A core principle which underpins current health strategy, both in Ireland and internationally is need the to move from an organisation-centric model of care delivery to one
â€oeyou can†t do modern healthcare without a computer system. It would be like trying to do healthcare without telephones.
More specifically, it is â€oethe ability of different information technology systems and software applications to communicate,
between different software systems is needed. For example, systems that have very different user interfaces can still communicate meaningful data
fragmentation of the health software market. There are many local suppliers and, as a result of mergers and takeovers, a diminishing number of big international players.
healthcare software suppliers, implementers together with the standards development organisations, policy makers and regulators. The overriding impetus for the introduction of
market share (for example, the Windows Operating system. Open standards, on the other hand, which may or may not be mandatory,
Openehr, an open source activity supporting the development of standards for EHRS www. openehr. org ï¿
software systems 3. 2. 1 Messaging Standards One of the limitations of certain messaging standards is that they conflate process (services
which are already available in software products are selected for use It is also important for Ireland to participate in leading SDOS,
Strategic intelligence Monitor on Personal Health Systems Country Report France. 2009. Available online from Developing National ehealth Interoperability Standards for Ireland:
Related Software Quality Standards for Healthcare Terminology and Ontology Standards Standards for health sector specific
core objectives, and places people at the heart of all develop -ments zz Growth and employment:
computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data To fully exploit this potential, we must ensure that network
of computers and data We will devote particular attention to ensuring undistorted competition between companies, further reducing barriers
by the core values and accepted rules on which our coex -istence is based Our value systems are based on our constitution.
making information available or developing software individuals play an active part in the digital world.
we can ensure that certain peripheral areas are quickly gaining speedy access to high-speed networks through
consumers must be based on the core principles of trans -parency with accessible customer information, consent
We want to adapt the legal framework for protecting intel -lectual property in line with the rapid pace of technical
promote digital skills as a core competency for all employ -ees. At the same time, we are determined also, as part of a
Another core element of the transition to renewable energy in Germany is the reduction of electricity consumption in
In order to offer attractive, user friendly and secure digital services, the Federal government will apply the following principles to its actions
Open source Software (OSS) to promote equality of opportunity 3. Ensuring secure government communication We will maintain
content and data or developers of software. We will set up information platforms with this goal in mind
business models unless they can be sure that the hardware and software used guarantees the confidentiality of their
trade secrets and the integrity and availability of their IT systems. System security and data protection are the key
developing and offering trustworthy hardware and soft -ware products and services that users can deploy to
Users†trust in secure digital infrastructures must be con -stantly reinforced. IT SECURITY is an important driver of
companies and authorities to operate and monitor digital infrastructures and to gain technical mastery of hardware and software components
33vi. S ICHERHEIT, SCHUTZ UND VERTRAUEN FÃOER GESELLSCHAFT UND WIRTSCHAFT zz To do this, we will also provide the Federal office for
and develop the computer, mobile phone and internet applications that are powering these changes. The needs span a wide range of skills, from
4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...26 4. 7 Green jobs...26 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS...
5. 1 Computer literacy...29 5. 2 Digital literacy...30 5. 3 Web literacy...32 5. 4 Complementary skills...
4 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, â€oegem 2011 Global Report, †(Babson Park, Mass: Babson College, 2011
particularly wide in theoretical and hands-on training, problem solving, and computer literacy. 15 The unemployment situation varies significantly between developed and developing countries, and
International Youth Foundation, 2012), 8, hwww. microsoft. com/en-us/news/presskits/citizenship/docs /finalopp for action paper. pdf
geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas
mobile phones (63 per cent), computers (39 per cent), or both. 69 Text messaging services do not appear to
sometimes lacking, explaining why some programmes prefer mobile phones over computers. Other barriers, like initial and ongoing costs,
Ministry of Health and Social welfare, IBM, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), The swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone.
