Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces
They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change
Safecast, a project that enables citizens to capture and share measurement on radiation levels, is one example of the potential
of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant
hardware circuit board with a microprocessor, Safecast built their own Geiger counters. These were given to local volunteers
data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge; and they give rise to new DSI areas such as:(
Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s Screenshot of the crowdmap www. digitalsocial. eu
Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s 1 2 3 WHY IS DIGITAL
-ogies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. Â This network effect applies in a straight
we stress the potential of collective intel -ligence as a self-sustaining, self-directed inte -grated and distributed cognitive sys
-ent operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over dif
-ferent underlying platforms, avoiding pro -prietary systems and vendor lock in on the web. This was a hard
Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms Apple has started a market that was en
open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and
open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana -lytics and are producing valuable data
by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives Take for example the commercial success
the world†s largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results and can repurpose their technology in or
networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness. Making data available as part of a
patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in
knowledge, open hardware 4. The area of society the organisa -tions and their activities operate and
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and
Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return, such as the open source DIY shoest
kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona, or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to
-cost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC †computer numeric con -trol †machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup, and
open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collabo
-rative making. â€oereuse, Remix, Recycle†are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement,
which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods, such as fast prototyping, open design, lean
Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource ex -ploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume
The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools,
People working on open source hardware are creat -ing new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate
research projects, such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration and open culture
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture open source software and open data.
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
3d manufactur ing tools, free CAD /CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators
better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making 27growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces. There are now 96 known ac -tive hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, Â according to Hackerspaces
WEFAB, a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises
-base, create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending
collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen
Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where
counter, built on the Arduino open hardware board The team turned to †the crowd†via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,
source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. The primary purpose of Crisisnet is
open data, free and open software and open hardware Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising
the way code is built, shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe
such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos †which make it easy
every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa -tion of hackers from across Europe
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots commu
the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices, enhanced by the way technology is integrated within the
software foundation Wayra Unltd The Accelerator Healthbox London Clearlyso Angels Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Open
-works, and open hardware Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of
hardware and open knowledge, are be -ing harnessed by digital social innova -tion. Below we provide a more detailed
on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit, and on open
with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop
TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
Dataflows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network-aware sensors, actuators
-vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens.
formats that make it easy for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web
open content, open source and open access PUBLIC DOMAIN Communia The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making and using open hard ware solutions and
moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail
-able so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.
The hardware†s source, the design from which it is made is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.
Ideally, open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability
of individuals to make and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the free -dom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce
through the open exchange of designs The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the
potential in open hardware The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microproces
-sor which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn
an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor. In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer
and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic
devices using an open-source hardware board. Arduino has grown to become popular, selling more than one million units to
international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social innovation initiatives
relying on open hardware, such as Safecastâ and theâ Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart 47growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor network tools to citizens,
The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the †kit †itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things Iot). ) People, places,
from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities†(Van Kranenburg 2014
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures
software foundation Wayra Unltd Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Guifi. net Confine Smart Santander Makerfaire The different methods by which these organisations are supporting DSI
-essary to harness the collective intel -ligence of DSI organisations to solve large-scale European social problems
around open hardware and open net -works and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam
hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected and intermixed with open networks.
-edge, open hardware and open networks Even if an organisation is not central and so has only a few links,
-bining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks 56 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of
FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of
metaphor of emergent collective intel -ligence, and combines the informal na -ture of social networks with a methodo
networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy collective debate, deliberation and voting.
software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable
Software packages that are patented can be expensive and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the
Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experi -ments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions
open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.
source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special at -tention was paid to open source procurement.
In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.
Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see if the deployment of the DSI strategy
standards should be at the core of the technical infrastructure. Open standards should have an adequate legal and governance backing,
funding and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48
Today mobile devices with always-on Internetâ connectivity are becoming widespread 74 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole
new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments
and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training, or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge
analytics software to test demand Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for
cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service
and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses Building on the above discussion, this table outlines the measures that a framework for
In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies,
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures At regulatory level, The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards and interoperable solutions to
become public policy guidelines at the core of the technical infrastructure Technical solutions do not work by themselves,
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness
/outlook/e-outlook/stipolicyprofiles /competencestoinnovate /taxincentivesforrdandinnovation. htm 39 http://crowdingin. com 40 http://www. lanzanos. com
-outlook-19991428. htm 85 https://www innovationpolicyplatform. org Figures Page 25 Natalie Ortiz (2012) â€oeouishare Summit
-computer-clubs-ccc/2872403-1-ger-DE /Teilnehmer-des-29. -Jahreskongresses -29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC
jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default /files/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg
Hd Desktop 10†online Audphoto. com Available from: http://aduphoto. com /earth-from-space-at-night-wallpaper-hd
Stimulating innovation, entrepreneurship and the knowledge-based society is at the core of the Europe 2020 Strategy
In the Social Innovation Camp, an inter disciplinary group brings together software designers and experts in social issues.
core process. http://www. citilab. eu/en The Danish Business Authority (responsible for managing the Structural Funds), in the framework of
This gives a core role for the public sector at regional and local level Christian Bason, the director of Mindlab21, a Danish agency for social innovation operating within
processes and for selection panels that are independent of the political process and allow selection
Indeed, participation is the core of the innovation by the CNAIS in addition to the integrated service
at the core of EU policies The second change that we have identified as significant for the future is linked to the
hundreds of †core actors†from all over Europe who attended the meeting. They were not only describing their perceptions
-cations could flourish in a participatory innovation model based on open source and open hardware development 2. Public federated identity management for the entire EU:
The aim should be to turn the current passport into an open source mesh-networked device;
Increasingly, however, digital tools are used also as a core element to mobilise collective intelligence for the co-creation of public goods (e g.
Indeed, participation is the core of innovation at the CNAIS in addition to the integrated service delivery.
and the ongoing efforts made to design proper indicators to monitor improvements in the use of resources in a manner that can drive policy developments
Horizon 2020 is the funding arm of Innovation Union and a core part of Europe 2020 and the European Research Area.
to promote culture as the core of the EU€ s social fabric and a trigger for innovation to
plenary panels, short flash sessions and a new format called †Vox pops†in which citizens contribute their ideas on culture
Social Impact Measurement) and closely monitors EU initiatives The Enterprise Policy Group bringing together decision-makers from Member States
a core part of the initiative from the outset 3. 2. 7. Dormant funds Dormant funds are bank accounts where there has been no customer activity for a cer
182 Diogo Vasconcelos chaired a Business Panel on Future EU innovation policy in January 2009 to provide input
-ing position when typing †social innovation†into search engines. It hosts a community of practitioners with about 5000 registered members and has welcomed more than
The project†s core innovations are built around a context-specific repository of carbon reduction strategies.
y proposing new promising models of participatory innovation based on open software and open hardware y achieving a better understanding of the techno-social issues related to key aspects
of the networked society, such as online reputation systems, motivations and incen -tives for online collaboration, digital identity, privacy, net neutrality, new economic
public commitments on the CSR issues relevant to each sector and jointly monitor pro -gressâ€
and collaborate to reach collective sustainability goals on open source platforms (open in terms of software but also hardware, such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi innovations
considered to be low-cost state-of-the-art platform technology components. The ini -tiative is part of the digital agenda†s R&d activities.
and act as the core of a knowledge network or cluster serving the local economy and society.
For example, the †European Citizens†Panel †New democratic toolbox for new Institutions†197 tested the participatory methods of organising panels
on a large scale, with randomly chosen citizens, to develop operational recommenda -tions on effective tools for involving citizens in the decision-making process of the Eu
Four national citizens†panels were held in Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Latvia, as well as a European event bringing citizens, experts and decision-makers into dialogue
The national panels enabled citizens to discuss the use of participatory democracy methods on a European scale.
Following the national citizens†panels and the civil society fora, a set of European rec
part in the national panels before being discussed by an international expert panel at an international conference.
/programmers and older persons. The underpinning rationale is to boost innovation in the healthcare marketplace encouraging start-up development and SMES investments
While addressing this core issue, the overall objective of EGOV4U (CIP ICT PSP) is to empower intermediaries
leadership practices as their operating system, and have succeeded in formulating solid recommendations for the improvement of one of
the institution†s core processes, most of which have been endorsed by the Secretary-general 137a N N e X I
open source and DIY makers, and the open data movement 3. Broad communication with the general public and citizens, reach out
For example, bringing together diagnostic computer programmes, call centres and nurses to provide new kinds of healthcare;
Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut
work best (such as the discovery that giving computers to two children to share is more effective for education than giving them one each.
including software, gaming and music. Other landmark projects that gave people a licence to be creative in other fields include:
vendor relationship-management software tools to put citizens in control of the personal data held by big firms and public agencies.
