open source and DIY makers, and the open data movement 3. Broad communication with the general public and citizens, reach out
For example, bringing together diagnostic computer programmes, call centres and nurses to provide new kinds of healthcare;
including software, gaming and music. Other landmark projects that gave people a licence to be creative in other fields include:
vendor relationship-management software tools to put citizens in control of the personal data held by big firms and public agencies.
68) Citizen†s panels are similar to citizen juries but tend to involve more people †typically between 500 and 3, 000 people.
82) Fast prototyping emerged first in the software field, the idea being that faster implementation would speed up learning.
Felipe Berrã os, who launched the initiative, believed that this was the best arrangement â€
specification, and trains suppliers in the use of the software of the bidding process. The auction takes from two hours to a few days, with
Prize in conjunction with the United Nation†s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for †their efforts to build up and disseminate
and open-source software such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox browser, and the Apache web server.
These rely on a large and highly distributed community of programmers to develop, maintain, and improve the software.
Peer-to-peer platforms can be characterised by decentralisation, self-selected participation self-allocated tasks, community based moderation, and diversity of
business assets, such as Salesforce†s provision of software to nonprofit organisations, or TNT€ s distribution of food to disaster areas
translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs, or Dialogue Cafã and the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX) using Telepresence
of open-source software, or web-based social networking around specific issues (there are reportedly 18 million cancer related websites, the great
-source software, they are also creating new terms and conditions for the use of information and products.
Hackney†s Online Citizen Panel 43 Hammarby Sjã stad 112 Harvard university Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation
Linux 139 Live Work 31 London Climate Change Agency 158 Mapping 17-19 Margolis Wheel 47-48
Open source 154; 139 Open Space 45-46 Open Testing 53 Organisation 6-7; 34; 61-70;
1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation
the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs,(4
the open source community, the developers†community, the innovation labs community, the open/big data community, the smart citizen
part in panel session and presented project ambitions with the aim to engage the ICT community in the
The open hardware and free software communities The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source
philosophy/culture, described by Wikipedia as the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found
The open source culture is therefore one in which fixations (works entitled to copyright protection) are made openly available.
Although in the beginning of the movement, a difference between hardware and software did not exist nowadays, we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware
community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that
make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is made available. The open source
software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy and that contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development.
There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy. Some of them
are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible
artefacts: machines, devices, or other physical things) and make it publicly available so that anyone can study
modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. Often, individuals gather
around specific organisations or projects. This is the case for Arduino, an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software,
which is intended for artists, designers hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interacting objects or environments
The community of developers Developers are individuals who develop a new IT product or service.
They come up with an idea of an IT -based product or service and want to commercialise it.
Open source hard -ware and software Open source activ -ists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source plat
-forms Peer governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of conflict-resolution mecha -nisms Tension between hierarchy and
equality Developers Developers Entrepreneurs Tech events Accelerators/incuba -tors Venture capital firms Tech blogs and mag
-azines Decentralized Cluster governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of interconnection between developers Lack of visibility
Innovation labs Innovation labs themselves Networks Networked Formal enabling/ser -vicing structures Lack of interconnection between dif
The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community, two movements can be identified: the open source software community and
the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists: either they support the
use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is
made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy and contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development (the open
source hardware activists Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers
within the open source community. For example, Canonical40 was created alongside Ubuntu to help it reach a wider market.
They ensure that Ubuntu runs reliably on every platform from the PC and the smartphone
to the server and theâ cloud. Along the same lines, the development of Arduino41 has taken place around
a community of Arduino enthusiasts that includes region-specific groups and special interest groups. The community is an excellent further source of support on all Arduino-related topics.
