and the leaders of social innovation have included politicians, bureaucrats, intel -lectuals, business people, as well as NGO activists.
diagnostic software; magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights to marriage; applying the idea of rights to animals;
printers, which have made it easier to turn ideas quickly into prototypes; parallel methods are being developed in the social fields to crystallize promising ideas so
In business, the experiences of companies such as Microsoft, Procter & Gamble, and Amazon suggests that pioneers that create markets through radical
-tion around a few core principles that can be communicated easily. Then as the idea is implemented in new contexts,
in sectors such as microchips, software, cars, and retailing. Yet in most social fields, monopolistic governments sit alongside small units that are usually too
For a thorough analysis of open source methods and their great potential, see G. Mulgan and
The Potential of Open source Methods (London, U k.:Demos and the Young Foundation, 2005 19. In the U k.,the In Control pilots delivered under the government†s policy Valuing People and
attractive outlook 3 Sources: Reuters, FT, IHS Global Insight Growth driven mainly by developing regions or focussed strategies
panels, they'll be solar panels, making electrified vehicles almost free to charge Folding car Based on MIT€ s City Car, Basque Hiriko
software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
Open source in Digital Ecosystems 17 Open Knowledge, Open Governance and Community 18 References 20 Table of contents
-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software
software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders, we hope this simpliï ed map will help the readers keep their
Open source tools and processes for the collective representation and formalisation of knowledge Economic development ICTS
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports ï nds, and connects services
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual
model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds Evolutionary Environment
example, research conducted in the context of the DBE IP has highlighted the importance of Regional Catalysts
and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities. This has led to the broadening of the conceptualisation of the term †businessâ€.
from the single computer to the local area network (LAN) at ï rst, and eventually to the global Internet.
computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to
order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reï ect the social and
It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter†s (ï oe942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to
Microsoft to Google. It looks at new institutional and transaction costs economics (Coase, ï oe937;
Williamson, ï oe975 Benkler, 2002) as well as at the economics of sharing (Benkler, 2004) and community currencies. ï oeï oe Perhaps most
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
An open source ecosystem -oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons,
or as a public road that lowers the cost of ICT adoption and maximises the reuse of models.
and the tactic of using Regional Catalysts) as an eï €ective methodology to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development at the regional scale.
become better able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, reaching surprising conclusions such as, †Software
by computer software and/or humans; potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the
The open source initial implementation is freely available (http://swallow. sourceforge. net/,http://dbestudio. sourceforege. net, http://evenet
the (references to the) formalised knowledge and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use
computer behaviours. The Web is engineered an space created through formally speciï ed languages and protocols
whether computer processes, humans, or a mixture thereof •••18 In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artiï cial languages
the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and
infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies, and all the software development, requirements capture,
and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language. Clearly, the closer one approaches natural language, the easier it is to see the relevance of an
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations
The translation of this power into a mode of economic production is the central question of open source research
Open source in Digital Ecosystems Two of the three26 deep trends due to which, according to Dalle et al.
The Open source approach has thus been the only possible choice for the Digital Ecosystem infrastructure, not only
many factors that inï uence the uptake of open source by companies, such as their connections in the open source
community, or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of diï €erent types of
licences. Digital Ecosystems can then be seen as the structure that connects and mobilises such knowledge and that
Open source communities are epistemic communities28 (Edwards, 200ï oe) organised as a distributed network of agents
The key actors in the development of an open source product are the individual contributors companies (for proï t and non-proï t) and researchers.
respond to the legal incentives embodied in open source production Up to now economic theory suggests that long-term incentives are stronger under three conditions
programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmersâ€. Lerner, 2006
26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which
latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes, and with the construction of a shared
29) â€oethose who have been waiting for a new and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software
or, Linux and The Nature of the Firmâ€, Yale Law Journal, Vol ï oeï oe2, pp 369-446
Software Technology Model Community Language Organisational Structure P2p Open Source Mediationpower Open Governance & Institutional Innovation
â€oeopen Source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goodsâ€, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07
and Open-source Software Mode of Productionâ€, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University
â€oeepistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Developmentâ€, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark
Articulos y Conferences â€oediez Aà os de Post-Racionalismo en Chile†(Instituto de Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl/articulos/006/doc ingï oe. htm last visited ï oe/6/2007
â€oeunderstanding Computers and Cognition, A new foundation for Designâ€, Noorwood Newyersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation Magnibh feugait vercipismodvolobortin ulla conulla
energy efficient technologies (including digital technologies such as open source energy management systems. Conversely digital technologies can be viewed as integral components
developing open source technologies to support more sustainable consumption practices (e g Open Energy Monitor; and secondly, online free reuse communities (e g.