68) Citizen†s panels are similar to citizen juries but tend to involve more people †typically between 500 and 3, 000 people.
which was held in Second life Participants attend as a †virtual†version of themselves (an avatar), and
Oneworld. net†s †Virtual Bali†initiative on Second life. Image courtesy of Oneclimate. net/Oneworld. net
The best think tanks can act as catalysts, combining research, policy ideas, and prompts for practical innovation in advance
82) Fast prototyping emerged first in the software field, the idea being that faster implementation would speed up learning.
around the world in conversation through the use of Telepresence screens Images courtesy of Dialogue Cafã
•A business model that runs parallel to the core idea of the venture and which sets out how it can become sustainable
Felipe Berrã os, who launched the initiative, believed that this was the best arrangement â€
There are a number of ways in which core stakeholders can be incorporated in the structure of an organisation and
goal should always be to find ways for the core finance to come from those
specification, and trains suppliers in the use of the software of the bidding process. The auction takes from two hours to a few days, with
a common core of meaning Transmitters We look at platforms as the nodes of the new economy,
Prize in conjunction with the United Nation†s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for †their efforts to build up and disseminate
digital learning environments such as colleges in second life 255) Comprehensive pilots, such as the Bastoey Island prison in Norway
brings together web designers and developers with those involved in meeting social needs to design web-based solutions to particular social
connect start-ups, designers, programmers, and funders 309) Platforms for aggregating action such as Pledgebank, an online
and open-source software such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox browser, and the Apache web server.
These rely on a large and highly distributed community of programmers to develop, maintain, and improve the software.
Peer-to-peer platforms can be characterised by decentralisation, self-selected participation self-allocated tasks, community based moderation, and diversity of
participants. However, none of these are of themselves defining features 140 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
and are reluctant to provide core funding. Grant -aided organisations are often the first to suffer in state budget cuts and
and the coverage of core costs. 4 403) Direct funding for individuals, including the grants given by Unltd
business assets, such as Salesforce†s provision of software to nonprofit organisations, or TNT€ s distribution of food to disaster areas
translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs, or Dialogue Cafã and the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX) using Telepresence
of open-source software, or web-based social networking around specific issues (there are reportedly 18 million cancer related websites, the great
-source software, they are also creating new terms and conditions for the use of information and products.
Hackney†s Online Citizen Panel 43 Hammarby Sjã stad 112 Harvard university Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation
Linux 139 Live Work 31 London Climate Change Agency 158 Mapping 17-19 Margolis Wheel 47-48
Open source 154; 139 Open Space 45-46 Open Testing 53 Organisation 6-7; 34; 61-70;
1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation
open knowledge, open hardware tï¿5ifï¿BSFBÏ¿PGÏ¿TPDJFUZÏ¿UIFÏ¿PSHBOJTBUJPOTÏ¿BOEÏ¿UIFJSÏ¿BDUJWJUJFTÏ¿PQFSBUFÏ¿
and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness 7 However, to date it has failed to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems, and the growth
the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs,(4
the open source community, the developers†community, the innovation labs community, the open/big data community, the smart citizen
Internet or are enabled highly by new technology trends such as open networks, open hardware and open
screen which contains a visualisation of the organisations DSI activities and the organisations network is dsplayed on the
part in panel session and presented project ambitions with the aim to engage the ICT community in the
Open Hardware and Open Knowledge need to overcome to scale their work and how they can do this
Core competitive differentiation and collaborative partner management Innovation success metrics Increased margins/revenues, reduced time to market, market share within
and competences shared among the various actors form the core of ecosystems and define their innovation potential.
In this section, we will refer to six specific communities that have a core role in the European innovation
innovation space (e g. open data, open knowledge, open hardware, open networks), and identifies the key
The open hardware and free software communities The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source
philosophy/culture, described by Wikipedia as the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found
The open source culture is therefore one in which fixations (works entitled to copyright protection) are made openly available.