software. BPO is a diverse category that contains activities related to the management of enterprise resources (ERM
even finding and carrying out work via their mobile devices. The very notion of the â€oework place†now
Many young computer programmers are finding jobs working directly for software development firms. In addition there are opportunities for developers with entrepreneurial ambitions to start their own apps
This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities
hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. www. techopedia. com/definition/28141/app-economy
can be completed via the internet or mobile devices. Microwork is considered the smallest †the most granular †unit of work in a virtual assembly line. 88 It also requires the lowest level of skills
91 Monitor Group, â€oejob Creation Through Building the Field of Impact Sourcing, †(Rockefeller Foundation, 2011
including computer skills and English Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new
The rapid rise of smartphones, tablets and social media, and the applications-â€oeappsâ€-that run on them,
The number of apps for Android has risen at roughly the same pace Games are considered still to be the most lucrative apps.
by a single teenage programmer, or by a large team at a big company 92 Michael Mandel, â€oe752, 000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store, †(Progressive Policy Institute
•Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their
•Large companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and RIM, who develop and maintain mobile app ecosystems/platforms
technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites, and other ICTS. Currently, however, there is a vast shortage of people with these skills.
association will produce educational materials for business leaders, designers, and software developers administer professional accreditation certifications; elevate awareness of local and regional activities
development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent 97 In the United states, for example, Section 508 requires all public procurement of ICTS to be accessible to people with
stronger player in a role playing video game to level a character more quickly than is possible alone.
4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of
youth job training and employment in many regions around the world. In cities throughout the developing
educate orphans and vulnerable children in Rwanda in computer applications, maintenance repair, and use of technological tools to help them create jobs
livelihoods programme called AKAZI KANOZE, youth are trained in computer maintenance and repair, as well as photography and design.
writing software or developing and manufacturing environmentally efficient semiconductors and other products for instance. Other green
for most jobs entailing use of computers. While this may still hold true in some cases, basic computer
literacy is not sufficient to pursue the majority of new opportunities described in earlier chapters.
This chapter begins with a look at the evolution from computer to digital literacy, the latter widely
5. 1 Computer literacy Computer literacy â€oerefers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT
professionals. It is understood generally as the knowledge and skills needed to effectively use hardware and software components. †116
Basic computer skills include (sample •turning a computer on and off •using a mouse and keyboard
•understanding basic computer terminology and concepts •understanding operating system, programmes, and data •managing files
Intermediate computer skills (sample •performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing spreadsheet, presentation
•using email and web browser •installing software and hardware Advanced computer skills (sample •programming
•using advanced features of productivity programmes •fixing simple computer problems Computer literacy at the intermediate level is becoming required for almost every job.
In the health sector discussed in Chapter 3 for example, hospital employees must be able to use medical records systems
order supplies, manage appointments and perform other routine tasks on a computer that used to be
done on paper. Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for
basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT
positions also expect people to have advanced more skills, such as basic troubleshooting and using advanced features in productivity programmes,
though IT professionals are can still be relied upon for most advanced functions 116 European commission,"Digital Competence in practice:
An analysis of frameworks,"(European commission, Joint Research Centre IPTS, 2008 117 Author Chris Coward†s interviews in southern Viet nam of several light manufacturing facilities revealed that employers
required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today†s attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
Being digitally literate refers to the ability to effectively and critically navigate, evaluate and create information using a
range of digital technologies. The Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), a research centre of the European commission, has undertaken extensive work around digital literacy.
In its 2013 report they propose a comprehensive framework that exemplifies the types of competencies many experts note
are required to be digitally literate. 118 Figure 10: Digital competence framework Dimension 1 Competence areas
those focused on computer literacy. First, digital literacy frameworks are typically more explicit about the breadth of life purposes for which being digitally literate is necessary.