Freecycle and A provisional framework for analysing relationships between social innovation and digital technologies Freegle) which enable people to directly give unwanted items to others in their local area
the iphone, ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/specialfeatures /iphone 92 Spain Doing Business 2015
and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness However, today it stills fail to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems,
and open hardware projects like Arduino that is recoluzionising open design and manufacturing;(ii) Participatory mechanisms and open democracy featuring new projects
likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
open hardware. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
are enabled highly by new technology trends such as open networks, open hardware and open data infra
open knowledge, open hardware; and •The area of society the organisations and their activities operate
distributed networks, knowledge co-production platforms, open data, open hardware, open content, and open source software
Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels
and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness. How -ever, today it still fails to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems.
-edge and hardware not only provide tools for people to collaborate in virtual space but also facilitate the
knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens
innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the
open knowledge, open hardware; and •the area of society the organisations and their activities operate
-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open
of the Open Hardware and Makers movement, which implies a combination of different design and tech
 The Open Hardware is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource
The open hardware movement in particular is about how you share knowl -edge, skills and tools,
Source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects, open source cars such as Wikispeed, building farming tools
new fabrication machines like the Reprap and open objects. These products are open source and free;
and you can use, copy and improve as much as you want with a worldwide community of peers helping you and
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to -wards a more sustainable lifestyle and society.
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit, and open wearables are showing inter
software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is
revolutionising the way code is built, shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe.
servers like arkos, which makes it easy to run your own secure cloud, and decentralised media publishing
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to ex
Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Makerfaire New ways of making
Chaos Computer Club Table 5 29 The spread of organisation types across organisations on the map are represented in Table 6 and visualised
•The work by Your Priorities in Iceland and Open Ministry in Finland on bringing DSI to the core of gov
collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was, for example, original -ly developed by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy
Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of Hackers, is the most prominent example of grass
the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infra
that takes place every four years, organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)( GE), an informal associa
Theâ Chaos Computer Clubâ (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker con
hands-on talks, panels. These assembly spaces, introduced at the 2012 meeting, combine theâ hack center
Digital Social Innovations by hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (often referred to as maker and hacker spaces), for digital fabrication and hacking data that entre
on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
Open hardware new ways of making and using open hard -ware solutions and moving towards and
Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerg
Safecast, for example relied on Open Hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on crowdfunding (open knowledge) to fund the development of kit, and
Open Hardware 49 Table 10 Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific tech methods
crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning, e-petitions and so on Open networks The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner or the world and in people†s everyday
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data, which
number of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster smarter, more networked and personal.
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
a price that is continuing to drop. As they proliferate, mobile devices are generating ever-larger streams of personal behavioural data that have many potentially valuable
Open Hardware Open source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study,
modify, distribute, make, extend, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware†s source, the design from which it is made,
is available in the preferred format for making mod -ifications to it. Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard
processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content, and open-source design tools to maximize the ability of individuals to make
and use hardware. Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware
Core to Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a
microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is
that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device. Building on these open hard
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social
•Cloud computing as a virtualisation infrastructure that offers unique opportunities to reduce the costs of
heavily invested in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universi
digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now
increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference. The institu -tional infrastructure necessary for cutting-edge research no longer requires state investment, and in fact
and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.