Although in the beginning of the movement, a difference between hardware and software did not exist nowadays, we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware
community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that
make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is made available. The open source
software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy and that contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development.
There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy. Some of them
are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible
artefacts: machines, devices, or other physical things) and make it publicly available so that anyone can study
modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. Often, individuals gather
around specific organisations or projects. This is the case for Arduino, an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software,
which is intended for artists, designers hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interacting objects or environments
The community of developers Developers are individuals who develop a new IT product or service.
They come up with an idea of an IT -based product or service and want to commercialise it.
That is why, often, this community is considered also as a community of entrepreneurs or start-ups. Because they are usually very small, developers that frequently
for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web-based or mobile applications that citizens may find useful.
Open source hard -ware and software Open source activ -ists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source plat
-forms Peer governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of conflict-resolution mecha -nisms Tension between hierarchy and
equality Developers Developers Entrepreneurs Tech events Accelerators/incuba -tors Venture capital firms Tech blogs and mag
-azines Decentralized Cluster governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of interconnection between developers Lack of visibility
Innovation labs Innovation labs themselves Networks Networked Formal enabling/ser -vicing structures Lack of interconnection between dif
The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community, two movements can be identified: the open source software community and
the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists: either they support the
use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is
made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy and contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development (the open
source hardware activists Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers
within the open source community. For example, Canonical40 was created alongside Ubuntu to help it reach a wider market.
They ensure that Ubuntu runs reliably on every platform from the PC and the smartphone
to the server and theâ cloud. Along the same lines, the development of Arduino41 has taken place around
a community of Arduino enthusiasts that includes region-specific groups and special interest groups. The community is an excellent further source of support on all Arduino-related topics.
The P2p Foundation42 is a third example of an organisation that supports the open source community and is,
therefore, an enabler. It focuses on studying, researching, documenting and promoting peer-to-peer practices in a very broad sense
Among some of its guiding ideas, the P2p Foundation supports the principles developed by the free software
movement, in particular the General Public License, and the general principles behind the open source and open access movements.
It believes that these principles provide for models that can be used in other areas of 29
social and productive life. One last example is that of the Open source Initiative43, a Californian public benefit
corporation, founded in 1998, aimed at educating about and advocating for the benefits of open source and at
building bridges among different constituencies in the open source community Open source platforms are also enablers within the open source community.
The best example of them is Github44 a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use Git, an open source version
control. It is home to over 13.1 million repositories, making it the largest code host in the world.
Other technological tools get developers in touch and facilitate the exchange of resources and information.
Regarding governance, the open source community works under the principles of peer governance, a bottom -up mode of participatory decision-making.
In open source projects, equipotential participants self†select themselves to the section to which they want to contribute.
Bruns (2008) also characterizes open source communities as heterarchies, meaning that they operate in a much
According to Fogel (2006), the possibility to fork45 is central to the governance of any open source community
although the author particularly refers to open source software communities. The shared ownership of open source projects allows anyone to fork a project at any time.
Finally, Stadler (2008) submits that leadership in open source projects is not egalitarian, butâ meritocratic. In this
the leader being the founder of the project, such as Linus Torvalds for Linux or Jimmy wales for Wikipedia
Despite its many benefits, open source communities also experience some drawbacks. The following are some of the most significant
anyone can be part of an open source hardware or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively,
texts and documents refer to individual open source activists as programmers committed to the open source philosophy.
matter that much because as previously stated, there is equipotentiality in an open source community •Lack of conflict-resolution mechanisms:
like Linux, invest one developer (or a subgroup of developers) with the authority to accept
tech (software/Internet), biotech, clean tech, natural foods, and lifestyles of health and sustainability. Feld (2012) states that these clusters can be considered as networks for their members do not
computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials with the aim to make
with 80%of paid Android apps being downloaded fewer than 100 times. Â In addition, they noted that even successful apps, such as Mycityway81
Open source hardware and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing plat -forms (companies Reducing costs (companies
Capturing value (companies Reputation/skills/signalling developers Scalability Less cost Increase of profit Contracts/employability
The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free. However, related-services might not be
For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download, use and
modify. However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing
new extensions of the core code. For instance, R is an open source environment and programming language for statistical computing that is also free of cost.