Skills examples Is able to use the collaborative features of software packages and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on
about everyone becoming a fully fledged programmer, but we do believe that everyone should have the
Search engine basics e g. keyword search filtering CSS basics e g. fonts positioning Collaboration e g. co-creation, wikis
open source Legalese on the web e g. privacy policies terms of service agreements Source: Mozilla Foundation123
in addition to the standard core subjects (the 3rs of reading, writing, and arithmetic), the other three outcome areas are:
Monitor (GEM) estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were engaged actively in starting and running new businesses in 2011 around the globe,
126 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, â€oe2011 GEM Global Report. †It should be noted that the GEM surveys entrepreneurs
Household tech names such as Google, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia and Vodafone all have a presence there,
and IBM recently chose Nairobi for its first African research lab. Nigeria is becoming known as the â€oesilicon Lagoon†with important outside investors showing interest in their local startups
has a core function in this In addition to the employability skills listed in chapter 5, there are a number of entrepreneurial skills that
Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132 *English continues to be recognized as key for conducting business and securing investors.
and not every ihubber133 with a laptop is an entrepreneur. Technology in itself isn†t a business yet.
•basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management •picking the right management
•software updates •data security and management 6. 2 Mentoring and networking ICT entrepreneurs identify their greatest needs as start-up capital and opportunities to network with
135 Search engine Optimization (SEO) involves the implementation of techniques and tactics used to increase the amount of
visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such
as Google, Firefox, Yahoo and other search engines. SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine and
improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine 136 Jonathan Kalan, â€oewhy Jordan Looks More Like Kenya than Silicon valley, †(wamda. com, November 21, 2012
www. wamda. com/2012/11/why-jordan-looks-more-like-kenya-than-silicon-valley Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
major software companies, many in conjunction with development agencies. Some of these resources are available entirely online,
the Small Business Toolkit, 143 a product of IBM and the World Bank†s International Finance
Corporation, Hewlett Packard†s Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, 144 Intel Learn, 145 and
Build Your Business, a collaboration between the International Youth Foundation and Microsoft Build Your Business (BYB) is an interactive entrepreneurship training course designed to
mobile phone devices far eclipsing personal computers in most of the world â€oefor many entrepreneurs in developing countries and rural areas, a mobile device is a tool not only for contacting customers and
accessing the internet, but also for making financial transactions, establishing a client database, or coordinating justin-time supply-chain deliveries.
and transfer money easily with a mobile device. It has 12 million people who rely on it using the company†s 20 000 distribution sites.
Other mobile payment processors that work with mobile devices, such as Square147, are also making business transactions easier for young entrepreneurs
145 Intel Learn Program, www. intel. com/content/www/us/en/education/k12/intel-learn. html
146 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile, 75 147 https://squareup. com
Microsoft Youthspark is a global initiative that aims to create opportunities for 300 million youth in more than 100 countries during the next three years.
Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit organizations that serve the youth population around the world.
In addition, Microsoft Youthspark will include Office 365 for education, free technology tools for all teachers and
students, and Skype in the classroom, a free global community for teachers to connect their
www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/youthspark/youthsparkhub /7 Getting there †becoming ICT-savvy
increasingly sophisticated technologies and applications that are available on smart phones, tablets and personal computers Digital opportunities:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 43 A study looking at learning spaces and the influence of ICTS identifies six trends as the hallmark of the
panel at 2012 Maker Faire in New york, serving as an inspiration to young innovators Choosing a hands-on,
name a few †which are readily available through tablets, mobile phones, and personal computers Blended learning requires active participation and engagement from the students,
a model, collaborative learning undergirds many significant ICT initiatives such as the open source model In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and
/160 Second life Directory, http://wiki. secondlife. com/wiki/Second life education directory 161 Meetups are intentional gatherings of people who share similar interests.
6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects. This event is held annually in various parts of the world.
mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment
a focus on young entrepreneurs, web and mobile phone programmers, designers and researchers. The ihub is part open community workspace (co-working), part nexus for
A core piece of equipment is the 3d printer, allowing one to make three-dimensional solid objects of virtually any shape from a digital model.
cutters, CNC (computer numerical control) routers and CNC milling machines are often part of the equipment mix as well.
As game content became digitalized, playing video games moved online. This move has resulted in an explosion of creativity,
In all cases, mobile devices can help young students access information at their own pace, and in
the portability of smart phones with the broader functionality of personal computers. Research on teens in South africa who have smart phones
benefits of the computers for educational uses, though they also reported a desire for these places to
Technology companies, including Microsoft, CISCO, HP, Samsung, Apple, and Google, also offer certificates. The self-directed learner can earn some of these certificates online directly.
