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Synopsis: Ict: Computer: Computer program: Open source:

and plug-ins of the open source tool Prom, there are also a growing number of commercial analysis tools providing process mining capabilities, cf.

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 109 The Prom framework provides an open source process-mining infrastructure.

much as in the open source idea in the context of software development. However, this very much depends on the license holder of the model corpus†content.

Open source systems, IFIP 203 (pp. 9†20. Berlin: Springer. Li, C.,Reichert, M, . & Wombacher, A. 2008).

Open innovation, open source and freely available knowledge 15 Box 4: Case studies 18 Box 5: Does the rise of open innovation mean a more †cut and run†corporate culture for SMES?

Open innovation, open source and freely available knowledge There also appears to be considerable confusion between

and the idea of open source. Open source reflects the practice of open and free sharing of technological information.

open source can be a manifestation of open innovation †IBM has used open source approaches to drive standardisation across its customer base which makes it less costly for the firm to interact with its customers

and allows it to sell more advanced bolt-on services which improve the experience of using the open source software. 4 However,

the terms open innovation and open source are used often in the literature as equivalent concepts. This is not appropriate;

what would be recognised as an open source model. Equally, open innovation does not necessarily mean being fully open

These resources are for internet platforms that are digital open source and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering

CAPS uses collective intelligence and contributes to develop an open source and decentralized infrastructure for connecting citizens and the internet in a decentralized open architecture.

Common in open source IP environments. No financial compensation for technology providers. F) RAND â€oeonce the standard is set,

G#3v 7524 Open source 0#4#open source Open source G#3v 7525 Server 0#4#dedicated server Server

0#4#file server Server 0#4#server Server G#3v 7526 Software G#4v 7527 Client server model

solutions for both web and mobile as open source e-platforms, but these are used very specifically to match the supply and demand for the exchange of local goods, services and tasks

free of charge open source e-platforms, based on the Cyclos online banking platform developed by a Dutch NGO based in South america.

principles of open source and generation of content by users, and the power of networks in order to

Red hat certified, enterprise-class, open source software solutions to build its entire IT infrastructure Increased flexibility and choice by freeing the organisation from vendor lock in,

example of such reflections has been Free and Open source Software, which has been in -vestigated from many theoretical viewpoints, from transaction costs (the theory that explains

will develop open source products, such as channels, for partners who want to reach deep into specific interest groups, like fashionistas

where the open source software model has been pioneered and promoted by small software suppliers and independent developers.

Openehr, an open source activity supporting the development of standards for EHRS www. openehr. org ï¿

Open source Software (OSS) to promote equality of opportunity 3. Ensuring secure government communication We will maintain

open source Legalese on the web e g. privacy policies terms of service agreements Source: Mozilla Foundation123

a model, collaborative learning undergirds many significant ICT initiatives such as the open source model In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and

6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects. This event is held annually in various parts of the world.

young people from the open source movement, university researchers, the private sector international donor agencies and national governments.

open source and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering and facilitating citizens'participation. One of the projects is responsible for the

open source and decentralized infrastructure for connecting citizens and the internet in a decentralized open architecture

example of such reflections has been Free and Open source Software, which has been in -vestigated from many theoretical viewpoints, from transaction costs (the theory that explains

open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applica -tions worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and

open hardware, open source software open knowledge, data storage and ana -lytics and are producing valuable data

Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return, such as the open source DIY shoest

kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona, or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to

open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collabo

People working on open source hardware are creat -ing new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate

research projects, such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.

These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries

A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative

Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration and open culture

open source software and open data. Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting

/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products skills and capabilities they need to

WEFAB, a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises

collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen

Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where

open content, open source and open access PUBLIC DOMAIN Communia The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in

moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly avail

from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities†(Van Kranenburg 2014

networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy collective debate, deliberation and voting.

open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers, and that open standards and interoperability are implemented.

Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched (and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special at

-tention was paid to open source procurement. In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field

for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled. Participating in open procurement

It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole

and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses Building on the above discussion, this table outlines the measures that a framework for

Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,

-cations could flourish in a participatory innovation model based on open source and open hardware development 2. Public federated identity management for the entire EU:

The aim should be to turn the current passport into an open source mesh-networked device;

and collaborate to reach collective sustainability goals on open source platforms (open in terms of software but also hardware, such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi innovations

open source and DIY makers, and the open data movement 3. Broad communication with the general public and citizens, reach out

Open source 154; 139 Open Space 45-46 Open Testing 53 Organisation 6-7; 34; 61-70;

the open source community, the developers†community, the innovation labs community, the open/big data community, the smart citizen

The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source philosophy/culture, described by Wikipedia as the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found

The open source culture is therefore one in which fixations (works entitled to copyright protection) are made openly available.

nowadays, we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that

make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is made available. The open source

software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy and that contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development.

