likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform
open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels
innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the
Source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects, open source cars such as Wikispeed, building farming tools
new fabrication machines like the Reprap and open objects. These products are open source and free;
and you can use, copy and improve as much as you want with a worldwide community of peers helping you and
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to -wards a more sustainable lifestyle and society.
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit, and open wearables are showing inter
on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerg
Open source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend,
Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content,
Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs
Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here
to the product†s low cost and open source business model. The Arduino designers freely share the specifications for anyone to use, and third-par
open source hardware, free for anyone to use, modify, or sell. Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike
model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact, the only piece of Intellectual Property (IP) the team
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
and the open source platform is available free of charge to any group, city or country around the world interested in using the
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
Through making the Your Priorities platform available as open source to other organisations, the Citizens Foundation is actively facilitating the
Open source and Open Collaboration: The platform is open source and free for anyone to download and use,
which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the
Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk
an easy, open source, standards based way to publish real-time open data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a
into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social
develop a reusable IT open source solution. In the Berlin State Museums alone six million objects await to be recorded.
with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications
of borrowing from one another and sharing of open source code. To this aim, the fellows work together on a joint Github account †and every
case of Europe Commons †the site†s open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org, where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can
The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three
relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser,
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders
At its simplest Github can be described as open source tool for people to come together online and collaborate around a project, in the majority of
possible because the code is open source. This enables a developer to copy a code that he
more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source
datasets, legislation and information so that citizen programmers can help solve local problems What technological methods and tools
assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well as writing it,
Open source vs. Closed: While Github has stood out as an outrider of how e-businesses might operate in an open-source landscape;
Abiertasâ (Open source Foundation History and mission The explicit mission of Goteo. org is to help finance
from the open source world. In the initial development phases the team organised workshops and meeting with the different communities
and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a dura
-fore projects are built on collaborative, open source and open design principles. As an example the Infinit Loop cloth mentioned above is for
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above, allows the platform to be adapted by organi
-ties in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi. Other events include presentations and workshops on collective innovation
Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the
is also available on Github, another open source project which can be installed locally, and customised to user†s precise needs.
ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government
Realities of open source: Before accepting contributions to a project, the practical considerations around the overheads of testing, checking, and
Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge
number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database
Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also
relies on open source platforms for developing and sharing the code for its projects Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies
-work, Open source Ecology, hackerspaces & makerspaces What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence
Bitcoin, an open source P2p money, which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks;
with open sources and open access. †Thanks to technological advances P2p Foundation has been able to make the move beyond more proprie
coding †for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google, Code, is hosted on Github.
-ly open source, which helps to keep costs down. From the circuit sche -matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam
DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi†s programmable and simple open source model a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.
open source coding tool called Coder. With Coder, users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server
Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free †to open,
Whilst it has used open hardware and open source ap -proaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfund
Following on from this Safecast has used open source platforms such as Github to develop the code that sits behind the platform
social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.
is also open source. The team also operates an open network, where all the sensors and kit-owners can share
Open Data and Open source: The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more.
actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github. The fact that it is open has led already to replications of the kit
Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use
Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims to democratize access to tools for filtering & making sense of real-time
-cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text
Likewise, with the shift to an open source devel -opment model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of
they†re pretty much all open source. They†re generally still bespoke appli -cations each time but share common code for talking to Ouroboros
-oniverse â€oeofficially†open source has allowed for new avenues for collab -oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data.
had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had
move to an entirely open source paradigm was made so as to broaden the tools available to enable people to start projects of their own
This open source development model allows a community of developers to flag any bugs to the Zooniverse developers;
Open source methods and their future potential: Demos London, 2005 Mulley, S.,"The UK€ s immigration crackdown will lead to a loss of international talent,"24 may 2013
A typical example of using social resources to innovate is the popular phenomenon of open source software 71
An illustrative case of online social networks is the trend towards open source software 71. An oft-given example is the Linux
Open source involves collaboration between ï rms, suppliers, customers, and policy-makers of related products to pool software R&d and generate shared technology.