For example, one can take the Microsoft Digital Literacy curriculum from the Microsoft site173 or enrol at one of the thousands of civil society organizations worldwide that offer this training
The most prominent example is the European Computer Driver Licence. 174 Despite its name, there are accredited test centres in most countries in the world
173 Microsoft Digital Literacy curriculum www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/citizenship/giving/programs/up/digitalliteracy/default. mspx
174 European Computer Driver Licence, www. ecdl. org Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification programme. Outside of Europe it is known as the International Computer Driving Licence.
The certification programme operates in 41 languages, working through partnerships with national operators and test centres located in 148 countries.
The programme consists of series of modules to build different levels of computer skills †from basic to advanced †that will
prepare people for work or studies. Certification programmes are designed to be accessible to everyone, and there are fees associated with the certification
As a recent OECD report on the Outlook of Science, Technology and Industry points out,
lack of software and technical support; absence of reliable electrical supply inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not
for learning other subjects; and importantly, the limited capacity of teachers to make more integrated use
of ICTS for teaching and learning. 178 There are many active regional initiatives. The Latin american Network of Educational Portals (RELPE) 179
177 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012 (OECD Publishing, 2012), 486 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/sti outlook-2012-en
/180 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012; infodev, â€oeinformation and Communication Technology for
Technology and Industry Outlook 2012: 486; and Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education: the Power of ICT Policies
Outlook 2012 185 Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education: the Power of ICT Policies; Nidhi Tandon et al.
young people from the open source movement, university researchers, the private sector international donor agencies and national governments.
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017,(Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012), www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlook-singaporean-k-12-education
-2012-2017 194 Openmrs, http://openmrs. org /195 Jembi Health Sysetms, www. jembi. org/programs
â€oetechnology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017 "197 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012 199 â€oecisco, †QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships/qa
/203 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
basic computer skills and knowledge of productivity applications may still qualify a person for routine
community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and space for group activity are positioned ideally to implement programmes that will provide youth with the
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. â€oe2011 GEM Global Report. †Babson Park, Mass: Babson College 2011 www. gemconsortium. org/about. aspx?
"Global Employment Outlook September 2012: Bleak Labour Market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012
International Youth Foundation, 2012. www. microsoft. com/en -us/news/presskits/citizenship/docs/finalopp for action paper. pdf
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012. www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlook
-singaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 66 Johnson, Larry, Samantha Adams,
Monitor Group. Job creation Through Building the Field of Impact Sourcing. Rockefeller Foundation 2011. www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field
OECD. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, 2012: 466 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/sti outlook-2012-en
Apps Software application developed for a digital device. The term is associated often with the applications that run on mobile phones
Coding Writing instructions for a computer program Connectivism A network-based pedagogy that informs the work of MOOCS, OCW and other
Hackathon Event where computer developers, graphic designers, and/or other experts come together to collaborate
and produce software projects, apps, and other solutions Hacker/maker space Community-operated workspace where people with common interests meet and
collaborate around computers, technology, or digital art Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70
Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO
Mobile learning Learning via a mobile device or learning that happens when the learner is not at a
stronger player in a role playing video game to level a character more quickly than is possible alone.
4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly 4. 7 Green jobs 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS
5. 1 Computer literacy 5. 2 Digital literacy 5. 3 Web literacy 5. 4 Complementary skills
An increasing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business†such as Google, IBM, Intel
periphery, not the core The solution lies in the principle of shared value, which involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for
A growing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business†such as GE, Google, IBM, Intel, Johnson
Intel and IBM are both devising ways to help utilities harness digital intelligence in order to economize on
and innovation, will form a new core discipline in business schools; economic development will no longer be left only to public policy and economics departments
open source and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering and facilitating citizens'participation. One of the projects is responsible for the
open source and decentralized infrastructure for connecting citizens and the internet in a decentralized open architecture
network, take Google docs, a centralized group and document management system, take Youtube, a centralized media hosting facility.
panels of individual experts (annual reviews. There will also be an impact assessment in January 2014, a report for the use of European stakeholders, including citizens.