There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy. Some of them

are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible

artefacts: machines, devices, or other physical things) and make it publicly available so that anyone can study

This is the case for Arduino, an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software,

Open source hard -ware and software Open source activ -ists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source plat

-forms Peer governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of conflict-resolution mecha -nisms Tension between hierarchy and

equality Developers Developers Entrepreneurs Tech events Accelerators/incuba -tors Venture capital firms Tech blogs and mag

-azines Decentralized Cluster governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of interconnection between developers Lack of visibility

The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community, two movements can be identified: the open source software community and

the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists: either they support the

use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is

made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy and contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development (the open

source hardware activists Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers

within the open source community. For example, Canonical40 was created alongside Ubuntu to help it reach a wider market.

They ensure that Ubuntu runs reliably on every platform from the PC and the smartphone

to the server and theâ cloud. Along the same lines, the development of Arduino41 has taken place around

third example of an organisation that supports the open source community and is, therefore, an enabler.

and the general principles behind the open source and open access movements. It believes that these principles provide for models that can be used in other areas of

One last example is that of the Open source Initiative43, a Californian public benefit corporation, founded in 1998,

and advocating for the benefits of open source and at building bridges among different constituencies in the open source community

Open source platforms are also enablers within the open source community. The best example of them is

Github44 a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use Git, an open source version

control. It is home to over 13.1 million repositories, making it the largest code host in the world.

Regarding governance, the open source community works under the principles of peer governance, a bottom -up mode of participatory decision-making.

In open source projects, equipotential participants self†select themselves to the section to which they want to contribute.

Bruns (2008) also characterizes open source communities as heterarchies, meaning that they operate in a much

According to Fogel (2006), the possibility to fork45 is central to the governance of any open source community

although the author particularly refers to open source software communities. The shared ownership of open source projects allows anyone to fork a project at any time.

Finally, Stadler (2008) submits that leadership in open source projects is not egalitarian, butâ meritocratic. In this

Despite its many benefits, open source communities also experience some drawbacks. The following are some of the most significant

anyone can be part of an open source hardware or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively,

texts and documents refer to individual open source activists as programmers committed to the open source philosophy.

matter that much because as previously stated, there is equipotentiality in an open source community •Lack of conflict-resolution mechanisms:

Open source hardware and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing plat -forms (companies Reducing costs (companies

The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free. However, related-services might not be

For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download, use and

modify. However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing

For instance, R is an open source environment and programming language for statistical computing that is also free of cost. While R offers no cost access to its software and source code

In this respect, governments might be interested in signing contracts with open source developers for 37 governments are, more and more,

turning to open source. This has clearly been the case regarding open source software. In January 2011, the Australian Government released an open source software policy

and guidance documentation for Australian government agencies to inform their use, modification and development of open source software.

In April 2012, the United kingdom released the second version of the document â€oeopen source software options for governmentâ€.

Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples. We have referred already to the Flok Society in Ecuador93.

principles of open source: networks, peer production, and commoning. Ecuador has been the first country in the world which has committed itself to the creation of an open commons knowledge based society.

In summary, because of governments†interest in open source, contracts and government procurement are important tools within this community

A lot has been written on the motivations of members of the open source communities. Most literature on motivations is based on empirical surveys (Vainio & Vadã n, 2006.

Intrinsic motivations include open source politics (working on open source to limit the power of large companies, particularly software companies, and because

individuals think software and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms

and contributing to open source and do not subscribe to many social motivations that are, by contrast, typical of individual programmers.

Vici (2008) also analyses firms†motivations to participate in the open source community and states that, at the beginning,

and in general, supporting open source was justified merely by the need of answering to the increasing requests of improved quality products.

and feedbacks from the open source community allow a reduction in R&d costs and an enlargement of the

Adopting open source principles also increases the likelihood of attracting skilled developers and thereby achieving a higher pace of technological

In this respect, government attitude towards the open source community is fundamental and may have an effect in terms of scalability for governments are in a unique

Social network based on open source code to promote the most interesting news decided by the people, send

Based on the open source code of Meneame. net, but with a new user interface more similar to actual social networks like Facebook or Twitter

innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and analytics faster,

in a participatory innovation model, based on open source and open hardware developments 2. 5ifï¿''VUVSFÏ¿PGÏ¿

or plastic with a chip) into an open source mesh-networked device (a chip with a screen.

For a thorough analysis of open source methods and their great potential, see G. Mulgan and

The Potential of Open source Methods (London, U k.:Demos and the Young Foundation, 2005 19. In the U k.,the In Control pilots delivered under the government†s policy Valuing People and

Open source in Digital Ecosystems 17 Open Knowledge, Open Governance and Community 18 References 20 Table of contents

Open source tools and processes for the collective representation and formalisation of knowledge Economic development ICTS

and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities. This has led to the broadening of the conceptualisation of the term †businessâ€.