The P2p Foundation42 is a third example of an organisation that supports the open source community and is,
therefore, an enabler. It focuses on studying, researching, documenting and promoting peer-to-peer practices in a very broad sense
Among some of its guiding ideas, the P2p Foundation supports the principles developed by the free software
and the general principles behind the open source and open access movements. It believes that these principles provide for models that can be used in other areas of
One last example is that of the Open source Initiative43, a Californian public benefit corporation, founded in 1998,
and advocating for the benefits of open source and at building bridges among different constituencies in the open source community
Open source platforms are also enablers within the open source community. The best example of them is
Github44 a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use Git, an open source version
control. It is home to over 13.1 million repositories, making it the largest code host in the world.
Regarding governance, the open source community works under the principles of peer governance, a bottom -up mode of participatory decision-making.
In open source projects, equipotential participants self†select themselves to the section to which they want to contribute.
Bruns (2008) also characterizes open source communities as heterarchies, meaning that they operate in a much
According to Fogel (2006), the possibility to fork45 is central to the governance of any open source community
although the author particularly refers to open source software communities. The shared ownership of open source projects allows anyone to fork a project at any time.
Finally, Stadler (2008) submits that leadership in open source projects is not egalitarian, butâ meritocratic. In this
the leader being the founder of the project, such as Linus Torvalds for Linux or Jimmy wales for Wikipedia
Despite its many benefits, open source communities also experience some drawbacks. The following are some of the most significant
anyone can be part of an open source hardware or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively,
texts and documents refer to individual open source activists as programmers committed to the open source philosophy.
matter that much because as previously stated, there is equipotentiality in an open source community •Lack of conflict-resolution mechanisms:
like Linux, invest one developer (or a subgroup of developers) with the authority to accept
tech (software/Internet), biotech, clean tech, natural foods, and lifestyles of health and sustainability. Feld (2012) states that these clusters can be considered as networks for their members do not
with 80%of paid Android apps being downloaded fewer than 100 times. Â In addition, they noted that even successful apps, such as Mycityway81
Open source hardware and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing plat -forms (companies Reducing costs (companies
Capturing value (companies Reputation/skills/signalling developers Scalability Less cost Increase of profit Contracts/employability
The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free. However, related-services might not be
For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download, use and
modify. However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing
For instance, R is an open source environment and programming language for statistical computing that is also free of cost. While R offers no cost access to its software and source code
Revolution R Enterprise92, a proprietary spin-off, markets a faster version of R. The company can process very
In this respect, governments might be interested in signing contracts with open source developers for 37 governments are, more and more,
turning to open source. This has clearly been the case regarding open source software. In January 2011, the Australian Government released an open source software policy
and guidance documentation for Australian government agencies to inform their use, modification and development of open source software.
In April 2012, the United kingdom released the second version of the document â€oeopen source software options for governmentâ€.
In December 2013, the Italian government issued final rules implementing a change to procurement law that now requires all public administrations in the
country to first consider reused or free software before committing to proprietary licenses Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples.
We have referred already to the Flok Society in Ecuador93. Working with an academic partner, the Government of
Ecuador has launched a major strategic research project to â€oefundamentally re-imagine Ecuadorâ€, based on the principles of open source:
networks, peer production, and commoning. Ecuador has been the first country in the world which has committed itself to the creation of an open commons knowledge based society.
distributed 3, 000 open hardware kits (the Civic Information Starter Kits), open hardware and software packages
In summary, because of governments†interest in open source, contracts and government procurement are important tools within this community
A lot has been written on the motivations of members of the open source communities. Most literature on motivations is based on empirical surveys (Vainio & Vadã n, 2006.
Intrinsic motivations include open source politics (working on open source to limit the power of large companies, particularly software companies, and because
individuals think software and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms
of identity: being part of the community is sometimes part of the developer†s identity), and peer-recognition
and contributing to open source and do not subscribe to many social motivations that are, by contrast, typical of individual programmers.