In Arduino, the open hardware approach means that products developed by one part of the community are accessible for all other Arduino users
-Basic taxonomy by technology trends (open data, open knowledge, open networks, open hardware -What impact they have (what domains,
Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here
Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, Operating a DSI service Key facts:
Short description The core to an Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor which can be pro
-grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic
open-source hardware board. The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the
micro controller. The project first started with 3, 000 euros for the pro -duction of 200 units,
but when IDDI bought only 50 units, the Arduino team decided to put the remaining units up for sale;
hardware hobbyists and tinkerers. A quick survey of the multitude of diverse projects demonstrates how it has enabled a spin-off of collab
-ware to open-source hardware. Arduino has been described as â€oelego for electronics†in its easy-to-use approach. Furthermore, Arduino has
to the product†s low cost and open source business model. The Arduino designers freely share the specifications for anyone to use, and third-par
scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equip -ment using more readily available components in developing countries
-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
and users are free to adapt them to their needs. While the hardware used to power Arduino
is open-source, Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro
controller libraries are licensed under the LGPL What technological methods and tools is it using, and
what did these enable that was not previously possible? During a TED Talk on Arduino, Banzi said Arduino has been a significant
-alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has
removed a lot of potential barriers to users previously excluded from get -ting involved in D. I. Y. hardware and robotics †the availability of Arduino
hardware design blueprints for download has meant users who ordinari -ly might not have been able to afford
or order the boards have been able to build the boards themselves by hand Enhancing collaboration and
of these Arduino@Heart is the Smart Citizen Kit †a hardware kit to gather environmental data,
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;
open source hardware, free for anyone to use, modify, or sell. Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike
model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact, the only piece of Intellectual Property (IP) the team
files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries
Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: Operating a DSI service Key facts: Approximately 28 Million Users Worldwide.
History and core mission Avaaz †which literally means â€oevoice†in several European, Middle east -ern and Asian languages†launched in 2007 with a simple democratic
by a small core team of 52 full-time staff worldwide, has thousands of volunteers in all 192 UN member states, including Iran and China, and
and includes a physical server farm a content distribution network, and some resources served through
security audits of the site†s servers) and Arbor networks (who provid -ed defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported
the organisation throughout the attack, Avaaz were advised to further upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks.
and the open source platform is available free of charge to any group, city or country around the world interested in using the
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
Through making the Your Priorities platform available as open source to other organisations, the Citizens Foundation is actively facilitating the
Open source and Open Collaboration: The platform is open source and free for anyone to download and use,
which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the
software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve
development and maintenance of the Your Priority software Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to
has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily
Open Network, Open Data, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A Network Key facts: Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS
Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk Short description City SDK is a European consortium of partners helping cities to open
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
an easy, open source, standards based way to publish real-time open data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
IP and closed development silos Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand
-ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli -cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub
Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci
-eo conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
smart services where user generated data make up the core activity of the service How is funded the organisation?
Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a
volunteer programmers that has sought to building bridges between the public and new technologies. †Inspired by this, Commons4eu aims to en
and with mobile devices, based on the experience of Code for America which aims to be beneficial to all the participating countries.
History and Mission The Commons 4 EU project was started in 2011 with an initial core team
into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social
develop a reusable IT open source solution. In the Berlin State Museums alone six million objects await to be recorded.
with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications
of borrowing from one another and sharing of open source code. To this aim, the fellows work together on a joint Github account †and every
case of Europe Commons †the site†s open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org, where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can
aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists
additional resources (nodes, servers, links) in sparsely populated areas The CONFINE project targets the exploration and advancement of the
-works are built often with simple and low cost off-the-shelf hardware The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux
Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three devices: the community device, the research device and an optional
the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different
hardware. The characteristics of heterogeneity, required network neutral -ity, openness and size of these networks are a great challenge to routing
face enormous challenges due to the limited capacity of servers and links 93 and the structure of the network.
Open networks, Open data, Open knowledge, Open hardware DSI activities: Research project, network, operating web service providing education
project does this by providing capabilities for environmental monitor -ing, data aggregation, and information presentation to users by means
of mobile and web-based devices such as smartphones, computers and sensors. The work on Everyaware is presently ongoing (the project runs
platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their
A central server efficiently collects, analyses and visualises data sent from arbitrary sources. The Everyaware platform will handle both sensor
two hardware components: a smartphone controlling the data acqui -sition and a modular sensor box with several pluggable sensors.
and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application together form a system that measures concentrations of pollutants in
computer scientists and sociologists have reached already the maturity to analyse, interpret and visualize complex data sets.
Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A network, hosting makerspace/hackerspace, providing education &
standardised open hardware setups Type of organisation Fablab Amsterdam is part of the international Fablab community (there
Fablab Amsterdam uses digital fabrication to create an open hardware environment, and builds an open network based on that, in which open
-chine, 3d printer, Thermal Cycler, Microscope, Centrifuge, Spectrometer Incubator, Autoclave, Rotary Evaporator, etc. Different machines are
Open Hardware and Open philosophy: Much of the work in the Fablab relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as
Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser, which aims to engi -neer a low cost prosthetic alignment laser (P. A l.)system that meets
in the lab such as 3d printers and laser cutters. In addition to this, the low cost technologies that are experimented with in Fablab have created
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: product and research Key facts: 25,000 phones sold in less than 6 months. 50,000 followers on
plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders
of Linux. Over time, Github†s mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to some
-thing more. Since then the platform has gone through a rapid develop -ment and is now largest social coding repository in the world with more
At its simplest Github can be described as open source tool for people to come together online and collaborate around a project, in the majority of
websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.
possible because the code is open source. This enables a developer to copy a code that he
to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS †was the most heav -ily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s
Github to live locally on their servers, and cost clients millions of dollars a year.
Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingso -cial, VMWARE and Walmart Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job
programmers or companies can use the collaborative platform for free as a place to build open-source software,
or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary
more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source
datasets, legislation and information so that citizen programmers can help solve local problems What technological methods and tools
is it using, and what did these enable that was not previously possible? Github usesâ Git, a multi-platform version control application created for
use by developers of the Linux kernel, to coordinate collaborations and to manage uploads and downloads (pushes
developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown
system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu
better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that
stores, versions and branches source code being developed by teams of programmers. While traditionally SCMS have been a highly complex
esoteric and cumbersome systems to manage; they have also been notably asocial in their nature.
Github has thus radicalised this system†s approach in two ways Rather than forcing every development team in the world to deploy their
assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well as writing it,
meant Github has become a social networking site for programmers Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Github hosts open-licensed projects and is designed for collaboration
software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are
usable software before they too can get involved, etc What were the main barriers to innovate?
Open source vs. Closed: While Github has stood out as an outrider of how e-businesses might operate in an open-source landscape;
software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.
Abiertasâ (Open source Foundation History and mission The explicit mission of Goteo. org is to help finance
from the open source world. In the initial development phases the team organised workshops and meeting with the different communities
and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a dura
space for working, a 3d printer for prototyping, volunteer testers for their prototype solutions, as well as an offer to collaborate with local
A core criteria for Goteo is that all campaigns the platform helps have to meet a cultural, scientific, educational, technological or ecological objec
-fore projects are built on collaborative, open source and open design principles. As an example the Infinit Loop cloth mentioned above is for
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,
printing and office supplies; website fees; travel expenses and Welsh translation services Recently, Landshare. net has decided to run a trial to test the inclusion
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde
-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that
addresses the gap between representative democracies where people elect representatives to represent and vote for them on policy decisions
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform
Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above, allows the platform to be adapted by organi
include electronics, 3d printing, technological product demo, design craft, sustainability and domestic arts, as well as making in education
-ties in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi. Other events include presentations and workshops on collective innovation
and 3d printing, and the benefit of participating in such open innova -tion environments for DIY product designers
hardware, some of the most popular and frequent of these include open hardware such as Arduino micro controller and personal 3d printing
Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs
on open-source hardware and taking advantage of a proven design that has operated successfully in the past. Thus, they can work from a known
starting point and easily see what†s there, what†s missing, and what is unnecessary. It saves development time
Giving back Open-source hardware is about sharing work with others for everyone†s benefit. It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades
When a user adds a function to hardware it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve
the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to
turn their ideas into products or services, and even build business upon it. There are also many applicable business models for implementing
some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to ac -celerate development and technical innovation the photovoltaic industry
has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models How is funded the organisation? Maker Faire is made possible with a variety of sponsorships.
