Database

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Synopsis: Ict: Data: Database: Database:

How many times the same or similar data including the same pictures are registered in different databases?

and biometric information registered in a database. UID branded as Aadhaar guarantees only a person†s identity, not rights, benefits or entitlements.

When completed, it will probably be the world†s largest single-entity biometric database. This initiative is both technological and social.

PIA 91 PIATESKI G.,FRAWLEY W.,Knowledge Discovery in Databases, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991.

and Richard Welch Part III Driving Innovation Through Advanced Process Analytics Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining...

Wil van der Aalst reports on â€oeextracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Miningâ€. He introduces an approach to create event logs from underlying databases as a fundamental prerequisite for the application of process-mining techniques

when information systems do not explicitly record events. Jan Recker gives insights on â€oeevidence-Based Business Process Management:

, in-memory database technologies. To sum up and to frame the research challenges of proactive value chains:

while rather narrow services such as an order-approval, database request, or an ERP-based shipping receipt event entry are at the other end.

Process Innovation with Disruptive Technology in Auto Insurance 101 Part III Driving Innovation Through Advanced Process Analytics Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining Wil M

This paper uses a novel perspective to conceptualize a database view on event data. Starting from a class model and corresponding object models it is shown that events correspond to the creation, deletion,

The key idea is that events leave footprints by changing the underlying database. Based on this an approach is described that scopes

However, in most organizations one encounters information systems built on top of database technology. The Ioe depends on a variety of databases (classical relational DBMSS or new â€oenosql†technologies.

Therefore, we provide a database view on event data and assume that events leave footprints by changing the underlying database.

Fortunately, database 2 For example, http://www. win. tue. nl/ieeetfpm/doku. php? idâ shared: process mining case stud ies lists over 20 successful case studies in industry.

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 107 technology often provides so called â€oeredo logs†that can be used to reconstruct the history of database updates.

This is what we would like to exploit systematically. Although the underlying databases are loaded with data, there are no explicit references to events, cases, and activities.

Instead, there are tables containing records and these tables are connected through key relationships. Hence, the challenge is to convert tables and records into event logs.

Obviously, this cannot be done in an automated manner. To understand why process-mining techniques need â€oeflat event logs†(i e.

we focus on the problem of extracting â€oeflat event logs†from databases. First, we introduce process mining in a somewhat more detailed form (Sect. 2). Section 3 presents twelve guidelines for logging.

this paper aims to exploit the events hidden in existing databases. We use database-centric view on processes:

the state of a process is reflected by the database content. Hence, events are merely changes of the database.

In the remainder we assume that data is stored in a database management system and that we can see all updates of the underlying database.

This assumption is realistic (see e g. the redo logs of Oracle. However, how to systematically approach the problem of converting database updates into event logs?

Section 4 introduces class and object models as a basis to reason about the problem. In Sect. 5 we show that class models can be extended with a so-called event model.

The event model is used to capture changes of the underlying database. Section 6 describes a three-step approach (Scope, Bind,

and Classify) to create a collection of flat event logs. The results serve as input for conventional process-mining techniques.

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 109 The Prom framework provides an open source process-mining infrastructure.

Before we present our database-centric approach, we introduce twelve guidelines for logging. These guidelines make no assumptions on the underlying technology used to record event data.

d) Celonis process mining (Celonis Gmbh)( Color figure online) Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 111 specific extensions (see for example the extension mechanism of XES (IEEE Task force

For example, do not remove a student from the database after he dropped out since this may lead to misleading analysis results.

We aim to exploit the hidden event data already present in databases. The content of the database can be seen as the current state of one or more processes.

Updates of the database are considered therefore as the primary events. This database-centric view on event logs is orthogonal to the above guidelines. 4 Class

and Object models Most information systems do not record events explicitly. Only process-aware information systems (e g.,, BPM/WFM systems) record event data in the format shown in Table 1. To create an event log

we often need to gather data from different data sources where events exist only implicitly.

In fact, for most process-mining projects event data need to be extracted from conventional databases. This is often done in an ad hoc manner.

but still the event logs need to be constructed by querying the database and converting database records (row in tables) into events.

Moreover, the â€oeregular tables†in a database only provide the current state of the information system.

deleted records are generally invisible. 3 Taking the viewpoint that the database reflects the current state of one or more processes,

we define all changes of the database to be events. Below we conceptualize this viewpoint.