Vici (2008) also analyses firms†motivations to participate in the open source community and states that, at the beginning,
and in general, supporting open source was justified merely by the need of answering to the increasing requests of improved quality products.
and feedbacks from the open source community allow a reduction in R&d costs and an enlargement of the
Adopting open source principles also increases the likelihood of attracting skilled developers and thereby achieving a higher pace of technological
Avenali et al (2010), in their study on open software and hardware innovation platforms, point to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit),
In this respect, government attitude towards the open source community is fundamental and may have an effect in terms of scalability for governments are in a unique
In the field of software, public services, organisations and territorial administrations collectively represent a major software user with great impact on the software market:
when an agency adopts open software, it also forces its contractors to adopt the government†s platform of choice so
they are eligible to work for them The community of developers The community of developers (mainly apps developers) and entrepreneurs have several instruments that are
digital social innovation is enabled often by open data, free software, and open hardware platforms. In many
Social network based on open source code to promote the most interesting news decided by the people, send
Based on the open source code of Meneame. net, but with a new user interface more similar to actual social networks like Facebook or Twitter
Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and continue to campaign for the internet to remain a neutral space
Keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affor -dable. Software packages that are patented can be expensive making them less accessible and
not affordable to potential individual innovators Also the internet needs to continue to be a neutral
innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and analytics faster,
alternative to Apple or Android) as a kind of â€oeregulated monopoly†able to ensure some basic services at
in a participatory innovation model, based on open source and open hardware developments 2. 5ifï¿''VUVSFÏ¿PGÏ¿
or plastic with a chip) into an open source mesh-networked device (a chip with a screen.
cohort/panel study regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product /service is causing the impact, by showing less
when developers take a copy ofâ source codeâ from oneâ software packageâ and start independent development on it, creating a distinct piece of software (Wikipedia
47. http://www. barcelonastartupfestival. com /48. http://startupfestival. com/home /67 49. http://inspiration. entrepreneur. com
diagnostic software; magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights to marriage; applying the idea of rights to animals;
in sectors such as microchips, software, cars, and retailing. Yet in most social fields, monopolistic governments sit alongside small units that are usually too
For a thorough analysis of open source methods and their great potential, see G. Mulgan and
The Potential of Open source Methods (London, U k.:Demos and the Young Foundation, 2005 19. In the U k.,the In Control pilots delivered under the government†s policy Valuing People and
attractive outlook 3 Sources: Reuters, FT, IHS Global Insight Growth driven mainly by developing regions or focussed strategies
panels, they'll be solar panels, making electrified vehicles almost free to charge Folding car Based on MIT€ s City Car, Basque Hiriko
software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
Open source in Digital Ecosystems 17 Open Knowledge, Open Governance and Community 18 References 20 Table of contents
-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software
software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders, we hope this simpliï ed map will help the readers keep their
Open source tools and processes for the collective representation and formalisation of knowledge Economic development ICTS
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports ï nds, and connects services
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual
model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds Evolutionary Environment
and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities. This has led to the broadening of the conceptualisation of the term †businessâ€.
order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reï ect the social and
It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter†s (ï oe942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to
Microsoft to Google. It looks at new institutional and transaction costs economics (Coase, ï oe937;
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
An open source ecosystem -oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons,
or as a public road that lowers the cost of ICT adoption and maximises the reuse of models.
become better able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, reaching surprising conclusions such as, †Software
by computer software and/or humans; potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the
The open source initial implementation is freely available (http://swallow. sourceforge. net/,http://dbestudio. sourceforege. net, http://evenet
the (references to the) formalised knowledge and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use
the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and
infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies, and all the software development, requirements capture,
and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language. Clearly, the closer one approaches natural language, the easier it is to see the relevance of an
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations
The translation of this power into a mode of economic production is the central question of open source research
Open source in Digital Ecosystems Two of the three26 deep trends due to which, according to Dalle et al.
