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, Â according to Hackerspaces
WEFAB, a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises
-base, create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending
collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen
Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where
counter, built on the Arduino open hardware board The team turned to †the crowd†via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,
source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. The primary purpose of Crisisnet is
open data, free and open software and open hardware Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising
the way code is built, shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe
such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos †which make it easy
every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa -tion of hackers from across Europe
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots commu
the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices, enhanced by the way technology is integrated within the
software foundation Wayra Unltd The Accelerator Healthbox London Clearlyso Angels Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Open
-works, and open hardware Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of
hardware and open knowledge, are be -ing harnessed by digital social innova -tion. Below we provide a more detailed
on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit, and on open
with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop
TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
Dataflows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network-aware sensors, actuators
-vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens.
formats that make it easy for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web
open content, open source and open access PUBLIC DOMAIN Communia The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making and using open hard ware solutions and
moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail
-able so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.
The hardware†s source, the design from which it is made is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.
Ideally, open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability
of individuals to make and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the free -dom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce
through the open exchange of designs The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the
potential in open hardware The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microproces
-sor which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn
an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor. In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer
and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic
devices using an open-source hardware board. Arduino has grown to become popular, selling more than one million units to
international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social innovation initiatives
relying on open hardware, such as Safecastâ and theâ Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart 47growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor network tools to citizens,
The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the †kit †itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things Iot). ) People, places,
from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities†(Van Kranenburg 2014
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures
software foundation Wayra Unltd Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Guifi. net Confine Smart Santander Makerfaire The different methods by which these organisations are supporting DSI
-essary to harness the collective intel -ligence of DSI organisations to solve large-scale European social problems
around open hardware and open net -works and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam
hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected and intermixed with open networks.
-edge, open hardware and open networks Even if an organisation is not central and so has only a few links,
-bining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks 56 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of
FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of
metaphor of emergent collective intel -ligence, and combines the informal na -ture of social networks with a methodo
networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy collective debate, deliberation and voting.
software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable
Software packages that are patented can be expensive and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the
Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experi -ments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions
open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.
source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special at -tention was paid to open source procurement.
In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.
Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see if the deployment of the DSI strategy
standards should be at the core of the technical infrastructure. Open standards should have an adequate legal and governance backing,
funding and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48
Today mobile devices with always-on Internetâ connectivity are becoming widespread 74 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole
new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments
and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training, or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge
analytics software to test demand Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for
cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service
and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses Building on the above discussion, this table outlines the measures that a framework for
In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies,
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures At regulatory level, The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards and interoperable solutions to
become public policy guidelines at the core of the technical infrastructure Technical solutions do not work by themselves,
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness
/outlook/e-outlook/stipolicyprofiles /competencestoinnovate /taxincentivesforrdandinnovation. htm 39 http://crowdingin. com 40 http://www. lanzanos. com
-outlook-19991428. htm 85 https://www innovationpolicyplatform. org Figures Page 25 Natalie Ortiz (2012) â€oeouishare Summit
-computer-clubs-ccc/2872403-1-ger-DE /Teilnehmer-des-29. -Jahreskongresses -29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC
jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default /files/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg
Hd Desktop 10†online Audphoto. com Available from: http://aduphoto. com /earth-from-space-at-night-wallpaper-hd
of two ubiquitous mobile devices: Palm smart phones and ipod digital audio players (mp3 players). ) An action learning framework for professional development was designed and
created pedagogies to implement appropriate use of a mobile device in different subject areas in higher education.
Personal mobile devices such as ipods and mobile phones are now ubiquitous amongst student populations in university, but many university teachers are less than confident in their use.
teacher is a competent and avid user of personal mobile devices, he or she may feel ill-prepared to use
but few universities currently provide PD on personal mobile devices, generally preferring to focus on more mainstream educational technologies such as computers, learning management systems software
packages and audiovisual tools. It is only at a surface level that widespread teacher PD appears to
upon instruction on the utility of mobile devices and how to use them Theoretical perspectives evident in mobile technology studies
While there are many exemplars of prosaic uses of mobile devices for communication, few examples currently exist of how they might be used as cognitive tools (Jonassen & Reeves,
communication dynamics through the use of mobile devices (e g.,, Ito, 2005 In this paper, we describe a project that endeavours to investigate the use of mobile technologies from a
The project investigated the educational potential of mobile devices, specifically, †smartphones†combined mobile phones and PDAS) and ipods, in tertiary education.
and invent pedagogies appropriate to their students†use of a mobile device in completing a complex task within an authentic learning environment
Norman, 1988) of mobile devices for teaching and learning in higher education. This phase was conducted over the first six months of the project.
Phase 1 of the project also involved the purchase of class sets of mobile devices. Palm Treo 680
necessary peripherals were purchased also such as memory cards, protective cases, microphones additional head phones and card readers.
Each teacher used one or more mobile devices in depth, to explore the full range of affordances, and
implementation and pedagogy of mobile devices, using a theoretical foundation of authentic learning rather than a transmissive, technology-driven perspective
library with embedded papers, a searchable catalogue of educational affordances of the mobile devices, a framework for professional development emerging from the experiences in Phase 1 of the project, bi
the mobile devices and to provide teacher/researchers with equitable access for their research, keeping accurate records and updating the team leaders as appropriate
approach not only in the creation of new, authentic pedagogies for mobile devices but also in the action
The proliferation of mobile devices has proceeded throughout society at such a rate that higher education can no longer avoid exploring the educational potential of these tools.
Computers as mindtools for schools. Merrill: NJ Jonassen, D, . & Reeves, T. C. 1996). Learning with technology:
Using computers as cognitive tools. In D. Jonassen (Ed.),Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 693
Handheld computers (PDAS) in schools. Coventry, UK: BECTA Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008: Full paper: Herrington 427
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