The event model relates coherent set of changes to the underlying database to events used for process mining.

In this way all intermediate states of the database can be reconstructed. Moreover, marking objects as deleted instead of completely removing them from the database is often more natural, e g.,

, concerts are not deleted†they are canceled, employees are not deleted†they are fired, etc. Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 113 Definition 1 (Unconstrained Class Model) Assume V to be some universe of values (strings

numbers, etc..An unconstrained class model is a tuple UCM Â C; A r; val; key;

there cannot be two concerts on the same day in the same concert hall Fig. 2 Example of a constrained class model (Color figure online) Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 115

and class models in a database. However, it is easy to map any class model onto a set of related tables in a conventional relational database system.

but it is obvious that the conceptualization agrees with standard database technology. 5 Events and Their Effect on the Object model Examples of widely used Database management systems (DBMSS) are Oracle RDBMS (Oracle), SQL SERVER (Microsoft), DB2 (IBM), Sybase (SAP),

all of these systems have facilities to record changes to the database. For example, in the Oracle RDBMS environment, redo logs comprise files in a proprietary format 116 W. M. P. van der Aalst

which log a history of all changes made to the database. Oracle Logminer, a utility provided by Oracle,

provides methods of querying logged changes made to an Oracle database. Every Microsoft SQL SERVER database has a transaction log that records all database modifications.

Sybase IQ also provides a transaction log. Such redo/transaction logs can be used to recover from a system failure.

if there are frequent changes to the database. In such cases, the redo/transaction logs need to be truncated regularly.

However, we assume that through redo/transaction logs we can monitor changes to the database.

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 117 Definition 6 (Events) Let CM Â C;

If the customer is already in the database, the composite event cannot contain the creation of the customer object c6.

model (Color figure online) Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 119 Next we define the effect of an event occurrence, i e.,

This is denoted by OM0) L OMN. 120 W. M. P. van der Aalst The formalizations above provide operational semantics for an abstract database system that processes a sequence of events.

However, the goal is not to model a database system. Instead, we aim to relate database updates to event logs that can be used for process mining.

Subsequently, we assume that we can witness a change log L Â e1; e2;..enh i. It is easy to see atomic events.

and/or user id). Definition 3 shows that this assumption allows us to reconstruct the state of the database system after each event, i e.,

one may convert it into a conventional event by Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 121 taking tsi as timestamp and eni as activity.

and classify†approach allows for the transformation of database updates into events populating process cubes that can be used for a variety of process-mining analyses. 7 Related Work The reader is referred to (Aalst, 2011) for an introduction

Next to the automated discovery of the underlying process based on raw Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 123 event data,

We are not aware of any work systematically transforming database updates into event logs. Probably, there are process-mining case-studies using redo/transaction logs from database management systems like Oracle RDBMS, Microsoft SQL SERVER, IBM DB2,

database systems. This paper focused on supporting the systematic extraction of event data from database systems.

Regular tables in a database provide a view of the actual state of the information system.

For process mining, however, it is interesting to know when a record was created, updated, or deleted.

Taking the viewpoint that the database reflects the current state of one or more processes,

we define all changes of the database to be events. In this paper, we conceptualized this viewpoint.

The event model relates changes to the underlying database to events used for process mining.

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 125 Aalst, W. van der, Barthelmess, P.,Ellis, C,

In Sixth International Conference on Extending Database Technology (Lecture Notes in Computer science, Vol. 1377, pp. 469†483.

ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 1, 9†36. Cohn, D, . & Hull, R. 2009). Business artifacts:

Distributed and Parallel Databases, 25 (3), 193†240. Goedertier, S.,Martens, D.,Vanthienen, J, . & Baesens, B. 2009).

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 127 Reichert, M, . & Weber, B. 2012).

In Proceedings of the workshop on databases in networked information systems (DNIS)( pp. 1†14. Springer.

In Proceedings of the international conference on extending database technology (EDBT)( pp. 21†32. Springer.

and can comprise database schemata (e g. Evermann, 2009) as well as arbitrary other model schemata. Process matching can be divided into two different fields†matching process models (1) and matching nodes of process models (2)( Thaler, Hake, Fettke, & Loos, 2014.

The Very Large Database Journal, 10, 334†350. Rahm, E, . & Bernstein, P. A. 2001b).