A methodology for the socioeconomic impact assessment of Software-as-a -Service and Internet of Services research projects, Research Evaluation, 2014 23: 133-149
All of the most innovative ideas, from Skype to Wikipedia, from online cartography to app stores, had a very quick, viral spreading.
FLOSS Manuals creates free documentation about free software. It is an online community of some 4-5 thousand volunteers creating manuals in over 30 languages
She is a computer engineer and Phd candidate with an MA in Computer science at UNICAMP, Brazil.
'core activities †Stimulating the birth of new CAPS initiatives Based on their own interests, the reader of this publication can choose for themself a
filtering mechanisms is probably the core element of awareness in CAPS initiatives Merging these two terms, the picture that emerges of collective awareness is one of
example of such reflections has been Free and Open source Software, which has been in -vestigated from many theoretical viewpoints, from transaction costs (the theory that explains
The core component of the CAPS world is made up of research projects for Grassroots Experiments and Pilots,
†Software developers †CAPS projects †Citizens Of these, citizens are the most relevant users, also in quantitative terms.
synergies with P2pvalue in terms of research activities on collaborative core technologies and with D-CENT with reference to XML-based activity streams and
larger groups of people with a high-level of knowledge of specific topics, e g. software development capabilities, social innovation concepts, etc.
use of the internet and mobile devices, these tools will serve to empower members of the
use the power and versatility of online maps and mobile devices for collectively gathering and sharing spatial information for improving accessibility for persons with limited mobility
and 64-bit versions for Windows, GNU/Linux-based OSES, and MAC OS X 4. Book Sprint http://booksprints-for-ict-research. eu Book Sprint is a collaborative
Crabgrass https://we. riseup. net Crabgrass is a software libre web application designed for group
GEO Smart monitor devices http://www. greenenergyoptions. co. uk/products -and-services/products A set of In-Home Displays, smart plugs and web visualisation
of energy consumption 19. Global network on Sustainable Lifestyles http://vision2050. net The GNSL is a global platform of practitioners
software, powering internet platforms for proposition development and decision making 27. Loomio https://www. loomio. org/?
software for anyone, anywhere, to participate in decisions 28. Mailpile https://www. mailpile. is Free and open-source web mail client with user
Pump. io http://pump. io Social server with an Activitystreams API 43 38. Pybossa http://pybossa. com Pybossa is a free, 100%open-source framework for
runs, the Slashdot-Like Automated Storytelling Homepage software 43. Status. Net http://status. net Free and open-source social software
44. Succeed Together http://www. succeedtogether. eu/en A company that is creating a semantic engine
platform leveraging from the free software implementations of Bitcoin and Bittorrent protocols 47. Ushahidi http://ushahidi. com Nonprofit tech company that specialises in
developing free and open-source software for information collection, visualisation and interactive mapping 48. Utopia http://www. utopia. de German community platform to discuss sustainable
wiki=Accueil Yeswiki is a software application made for creating and managing your website, in a collaborative way
Yeswiki is written Free Software in PHP language under the GPL licence, used for creating and managing an internet or intranet website
Communities of interest are at the core of CAPS developments. These groups may be geographically bound to one location
The impact of gamification, competition collaborative work, public and even tangible feedback are examples of strategies that
The broad range of computer games and apps that appeal to the users of internet devices are a valuable resource for understanding
†Outlook for the Future The CAPS projects introduced in this book are the first projects to be funded under
Currie, M.,Kelty, C. & Murillo, L. F. R (2013)' Free Software trajectories: From Organized
Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. pp. 107-114 Eden, C. 1999)' Using Cognitive Mapping for Strategic Options Development and
The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Duke university Press Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft
'Computer Supported Cooperative Work 21. pp. 417-448 73 Liu, K. 2000) Semiotics in Information systems Engineering.
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