likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels
knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens
innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the
-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open
Source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects, open source cars such as Wikispeed, building farming tools
new fabrication machines like the Reprap and open objects. These products are open source and free;
and you can use, copy and improve as much as you want with a worldwide community of peers helping you and
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to -wards a more sustainable lifestyle and society.
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit, and open wearables are showing inter
software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is
servers like arkos, which makes it easy to run your own secure cloud, and decentralised media publishing
collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
hands-on talks, panels. These assembly spaces, introduced at the 2012 meeting, combine theâ hack center
on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerg
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
Open source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend,
Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content,
Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs
microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social
digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now
and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.
Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here
-grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic
The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the
micro controller. The project first started with 3, 000 euros for the pro -duction of 200 units,
to the product†s low cost and open source business model. The Arduino designers freely share the specifications for anyone to use, and third-par
-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
and users are free to adapt them to their needs. While the hardware used to power Arduino
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro
-alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;
open source hardware, free for anyone to use, modify, or sell. Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike
model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact, the only piece of Intellectual Property (IP) the team
files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries
and includes a physical server farm a content distribution network, and some resources served through
security audits of the site†s servers) and Arbor networks (who provid -ed defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported
and the open source platform is available free of charge to any group, city or country around the world interested in using the
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
Through making the Your Priorities platform available as open source to other organisations, the Citizens Foundation is actively facilitating the
Open source and Open Collaboration: The platform is open source and free for anyone to download and use,
which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the
software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve
development and maintenance of the Your Priority software Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to
has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily
Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
an easy, open source, standards based way to publish real-time open data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
IP and closed development silos Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand
-ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli -cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub
Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci
-eo conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a
into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social
develop a reusable IT open source solution. In the Berlin State Museums alone six million objects await to be recorded.
with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications
of borrowing from one another and sharing of open source code. To this aim, the fellows work together on a joint Github account †and every
case of Europe Commons †the site†s open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org, where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can
aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists
additional resources (nodes, servers, links) in sparsely populated areas The CONFINE project targets the exploration and advancement of the
The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three
the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different
face enormous challenges due to the limited capacity of servers and links 93 and the structure of the network.
platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their
A central server efficiently collects, analyses and visualises data sent from arbitrary sources. The Everyaware platform will handle both sensor
and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application together form a system that measures concentrations of pollutants in
relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser,
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders
of Linux. Over time, Github†s mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to some
At its simplest Github can be described as open source tool for people to come together online and collaborate around a project, in the majority of
websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.
possible because the code is open source. This enables a developer to copy a code that he
to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS †was the most heav -ily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s
Github to live locally on their servers, and cost clients millions of dollars a year.
platform for free as a place to build open-source software, or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary
more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source
datasets, legislation and information so that citizen programmers can help solve local problems What technological methods and tools
use by developers of the Linux kernel, to coordinate collaborations and to manage uploads and downloads (pushes
developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown
system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu
better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that
assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well as writing it,
software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are
usable software before they too can get involved, etc What were the main barriers to innovate?
Open source vs. Closed: While Github has stood out as an outrider of how e-businesses might operate in an open-source landscape;
software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.
Abiertasâ (Open source Foundation History and mission The explicit mission of Goteo. org is to help finance
from the open source world. In the initial development phases the team organised workshops and meeting with the different communities
and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a dura
-fore projects are built on collaborative, open source and open design principles. As an example the Infinit Loop cloth mentioned above is for
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde
-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform
Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above, allows the platform to be adapted by organi
-ties in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi. Other events include presentations and workshops on collective innovation
Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new
feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to
help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the
is also available on Github, another open source project which can be installed locally, and customised to user†s precise needs.
-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it
ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government
solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law
software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.
Realities of open source: Before accepting contributions to a project, the practical considerations around the overheads of testing, checking, and
-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal
Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge
number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database
as well as the community accessible online. Within five years the data -base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet
-byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and
Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write scrapers in Python or PHP
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open
data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source
data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for
mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards
Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also relies on open source platforms for developing
and sharing the code for its projects Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies
-work, Open source Ecology, hackerspaces & makerspaces What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence
-ized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers
Type of organisation The P2p Foundation is registered a institute founded in Amsterdam Netherlands. Its local registered name is:
-ers of resources, in contrast to the centralized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
In a peer-to-peer network, tasks (such as searching for files or streaming au -dio/video) are shared amongst multiple interconnected peers who each
without the need for centralized coordination by servers. The foundation was founded by Michel Bauwens, a Belgian Peer-to-peer theorist and an
Bitcoin, an open source P2p money, which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks;
arrangement differs from the client†server model where communication is usually to and from a central server
P2p†s network in practice creates a platform for †unbounded knowledge with open sources and open access. †Thanks to technological advances
P2p Foundation has been able to make the move beyond more proprie -tary publishing models, with rigid intellectual property rights, to em
had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,
software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering
-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education
one of the Raspberry Pi†s dedicated educational servers. So far, the feedback from both teachers and pupils regarding this RACHEL material
coding †for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google, Code, is hosted on Github.
-ly open source, which helps to keep costs down. From the circuit sche -matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam
-ine and contribute online. The Foundation provides a version of Debian Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI
188 by default, with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card
How has technology enable that was not possible before? With regard to Raspberry Pi†s hardware, the board†s low cost was made
DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi†s programmable and simple open source model a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.
open source coding tool called Coder. With Coder, users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server
located directly on the Raspberry Pi. The overall cost for the DIY pro -gramming project, using Google†s recommended materials,
Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners
network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free †to open,
Whilst it has used open hardware and open source ap -proaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfund
Following on from this Safecast has used open source platforms such as Github to develop the code that sits behind the platform
social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.
is also open source. The team also operates an open network, where all the sensors and kit-owners can share
relies on a range of open hard and software tools Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open
Open Data and Open source: The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more.
actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github. The fact that it is open has led already to replications of the kit
The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technol
-ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Â Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel
through many different Internet servers. Subsequently, Tor has been de -veloped by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea -tures.
Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use
Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowd
Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims to democratize access to tools for filtering & making sense of real-time
-cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text
messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of the potential of collaborative technology in instances of human disaster
Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public
Likewise, with the shift to an open source devel -opment model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of
aren†t many people about, the number of servers they†re running can be scaled back to a minimal level (†automagically†on Amazon web services
they†re pretty much all open source. They†re generally still bespoke appli -cations each time but share common code for talking to Ouroboros
-oniverse â€oeofficially†open source has allowed for new avenues for collab -oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data.
had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had
led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
so as to broaden the tools available to enable people to start projects of their own This open source development model allows a community of developers
to flag any bugs to the Zooniverse developers; to contribute towards the creation of new projects;
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