While R offers no cost access to its software and source code Revolution R Enterprise92, a proprietary spin-off, markets a faster version of R. The company can process very
large data sets and offers, for a fee, training, consulting, and technical support services. Though the services
In this respect, governments might be interested in signing contracts with open source developers for 37 governments are, more and more,
turning to open source. This has clearly been the case regarding open source software. In January 2011, the Australian Government released an open source software policy
and guidance documentation for Australian government agencies to inform their use, modification and development of open source software.
In April 2012, the United kingdom released the second version of the document â€oeopen source software options for governmentâ€.
In December 2013, the Italian government issued final rules implementing a change to procurement law that now requires all public administrations in the
country to first consider reused or free software before committing to proprietary licenses Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples.
We have referred already to the Flok Society in Ecuador93. Working with an academic partner, the Government of
Ecuador has launched a major strategic research project to â€oefundamentally re-imagine Ecuadorâ€, based on the principles of open source:
networks, peer production, and commoning. Ecuador has been the first country in the world which has committed itself to the creation of an open commons knowledge based society.
distributed 3, 000 open hardware kits (the Civic Information Starter Kits), open hardware and software packages
In summary, because of governments†interest in open source, contracts and government procurement are important tools within this community
A lot has been written on the motivations of members of the open source communities. Most literature on motivations is based on empirical surveys (Vainio & Vadã n, 2006.
Intrinsic motivations include open source politics (working on open source to limit the power of large companies, particularly software companies, and because
individuals think software and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms
of identity: being part of the community is sometimes part of the developer†s identity), and peer-recognition
and respect. Extrinsic motivations include user needs (developments take place as a result of a personal need for a tool and, then, it is shared
and contributing to open source and do not subscribe to many social motivations that are, by contrast, typical of individual programmers.
According to the authors, promoting innovation by and small companies seems to be the most important motivation
Vici (2008) also analyses firms†motivations to participate in the open source community and states that, at the beginning,
and in general, supporting open source was justified merely by the need of answering to the increasing requests of improved quality products.
and feedbacks from the open source community allow a reduction in R&d costs and an enlargement of the
Adopting open source principles also increases the likelihood of attracting skilled developers and thereby achieving a higher pace of technological
Avenali et al (2010), in their study on open software and hardware innovation platforms, point to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit),
In this respect, government attitude towards the open source community is fundamental and may have an effect in terms of scalability for governments are in a unique
In the field of software, public services, organisations and territorial administrations collectively represent a major software user with great impact on the software market:
when an agency adopts open software, it also forces its contractors to adopt the government†s platform of choice so
they are eligible to work for them The community of developers The community of developers (mainly apps developers) and entrepreneurs have several instruments that are
six months to research, test core assumptions and iterate before building out an entire project
2014, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, IBM promoted its Watson Mobile Developer Challenge
IBM would choose three winning teams and provide seed funding for their businesses Building and growing a company
Leaving aside portals that display public open data, previously analysed, governments use transparency portals as well,
digital social innovation is enabled often by open data, free software, and open hardware platforms. In many
cases, new services cannot be envisaged at the time that these open tools are developed, but they are often
Social network based on open source code to promote the most interesting news decided by the people, send
Based on the open source code of Meneame. net, but with a new user interface more similar to actual social networks like Facebook or Twitter
Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and continue to campaign for the internet to remain a neutral space
Keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affor -dable. Software packages that are patented can be expensive making them less accessible and
not affordable to potential individual innovators Also the internet needs to continue to be a neutral
Microsoft controlling the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms Furthermore, the Digital economy is now mainly based on business models that aggregate,
innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and analytics faster,
alternative to Apple or Android) as a kind of â€oeregulated monopoly†able to ensure some basic services at
in a participatory innovation model, based on open source and open hardware developments 2. 5ifï¿''VUVSFÏ¿PGÏ¿
or plastic with a chip) into an open source mesh-networked device (a chip with a screen.
not part of the core DSI study team and yet have very dense roles in the super-community.
cohort/panel study regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product /service is causing the impact, by showing less
when developers take a copy ofâ source codeâ from oneâ software packageâ and start independent development on it, creating a distinct piece of software (Wikipedia
47. http://www. barcelonastartupfestival. com /48. http://startupfestival. com/home /67 49. http://inspiration. entrepreneur. com
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