The Open source approach has thus been the only possible choice for the Digital Ecosystem infrastructure, not only
many factors that inï uence the uptake of open source by companies, such as their connections in the open source
community, or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of diï €erent types of
licences. Digital Ecosystems can then be seen as the structure that connects and mobilises such knowledge and that
Open source communities are epistemic communities28 (Edwards, 200ï oe) organised as a distributed network of agents
The key actors in the development of an open source product are the individual contributors companies (for proï t and non-proï t) and researchers.
respond to the legal incentives embodied in open source production Up to now economic theory suggests that long-term incentives are stronger under three conditions
programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmersâ€. Lerner, 2006
26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which
latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes, and with the construction of a shared
29) â€oethose who have been waiting for a new and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software
or, Linux and The Nature of the Firmâ€, Yale Law Journal, Vol ï oeï oe2, pp 369-446
Software Technology Model Community Language Organisational Structure P2p Open Source Mediationpower Open Governance & Institutional Innovation
â€oeopen Source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goodsâ€, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07
and Open-source Software Mode of Productionâ€, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University
â€oeepistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Developmentâ€, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark
Articulos y Conferences â€oediez Aà os de Post-Racionalismo en Chile†(Instituto de Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl/articulos/006/doc ingï oe. htm last visited ï oe/6/2007
energy efficient technologies (including digital technologies such as open source energy management systems. Conversely digital technologies can be viewed as integral components
developing open source technologies to support more sustainable consumption practices (e g Open Energy Monitor; and secondly, online free reuse communities (e g.
likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels
knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens
innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the
-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open
Source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects, open source cars such as Wikispeed, building farming tools
new fabrication machines like the Reprap and open objects. These products are open source and free;
and you can use, copy and improve as much as you want with a worldwide community of peers helping you and
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to -wards a more sustainable lifestyle and society.
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit, and open wearables are showing inter
software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is
servers like arkos, which makes it easy to run your own secure cloud, and decentralised media publishing
collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
hands-on talks, panels. These assembly spaces, introduced at the 2012 meeting, combine theâ hack center
on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerg
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
Open source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend,
Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content,
Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs
microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social
digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now
and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.
Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here
-grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic
The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the
micro controller. The project first started with 3, 000 euros for the pro -duction of 200 units,
to the product†s low cost and open source business model. The Arduino designers freely share the specifications for anyone to use, and third-par
-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
and users are free to adapt them to their needs. While the hardware used to power Arduino
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro
-alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;
open source hardware, free for anyone to use, modify, or sell. Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike
model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact, the only piece of Intellectual Property (IP) the team
files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries
and includes a physical server farm a content distribution network, and some resources served through
security audits of the site†s servers) and Arbor networks (who provid -ed defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported
and the open source platform is available free of charge to any group, city or country around the world interested in using the
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
Through making the Your Priorities platform available as open source to other organisations, the Citizens Foundation is actively facilitating the
Open source and Open Collaboration: The platform is open source and free for anyone to download and use,
which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the
software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve
development and maintenance of the Your Priority software Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to
has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily
Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
an easy, open source, standards based way to publish real-time open data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
IP and closed development silos Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand
-ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli -cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub
Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci
-eo conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a
into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social
develop a reusable IT open source solution. In the Berlin State Museums alone six million objects await to be recorded.
with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications
of borrowing from one another and sharing of open source code. To this aim, the fellows work together on a joint Github account †and every
case of Europe Commons †the site†s open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org, where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can
aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists
additional resources (nodes, servers, links) in sparsely populated areas The CONFINE project targets the exploration and advancement of the
The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three
the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different
face enormous challenges due to the limited capacity of servers and links 93 and the structure of the network.
platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their
A central server efficiently collects, analyses and visualises data sent from arbitrary sources. The Everyaware platform will handle both sensor
and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application together form a system that measures concentrations of pollutants in
relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser,
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders
of Linux. Over time, Github†s mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to some
At its simplest Github can be described as open source tool for people to come together online and collaborate around a project, in the majority of
websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.
possible because the code is open source. This enables a developer to copy a code that he
to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS †was the most heav -ily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s
Github to live locally on their servers, and cost clients millions of dollars a year.
platform for free as a place to build open-source software, or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary
more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source
datasets, legislation and information so that citizen programmers can help solve local problems What technological methods and tools
use by developers of the Linux kernel, to coordinate collaborations and to manage uploads and downloads (pushes
developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown
system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu
better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that
assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well as writing it,
software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are
usable software before they too can get involved, etc What were the main barriers to innovate?