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to
help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
The core features of this website are 139 A structured database that links people to places, organisations and
It†s an accessible display all of the members of a particular house of parliament, all of the elected representatives of particular areas and even
mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the
is also available on Github, another open source project which can be installed locally, and customised to user†s precise needs.
-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it
ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government
solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law
software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.
Realities of open source: Before accepting contributions to a project, the practical considerations around the overheads of testing, checking, and
To grow the open-source communities around some of their core web -sites and components so that they are of ever greater value to larger
History and core mission The overarching purpose of Open Ministry is to help citizens and NGOS
crowdsourcing hardware What is the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem? The Open Ministry offers an interesting blueprint of how digital frame
-edge Finland Core Team, and more generally representatives of the Open Ministry team regularly participate in a number of open government
The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then visualize the data
-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal
Open data sit at the core of all Opencorporates work. This is both a tool to scrape, capture
Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge
number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database
as well as the community accessible online. Within five years the data -base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet
-byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and
Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write scrapers in Python or PHP
-phone, laptop, tablet or other compatible device, helps turn the hardware into a router. Working with similarly equipped devices within a range of
approximately 20 meters, the mesh app then discovers, shares and coor -dinates access to any available Internet off ramp,
as well as benefits the handset and tablet manufactures The Open Garden app is free for anyone to install on his or her smart
-phone, tablet or computer, and it also licenses its technology to carriers device manufacturers and Organisations
devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops. Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open
data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source
data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for
mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards
Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also relies on open source platforms for developing
and sharing the code for its projects Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies
to better open and share knowledge. None of which would have been possible without the advance of the Internet and the ability to aggregate
-work, Open source Ecology, hackerspaces & makerspaces What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence
source hardware designs and DIY communities Peer-to-peer Finance fuels the system through crowd funding, peer-to
-ized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers
Type of organisation The P2p Foundation is registered a institute founded in Amsterdam Netherlands. Its local registered name is:
-ers of resources, in contrast to the centralized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
In a peer-to-peer network, tasks (such as searching for files or streaming au -dio/video) are shared amongst multiple interconnected peers who each
without the need for centralized coordination by servers. The foundation was founded by Michel Bauwens, a Belgian Peer-to-peer theorist and an
However, its core focus is on furthering advancements in P2p Technol -ogy-networks in which interconnected nodes (â€oepeersâ€) share resources
Bitcoin, an open source P2p money, which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks;
arrangement differs from the client†server model where communication is usually to and from a central server
P2p†s network in practice creates a platform for †unbounded knowledge with open sources and open access. †Thanks to technological advances
P2p Foundation has been able to make the move beyond more proprie -tary publishing models, with rigid intellectual property rights, to em
according to different core domains? No information available What really helps reach goals /how to overcome these barriers?
The core service of Peerby is the online platform which enables users to borrow and share anything from trumpets to laptop chargers with their
neighbours Peerby†s uniqueness lies in its proactive approach: activity on the plat -form begins with people posting requests for things they need, rather
of Cambridge†s Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try
interacting with computers, as the team was concerned about the year -on-year decline in the numbers and skills levels of prospective under
had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,
the Raspberry Pi team sought to develop a tiny, cheap computer for kids which would encourage programming experimentation and encourage
Raspberry Pi is a simple computing device that looks like a motherboard with the mounted chips and ports exposed (something you†d expect
to see only if you opened up your computer and looked at its internal boards). ) Although seemingly basic in design, it has all the components
software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering
platform †meaning kids can gain a deeper knowledge of computer game programming by building their own game
-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education
computers can†t reach 187 It has very low power consumption, so can work more easily in electrical
Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers have exceeded far the team†s original predicted figure of 10,000 (with
-ripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars
For this reason Raspberry Pi computers have already been used as as learning tools in the context of various developing countries such as
Laptop Per Child programme demonstrates that more rigorous assess -ment is needed to verify that the ICT (Information and communications
one of the Raspberry Pi†s dedicated educational servers. So far, the feedback from both teachers and pupils regarding this RACHEL material
coding †for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google, Code, is hosted on Github.
shortfall of computer programmers What technological method is it using? The Raspberry Pi is based around a 700mhz ARM11 system on chip
processor, which is propriety to Broadcom, the Raspberry Pi is complete -ly open source, which helps to keep costs down.