International Journal on Very Large Data base, 10 (4), 334†350. Rehse, J.-R.,Fettke, P,

Extracting event data from databases to unleash process mining. In J. Brocke & T. Schmiedel (Eds.

or knowledge sharing databases. 4. 1 Learnings The process capability framework and the underlying maturity models illustrate that BPM can be approached from a technical perspective

Database Marketing and Customer Strategy Management, 18 (1), 31†38. Basu, S. C, . & Palvia, P. C. 2000).

Database Marketing and Customer Strategy Management, 18 (1), 50†64. Zachman, J. A. 1987. A framework for information systems architecture.

Data awareness, 135 Database, 13,24, 32, 105†125,163, 165,271 Database management systems (DBMS), 107,108, 116,117, 119, 123†125 Data science, 106,135 DBMS.

Driving Innovation Through Advanced Process Analytics Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 1 Introduction 2 Process Mining 3 Guidelines for Logging 4 Class

Key Indicators Database at:<<http://www. gemconsortium. org/key-indicators>Accessed 04 may 2012.24 Chart 1. Source:

A database of 150 private investors, serial investors and international investors has been developed who regularly receive profiles of client companies in sectors that match their knowledge domain.

Existing databases in the CEBS should be used to track the experience of grant recipients and course attendees so as to facilitate measurement of the impact of CEB activities.

Open innovation in SMES has been examined in a few studies based on large quantitative databases 5. These pioneering articles have explored why SMES engage in open innovation activities,

A database of entrepreneurs could be established and managed by the LEOS or Enterprise Ireland, as a national registry.

KTI) KTI will create a searchable national database of licencing opportunities in order to increase the visibility of research opportunities to industry.

the DJEI will develop a simple open database to attract new mentors. A working group will implement changes to broaden its scope (particularly including mentoring to help enterprises scale),

Officehours. ie is a database of experienced Irish entrepreneurs who voluntarily give their time to advise startups.

-Create a simple mentors database to which new types of mentors (volunteer entrepreneurs or serving executives) would be attracted.

ï§launch of an Open Data Portal for access to public sector databases; ï§launch of an Energy efficiency Fund and other measures such as raising standards in the retrofitting of homes;

ï§Improved efficiency and accuracy of internal business processes as a result of improved accuracy and consistency of databases across public and private sectors;

which will improve logistical efficiency, the accuracy of databases across both the public and private sector and planning and analysis capabilities in both sectors.

eventually making possible the creation of an open-access same-time information system†a Web-based secure database of transmission-system-related information.

questions and lessons learnt for SMES based on the existing resources, notably specific assessment tools, checklists and databases,

database including carbon footprint data of over 300 materials, energy carriers, and delivery of waste treatment and transport lca. jrc. ec. europa. eu/lcainfohub/datasetarea. vm Guide to PAS 2050†How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services shop

Energy productivity expresses the amount of economic value generated by one unit of energy input or consumption. 5 SERI 2011, Global Material Flow Database. 2011 Version. www. materialflows

A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 41 eco-innovation observatory MATREC materials database showcases developments in new,

a repository of good practices and online database. www. eco-innovation. eu INNOWATER is a public-private partnership of public innovation agencies, water associations and technology specialists

Visit our website to get open access to our reports, interactive database with charts and maps,

LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010. The following graph exemplifies the number of IPR declarations on the LTE project.

and an important feature for building up IPR databases at SSOS o Ex-Ante Disclosure of FRAND licensing Promise is important for necessary privilege under Art. 101 (3) EC Treaty as every

fully integrated health information and communication system with a comprehensive database that includes more than 18 years of data on almost 2 million members.

JUNE 2010 171 †the insertion of the membership card generated an online connection to the Maccabi database for verification of the patient†s eligibility to receive services,

confirm, or extend the data base with experts from the selected industries like firm representatives, representatives of industry associations and cluster managers.

ul 002 library 1yfair academy mc database mc nie er der g ä ä å ä ek dner consulting jer

G#2v 7807 Database G#3v 7808 Database 0#4#data base Database 0#4#database Database

G#3v 7809 Database management system 0#4#database management system Database management system G#3v 7810 Database systems G#4v 7811 Adabas

