diagnostic software; magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights to marriage; applying the idea of rights to animals;
in sectors such as microchips, software, cars, and retailing. Yet in most social fields, monopolistic governments sit alongside small units that are usually too
attractive outlook 3 Sources: Reuters, FT, IHS Global Insight Growth driven mainly by developing regions or focussed strategies
panels, they'll be solar panels, making electrified vehicles almost free to charge Folding car Based on MIT€ s City Car, Basque Hiriko
software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software
software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders, we hope this simpliï ed map will help the readers keep their
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports ï nds, and connects services
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual
model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds Evolutionary Environment
order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reï ect the social and
Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter†s (ï oe942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
-oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons, or as a public road
become better able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, reaching surprising conclusions such as, †Software
by computer software and/or humans; potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the
the (references to the) formalised knowledge and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use
the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and
infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies, and all the software development, requirements capture,
and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language. Clearly, the closer one approaches natural language, the easier it is to see the relevance of an
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations
programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmersâ€. Lerner, 2006
26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which
latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes, and with the construction of a shared
29) â€oethose who have been waiting for a new and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software
or, Linux and The Nature of the Firmâ€, Yale Law Journal, Vol ï oeï oe2, pp 369-446
Software Technology Model Community Language Organisational Structure P2p Open Source Mediationpower Open Governance & Institutional Innovation
â€oeopen Source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goodsâ€, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07
and Open-source Software Mode of Productionâ€, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University
â€oeepistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Developmentâ€, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark
Articulos y Conferences â€oediez Aà os de Post-Racionalismo en Chile†(Instituto de Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl/articulos/006/doc ingï oe. htm last visited ï oe/6/2007
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens
-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is
collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
hands-on talks, panels. These assembly spaces, introduced at the 2012 meeting, combine theâ hack center
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social
digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now
and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.
-grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic
The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the
-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro
-alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve
development and maintenance of the Your Priority software Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to
has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
IP and closed development silos Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand
-ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli -cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub
Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci
-eo conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists
The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three
the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different
platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their
and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
of Linux. Over time, Github†s mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to some
websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.
to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS †was the most heav -ily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
platform for free as a place to build open-source software, or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary
use by developers of the Linux kernel, to coordinate collaborations and to manage uploads and downloads (pushes
developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown
system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu
better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that
software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are
usable software before they too can get involved, etc What were the main barriers to innovate?
software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde
-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new
feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to
help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it
solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law
software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.
-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal
Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database as well as the community accessible online.
running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open
data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for
mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards
had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,
software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering
-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education
-matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam -ine and contribute online. The Foundation provides a version of Debian
Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI 188
by default, with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card
network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
relies on a range of open hard and software tools Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open
The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technol
-ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Â Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea -tures.
The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use Enhancing collaboration and
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowd
software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of
Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public
led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
open source software Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu
knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens
-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open
are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data
software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is
collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
hands-on talks, panels. These assembly spaces, introduced at the 2012 meeting, combine theâ hack center
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social
digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now
and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.
-grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic
The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the
-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59
software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro
-alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;
Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.
The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries
Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan
software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve
development and maintenance of the Your Priority software Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to
has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on
IP and closed development silos Open Data, as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand
-ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli -cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub
Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci
-eo conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists
The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three
the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different
platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their
and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value
plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this
for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.
of Linux. Over time, Github†s mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to some
websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.
to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS †was the most heav -ily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
platform for free as a place to build open-source software, or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary
use by developers of the Linux kernel, to coordinate collaborations and to manage uploads and downloads (pushes
developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown
system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu
better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that
software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are
usable software before they too can get involved, etc What were the main barriers to innovate?
software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.
hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam
open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,
Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde
-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new
feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to
help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it
solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law
software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.
-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal
Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database as well as the community accessible online.
running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open
data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for
mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards
had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,
software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering
-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education
-matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam -ine and contribute online. The Foundation provides a version of Debian
Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI 188
by default, with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card
network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow
open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group
and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but
on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger
relies on a range of open hard and software tools Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open
The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technol
-ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Â Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea -tures.
The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use Enhancing collaboration and
and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowd
software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of
Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public
led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
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