It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter†s (ï oe942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to

combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models

An open source ecosystem -oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons,

The open source initial implementation is freely available (http://swallow. sourceforge. net/,http://dbestudio. sourceforege. net, http://evenet

The translation of this power into a mode of economic production is the central question of open source research

Open source in Digital Ecosystems Two of the three26 deep trends due to which, according to Dalle et al.

The Open source approach has thus been the only possible choice for the Digital Ecosystem infrastructure, not only

many factors that inï uence the uptake of open source by companies, such as their connections in the open source

community, or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of diï €erent types of

licences. Digital Ecosystems can then be seen as the structure that connects and mobilises such knowledge and that

Open source communities are epistemic communities28 (Edwards, 200ï oe) organised as a distributed network of agents

The key actors in the development of an open source product are the individual contributors companies (for proï t and non-proï t) and researchers.

respond to the legal incentives embodied in open source production Up to now economic theory suggests that long-term incentives are stronger under three conditions

26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which

29) â€oethose who have been waiting for a new and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software

Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University

â€oeepistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Developmentâ€, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark

energy efficient technologies (including digital technologies such as open source energy management systems. Conversely digital technologies can be viewed as integral components

developing open source technologies to support more sustainable consumption practices (e g Open Energy Monitor; and secondly, online free reuse communities (e g.

likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform

open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu

communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels

innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the

Source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects, open source cars such as Wikispeed, building farming tools

new fabrication machines like the Reprap and open objects. These products are open source and free;

and you can use, copy and improve as much as you want with a worldwide community of peers helping you and

Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to -wards a more sustainable lifestyle and society.

are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data

Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit, and open wearables are showing inter

on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.

Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerg

Open source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend,

Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content,

Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs

Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here

to the product†s low cost and open source business model. The Arduino designers freely share the specifications for anyone to use, and third-par

open source hardware, free for anyone to use, modify, or sell. Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike

model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact, the only piece of Intellectual Property (IP) the team

Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.

and the open source platform is available free of charge to any group, city or country around the world interested in using the

Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan

Through making the Your Priorities platform available as open source to other organisations, the Citizens Foundation is actively facilitating the

Open source and Open Collaboration: The platform is open source and free for anyone to download and use,

which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the

Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk

an easy, open source, standards based way to publish real-time open data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine

Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on

Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a

into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social

develop a reusable IT open source solution. In the Berlin State Museums alone six million objects await to be recorded.

with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications

of borrowing from one another and sharing of open source code. To this aim, the fellows work together on a joint Github account †and every

case of Europe Commons †the site†s open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org, where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can

The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three

relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser,

The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value

for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.

and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders

At its simplest Github can be described as open source tool for people to come together online and collaborate around a project, in the majority of

possible because the code is open source. This enables a developer to copy a code that he

more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source

datasets, legislation and information so that citizen programmers can help solve local problems What technological methods and tools

assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well as writing it,

Open source vs. Closed: While Github has stood out as an outrider of how e-businesses might operate in an open-source landscape;

Abiertasâ (Open source Foundation History and mission The explicit mission of Goteo. org is to help finance

from the open source world. In the initial development phases the team organised workshops and meeting with the different communities

and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a dura

-fore projects are built on collaborative, open source and open design principles. As an example the Infinit Loop cloth mentioned above is for

hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam

Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making

Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above, allows the platform to be adapted by organi

-ties in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi. Other events include presentations and workshops on collective innovation

Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs

Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety

mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the

is also available on Github, another open source project which can be installed locally, and customised to user†s precise needs.

ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government

Realities of open source: Before accepting contributions to a project, the practical considerations around the overheads of testing, checking, and

Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge

number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database

Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments

The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to

projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also

relies on open source platforms for developing and sharing the code for its projects Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies

-work, Open source Ecology, hackerspaces & makerspaces What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence

Bitcoin, an open source P2p money, which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks;

with open sources and open access. †Thanks to technological advances P2p Foundation has been able to make the move beyond more proprie

coding †for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google, Code, is hosted on Github.

-ly open source, which helps to keep costs down. From the circuit sche -matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam

DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi†s programmable and simple open source model a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.

open source coding tool called Coder. With Coder, users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server

Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners

open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group

on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger

The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free †to open,

Whilst it has used open hardware and open source ap -proaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfund

Following on from this Safecast has used open source platforms such as Github to develop the code that sits behind the platform

social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.

is also open source. The team also operates an open network, where all the sensors and kit-owners can share

Open Data and Open source: The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more.

actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github. The fact that it is open has led already to replications of the kit

Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic

and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm

Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims to democratize access to tools for filtering & making sense of real-time

-cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text

Likewise, with the shift to an open source devel -opment model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of

they†re pretty much all open source. They†re generally still bespoke appli -cations each time but share common code for talking to Ouroboros

-oniverse â€oeofficially†open source has allowed for new avenues for collab -oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data.

had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had

move to an entirely open source paradigm was made so as to broaden the tools available to enable people to start projects of their own

This open source development model allows a community of developers to flag any bugs to the Zooniverse developers;

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