0#5#adabas Adabas G#4v 7812 Db2 0#5#db2 Db2 G#4v 7813 Filemaker

0#5#filemaker Filemaker G#4v 7814 Microsoft access 0#5#microsoft access Microsoft access G#4v 7815 Mysql

0#5#mysql Mysql G#4v 7816 Postgresql 0#5#postgresql Postgresql G#4v 7817 Sql server

http://www. strabag. com/databases/internet/public/files. nsf/Searchview/F78949bb3e 4e5796c1257959002c94e5/$file/STRABAG POLEN%20a2%20er%C3%B6ffnung d

/http://www. strabag. com/databases/internet/public/files. nsf/Searchview/3ce29a42f9 E61f11c12575e5004d2785/$file/STRABAG%20se polen a2 ppp e investor. pd

database The European Regional Innovation Scoreboard (2012) provides a comparative assessment of innovation performance across 190 NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions of the

Given that this database of 30 cases, together with the accompanying desk research, constitutes a

zum job operates a database of 8, 000 institutions providing ICT facilities and support which is

databases and tools), and for matching assets (the job seekers and their skills and competences) with the needs of prospective employers

Eslife also provides a database of the task provider†s skills and requirements which are evaluated,

cases, Skillandar provides a database of the task provider†s skills and conditions, which if

This example uses databases, terminals RFID23 tags with barcodes or transponders on items of laundry,

It also allows linking to other databases and other groups, as well as data and information sharing across all partners

-Global database of companies, web scraping, reconciliation function, analysis and visualisation tools, also spinning off physical

database, small fees given to people providing data 58 www. time-exchange. gr 59 www. cookisto. gr;

data database of over 60 million companies in 75 jurisdictions, together with web scraping reconciliation functions, analysis and visualisation tools, all in open format for anyone to use to

Open Database License. In return, any product of that data must also be open for others to use.

now has access to Patientslikeme†s full database for five years. Patientslikeme is an online network of some 250,000 people with chronic diseases who share

interactive online database 112 www. q2l. org 113 http://izonenyc. org/in New york 114 www. professor-why. pl

The long term objective is a large data base for research projects which makes creating different subsamples as well as control samples possible.

children to establish a database that can be used by researchers. MONDEY is an example of an ICT-enabled and

databases open up countless new valuable research possibilities. In order to take advantage of such opportunities in the digital

database of all victim groups in Leipzig during the Nazi regime Communication and outreach In 2008, the museum first began to present

museum's online database is used for several education services and projects. The online database connects the museum with local and

regional schools, thus supporting explorative learning, developing students'research skills preparing and processing student projects

collection database. In the end, the museum received about two-thirds more visitors to its digital collections than to its physical exhibition

need to be entered into the online database To accomplish this, the museum will need another six to eight years and additional staff to

7 E g. statistics from the IMPROVE benchmarking database with 1, 693 valid datasets of European SMES with 250 employees or

http://www. ehealth-strategies. eu/database/denmark. html. Accessed on: 19 may 2011 12) EHR Implement.

-strategies. eu/database/documents/Sweden countrybrief ehstrategies. pdf. Accessed on: 19 May 2011 15) Ayers D, Menachemi N, Ramamonjiarievelo Z, Matthew M, Brooks R. Adoption of electronic

databases zz The Council for Information Infrastructure (Rat fã r Informationsinfrastrukturen) set up by the Federal

new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth What will be required to connect more youth to this new world of opportunities?

a database that includes the resources and can be updated continuously as new ones become available.

is hoped that this database will provide youth with a valuable asset in their efforts to secure meaningful

The database is available at: www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth A focus on emerging trends is an inherently risky proposition.

ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low. In Sub-saharan africa just 77 per cent of

Employers enter job openings into Souktel's database. Young job seekers use their mobile phones to create

ebay, and Taoboa, to customer database management, to content creation. Human labelling of products and search results is time consuming,

purposes can be found in the accompanying resource database Entrepreneurship, Emprendimiento, Ujasiriamali The importance of entrepreneurship is being elevated around the world.

mentoring opportunity database, where volunteer mentors can offer to help. Help can also be requested from specific mentors.

but also for making financial transactions, establishing a client database, or coordinating justin-time supply-chain deliveries.

become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries

tool that allows the waiving copyright and database rights on PSI, it ensures full flex

3. 3. 1. 2. Database of labels and certifications of social enterprises...110 3. 3. 1. 3. Social innovation prizes...