From the circuit sche -matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam -ine and contribute online.
The Foundation provides a version of Debian Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI
188 by default, with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card
How has technology enable that was not possible before? With regard to Raspberry Pi†s hardware, the board†s low cost was made
possible thanks to advances in integration that have shrunk effectively all the components of a desktop computer into a single silicon chip
Furthermore, thanks to advances in technology, Raspberry Pi, unlike conventional PCS, has very low power consumption.
DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi†s programmable and simple open source model a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.
-form for teaching computer-based mathematics techniques to children of all ages Current Raspberry Pi users can also avail of this joint recent collabora
open source coding tool called Coder. With Coder, users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server
located directly on the Raspberry Pi. The overall cost for the DIY pro -gramming project, using Google†s recommended materials,
plug it into the tiny computer and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome.
for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan Academy†s material to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity.
Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces and hackerspaces
Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners
network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
hardware, building a community, collecting and sharing open data, as well as educating, without input from government.
and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter and
Open Hardware: The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free †to open,
manipulate hack, break and or improve anythingâ€, and it uses open hardware such as Arduino in the build of its sensors.
As described earlier it has used Hackathons at Tokyo Hackerspace to design and build devices, such as
Whilst it has used open hardware and open source ap -proaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfund
Following on from this Safecast has used open source platforms such as Github to develop the code that sits behind the platform
social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.
Needless to say the access to open soft and hardware as well as social media has been instrumental in the success of Safecast.
Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, operating a web service
-no open hardware platform. These tools enable anyone who purchases the kit to contribute to the collection of environmental data,
History and mission There are two core aims of the Smartcitizen projects. Firstly, it wants to produce new types of data and information which people previously
The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the †kit†itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit
hardware solution Arduino, equipped with sensors that can capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light.
hardware for the development of a citizen based platform for the city With the sensors the team tries to make it possible for citizens to know
designs and develops open hardware, which is also open source. The team also operates an open network, where all
the sensors and kit-owners can share and compare data and information in real time. On a grander scale,
relies on a range of open hard and software tools Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open
hardware board Open Data and Open source: The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more.
The actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github. The fact that it is open has led already to replications of the kit
for other purposes, such as the â€oewhale†project, where people placed the sensors in the sea to detect its condition
Open Knowledge: As described in more detail below, the original financ -ing of the kit happened via crowdfunding platform Goteo
achieve their aim of purchasing bulk orders of hardware components to offer kits at the lowest possible costs, developing additional features
for the smartphone app to interact with the hardware, and finalizing a 3d-printable, resilient enclosure
like same important as IBM, otherwise it won†t work. †On one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly gen
The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technol
-ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Â Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel
through many different Internet servers. Subsequently, Tor has been de -veloped by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea -tures.
Advancements in Tor†s core technologies including real-time voice and video over the Tor network, improving usability, security and anonymity
-ployer†s computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional affiliation to anyone observing the
Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use
Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
to potentially monitor elections, map crisis information or curate local resources What type of organisation is it?
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowd
Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims to democratize access to tools for filtering & making sense of real-time
by the UHP core team were useful for SAR efforts, for example through the resourceful geo-coding efforts of Anna Schultz at Tufts University
-cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text
messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of the potential of collaborative technology in instances of human disaster
-dated computers, browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data
Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public
spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer computing, Zooniverse projects require the active participation of
data is in forms that computers still can†t process, but that human beings can This is where the uniting of †citizen scienceâ€
Likewise, with the shift to an open source devel -opment model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of
a core API that serves many projects relies very much upon the main -tenance and health of that application.
aren†t many people about, the number of servers they†re running can be scaled back to a minimal level (†automagically†on Amazon web services
they†re pretty much all open source. They†re generally still bespoke appli -cations each time but share common code for talking to Ouroboros
-oniverse â€oeofficially†open source has allowed for new avenues for collab -oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data.
had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had
led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
so as to broaden the tools available to enable people to start projects of their own This open source development model allows a community of developers
to flag any bugs to the Zooniverse developers; to contribute towards the creation of new projects;
Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fairphone Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino Makerfaire Smart Citizen Kit Goback
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