Social online networks, such as open source software communities, offer valuable beneï ts for society by encouraging community members to share their knowledge
and specialisation in open source software innovation: a case study, Res. Policy 32 (7)( 2003 1217†1241
a multilevel model for Open source innovation, Long Range Plann. 37 (6)( 2004) 591†610 71 E. von Hippel, G. von Krogh, Open source software and the †private-collective†innovation model:
issues for organisation science, Org. Sci. 14 (2)( 2003 209†223 72 K. J. Boudreau, K. R. Lakhani, How to manage outside innovation,
Open source, Web 2. 0 and Mash-ups) are continuing to drive the development of new
Open source, Web 2. 0 and Mash-ups) are continuing to drive the development of new
open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and
open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana -lytics and are producing valuable data
Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return, such as the open source DIY shoest
kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona, or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to
open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collabo
People working on open source hardware are creat -ing new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate
research projects, such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration and open culture
open source software and open data. Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to
WEFAB, a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises
collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen
Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where
open content, open source and open access PUBLIC DOMAIN Communia The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail
from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities†(Van Kranenburg 2014
networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy collective debate, deliberation and voting.
open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.
Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched (and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special at
-tention was paid to open source procurement. In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field
for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled. Participating in open procurement
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole
and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses Building on the above discussion, this table outlines the measures that a framework for
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
Open source-Open science Markets for knowledge Regional industrial policy Innovation-oriented public procurement Source: OECD 2011
3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software...53 3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology...
3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software The open source model Open source software (OSS) is computer software
which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain. This permits users to use, change
and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. Open source is cited frequently as one of the most important movements in modern software
every further and higher education institution makes use of open source software. The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and
an end to predatory vendor lock in. Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow
in order to use, modify or redistribute the open-source software OSS includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed
is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user generated content.
copies of open source software an unlikely business proposition The following research example shows the possibility of OSS in the logistics field:
Open source Warehouse Management System, developed at Fraunhofer-Institut fã r Materialfluss und Logistik in Dortmund, Germany
Mywms-The Open source Warehouse Management System Modern Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) have to operate quite a number of
open source software. In October 2006, it granted â 3m towards a project, called SQO-OSS, to
test the quality of open source software. And just days before, the Commission extended its open source web portal, the Open source Observatory
http://ec. europa. eu/idabc/en/chapter/452) to develop interoperability between applications E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Open source development Another approach which has already been implemented successfully in many projects is based on openness and transparency and parallelizes some of the above mentioned
mywms, the Open source Warehouse Management System. This system is designed with modern software technologies and tools with the aim to create a widely accepted
Deployment of Open source Software Deployment of open source software should follow the same pattern of evaluation of
needs, testing, and acquisition from a supplier and so on as would be used with proprietary software. The cost of deploying and supporting software, whether open
There are clearly a number of Open source products that can offer a fast return on investment, because they are genuinely excellent software products
84 Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx
type of open source software, and a further 8%reported plans to pilot it during 2006.
Companies using Open source Software 8 9 21 28 10 13 32 41 21 24 30
+Open source operating system Open source databases Open source browsers Base (100%:%Companies using computers. N (for sector, EU-7)= 997.
Weighting: Totals (for the sector and for all 7 sectors) are weighted by firms. Figures for size-bands are in%of enterprises from the size-band
Questionnaire reference: A13a, A13b and A13c 85 Forrester research, Inc. 2005. â€oeis Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe?
†http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html 86 See E-business Watch (Survey 2007
the case in the TLS sector, many large corporations are now deploying Open source products at the heart of their IT,
Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR 89 Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature
Open source Software. The use of OSS seems to be correlated positively to the size of the company in employees.
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR Bresnahan, T. F. and Trajtenberg, M. 1995. General Purpose Technologies"Engines of Growth?