of social enterprises, database of labels support for local and national authorities to build integrated strategies for social

3. 3. 1. 2. Database of labels and certifications of social enterprises Key Action 6 of the SBI has to be implemented by the European commission after the

platform does this through a searchable database, which has been used to collect data ranging from organisation listings, news events,

measures to develop a good practice database and (potentially) to support networks of social innovation incubators

3. 3. 1. 2. Database of labels and certifications of social enterprises 3. 3. 1. 3. Social innovation prizes

service which provide a database that can be analysed for patterns of recurring problems and requests

online repository of ideas and experiences †that has a database of 4, 000 ideas online, receives a quarter of a million visitors a year, and, of those

histories, databases, and manuals. One new initiative by Open Business is the creation of a database of open business models

199) Barefoot consultants. There is an important role for consultants and those with specialist knowledge †who can act as knowledge brokers and

•Girls Database/Scorecards •Girls Count Task force Reports •Partners & research initiatives measure girls more broadly

databases). ) With the increasing mixing of voluntary and professional roles (for example around care for the elderly,

the creation of a single database of children deemed †at risk†in the UK

Guidestar†s services and databases in many countries worldwide, and New Philanthropy Capital in the UK

In time, the site will be an open database of relational links between DSI organisations and projects, case studies and potential funding opportunities

This means we can use this ever-expanding visualization and network database as a tool for

or database and there is no node/actor that has privileged a or full view of the ecosystem.

Doing Business database Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers, knowing where their economy

Doing Business database 9 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1. 3 Rankings on Doing Business topics-Spain

Doing Business database 10 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business tells

Doing Business database 11 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The absolute values of the indicators tell another part of

Doing Business database 16 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many

Doing Business database 18 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 19 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Economies around the world have taken steps making it

Doing Business database 20 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS What are the details

Doing Business database 23 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Regulation of construction is critical to protect the

Doing Business database 25 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Globally, Spain stands at 105 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 26 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS What are the details

Doing Business database 30 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for

Doing Business database 32 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 33 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set

Doing Business database 36 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental

Doing Business database 38 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Globally, Spain stands at 66 in the ranking of 189

Doing Business database 39 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Economies worldwide have been making it easier for

Doing Business database 40 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY What are the details The indicators reported here are based on a set of

Doing Business database 43 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to

Doing Business database 45 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT One way to put an economy†s score on the getting credit

Doing Business database Economy scores on depth of credit information index Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit

Doing Business database 46 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT What are the details The getting credit indicators reported here for Spain are

Doing Business database 49 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of

Doing Business database 51 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS One way to put an economy†s scores on the protecting

Doing Business database Figure 7. 3 How extensive is the liability regime for directors Extent of director liability index (0-10

Doing Business database 52 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 4 How easy is accessing internal corporate documents

Doing Business database 53 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 5 How extensive are shareholder rights

Doing Business database Figure 7. 6 How strong is the governance structure Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5

Doing Business database 54 Spain Doing Business 2015 Figure 7. 7 How extensive is corporate transparency

Doing Business database 55 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS What are the details

Doing Business database 58 Spain Doing Business 2015 59 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES

Doing Business database 61 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES Economies around the world have made paying taxes

Doing Business database 62 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on

Doing Business database 64 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In today†s globalized world,

Doing Business database 66 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In economies around the world, trading across borders

Doing Business database 67 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS What are the details

Doing Business database 69 Spain Doing Business 2015 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Effective commercial dispute resolution has many

Doing Business database 71 Spain Doing Business 2015 ENFORCING CONTRACTS What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on

Doing Business database 76 Spain Doing Business 2015 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter

Doing Business database 79 Spain Doing Business 2015 Figure 11.2 Recovery Rate (0-100)- Spain

Doing Business database Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16)- Spain Source: Doing Business database

80 Spain Doing Business 2015 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A well-balanced bankruptcy system distinguishes companies that are distressed financially but

Doing Business database 81 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of

Doing Business database 83 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION What are the details The data reported here for Spain are based on a detailed

Doing Business database 84 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index Rigidity of hours covers 7 areas:(

Doing Business database 85 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(

Doing Business database 86 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice

Doing Business database Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of

Doing Business database 87 Spain Doing Business 2015 88 Spain Doing Business 2015 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING

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