Open source vs. Closed: While Github has stood out as an outrider of how e-businesses might operate in an open-source landscape;
software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.
Abiertasâ (Open source Foundation History and mission The explicit mission of Goteo. org is to help finance
from the open source world. In the initial development phases the team organised workshops and meeting with the different communities
and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a dura
-fore projects are built on collaborative, open source and open design principles. As an example the Infinit Loop cloth mentioned above is for
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde
-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform
Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above, allows the platform to be adapted by organi
-ties in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi. Other events include presentations and workshops on collective innovation
Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new
feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to
help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the
is also available on Github, another open source project which can be installed locally, and customised to user†s precise needs.
-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it
ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government
solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law
software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.
Realities of open source: Before accepting contributions to a project, the practical considerations around the overheads of testing, checking, and
-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal
Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge
number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database
as well as the community accessible online. Within five years the data -base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet
-byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and
Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write scrapers in Python or PHP
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open
data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source
data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for
mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards
Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also relies on open source platforms for developing
and sharing the code for its projects Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies
-work, Open source Ecology, hackerspaces & makerspaces What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence
-ized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers
Type of organisation The P2p Foundation is registered a institute founded in Amsterdam Netherlands. Its local registered name is:
-ers of resources, in contrast to the centralized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
In a peer-to-peer network, tasks (such as searching for files or streaming au -dio/video) are shared amongst multiple interconnected peers who each
without the need for centralized coordination by servers. The foundation was founded by Michel Bauwens, a Belgian Peer-to-peer theorist and an
Bitcoin, an open source P2p money, which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks;
arrangement differs from the client†server model where communication is usually to and from a central server
P2p†s network in practice creates a platform for †unbounded knowledge with open sources and open access. †Thanks to technological advances
P2p Foundation has been able to make the move beyond more proprie -tary publishing models, with rigid intellectual property rights, to em
had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,
software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering
-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education
one of the Raspberry Pi†s dedicated educational servers. So far, the feedback from both teachers and pupils regarding this RACHEL material
coding †for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google, Code, is hosted on Github.
-ly open source, which helps to keep costs down. From the circuit sche -matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam
-ine and contribute online. The Foundation provides a version of Debian Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI
188 by default, with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card
How has technology enable that was not possible before? With regard to Raspberry Pi†s hardware, the board†s low cost was made
DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi†s programmable and simple open source model a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.
open source coding tool called Coder. With Coder, users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server
located directly on the Raspberry Pi. The overall cost for the DIY pro -gramming project, using Google†s recommended materials,
Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners
network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free †to open,
Whilst it has used open hardware and open source ap -proaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfund
Following on from this Safecast has used open source platforms such as Github to develop the code that sits behind the platform
social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.
is also open source. The team also operates an open network, where all the sensors and kit-owners can share
relies on a range of open hard and software tools Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open
Open Data and Open source: The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more.
actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github. The fact that it is open has led already to replications of the kit
The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technol
-ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Â Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel
through many different Internet servers. Subsequently, Tor has been de -veloped by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea -tures.
Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use
Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowd
Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims to democratize access to tools for filtering & making sense of real-time
-cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text
messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of the potential of collaborative technology in instances of human disaster
Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public
Likewise, with the shift to an open source devel -opment model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of
aren†t many people about, the number of servers they†re running can be scaled back to a minimal level (†automagically†on Amazon web services
they†re pretty much all open source. They†re generally still bespoke appli -cations each time but share common code for talking to Ouroboros
-oniverse â€oeofficially†open source has allowed for new avenues for collab -oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data.
had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had
led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
so as to broaden the tools available to enable people to start projects of their own This open source development model allows a community of developers
to flag any bugs to the Zooniverse developers; to contribute towards the creation of new projects;
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