â€oeis Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe? †http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html
Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx
Economic impact of open source software on innovation Verdoorn, P. J. 1949), Fattori che regolano lo sviluppo della produttivitg del lavoro, in:
•Consolidation of an open source modular Health Information Sharing Platform supporting organizational interoperability among actors and clinical decision support
Box 2. 4. Open source health ICTS...64 Box 2. 5. The progressive introduction of interoperability provides a
the development of open source health care software with several initial successes. Open source software is developed with an open code that is made
available, at no cost, in the public domain to download and change as needed and again share with the community.
health records systems, open source could provide a possible reference point 1. The term â€oeopen standard†as used here refers to the nature of the standard†s
if it does not have a complete free/open source reference implementation available 64 †CHAPTER 2. WHAT PREVENTS COUNTRIES FROM IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH ICTS
Making open source software such as EHRS available as an option for physicians offers significantly lower upfront costs.
for more open source development of EHRS (see Box 2. 4 Even when standards are available,
Box 2. 4. Open source health ICTS Examples of open source software that have been developed and are being widely
deployed, include EMR software such as OSCAR, Freemed, Vista and other software such as Medline, Epi-X and others.
More recently in the United states, the success of the open source Vista EHR software developed by the US Veterans Administration,
implementations of open source technologies for their own use. In another sign of increasing support for open source software, the Certification Commission for Healthcare Information
Technology (CCHIT) has created recently three separate pathways to electronic health records certification. The first is still the traditional route for most commercial products but
the other two pathways were created with open source developers in mind, making their software potentially eligible under incentive programmes with funding guidelines calling for
California Health care Foundation (2006), Open source Software: A Primer for Health care Leaders, ihealth Reports Center for Democracy & Technology (2008), â€oecomprehensive Privacy and
•Certification addresses the full range of products †open source, self -developed, modular, and other vendor.
open source developers, often don't understand why they need to go through the expense of detailed certification processes and possibly
listed different types of incentives that drive the firm to use open source management. A variety of novel concepts have been introduced into the innovation literature as relates to the
Open source biopharmaceutical innovation†a mode of entry for firms in emerging markets. Journal of Business Chemistry 6 (1), 11†30
How open source software works: â€oefree†user-to -user assistance. Research Policy 32 (6), 923†943
for online surveys. 9 1ka is an open source online survey application, developed by researchers at
These include adoption of open source, standards-based software platforms and data exchange standards to make efficient use of existing resources.
enterprise and also in the form of free open source software systems which are supported by nonprofit -making organizations and private enterprises.
Open source systems have advantages of local sustainable community development and support and lower cost by building on a proven software foundation (19
Free open source software is particularly a boon to countries with financial constraints The survey demonstrates that the greatest barrier to adoption of patient information systems is the
Weerawarana S, Weeratunga J. Open source in developing countries. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2004,(http://www. eldis. org/fulltext/opensource. pdf, accessed 1 june 2012
Standards for information exchange that are freely available without restriction, e g. open source software (also referred to as free and open-source software.
Use of open source and open standards and providing access open to the application already purchased and susceptible to be
Openness is a concept common to open source, open government and open data. It is both a philosophy
data movement are similar to those of other"Open"movements such as open source, open hardware open content, and open access
OER is both an open source of digital content, as well as an opportunity to develop digital interaction with the
ï Support for the use of open sources and standards for future facilitation and assurance of
open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and
open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana -lytics and are producing valuable data
Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return, such as the open source DIY shoest
kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona, or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to
open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collabo
People working on open source hardware are creat -ing new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate
research projects, such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration and open culture
open source software and open data. Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to
WEFAB, a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises
collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen
Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where
open content, open source and open access PUBLIC DOMAIN Communia The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail
from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities†(Van Kranenburg 2014
networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy collective debate, deliberation and voting.
open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.
Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched (and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special at
-tention was paid to open source procurement. In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field
for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled. Participating in open procurement
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole
and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses Building on the above discussion, this table outlines the measures that a framework for
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
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