Synopsis: Ict: User:

-use agreements between users and manufac -turers in relation to washing machines, carpeting tiles, furniture, lighting and power monitoring.

accessible to registered users at all times. The main concept is that cars can be spontaneously â€oehired†(customers use a chip to unlock the car

enables the user to Determine the applicability and compliance with the environmental legis-†¢lation affecting the sector, for example the WEEE, Rohs, Eco-design

a strong motivator for customers or users to change behaviour e g. reduction in energy in

explore user-centred design approaches to help customer and /or users reduce their envi -ronmental impacts

Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches 43 eco-innovation

typical user-behaviour. Similarly, define envi -ronmental validation requirements taking into account both customer specifications and

What product design features or user-infor-†¢mation will enable low-impact behaviours are marked materials, also with recycling

Strong product-user relation  What problems arise in the recovery and disposal of the product

Understanding customer and user behaviour †¢is important. User behaviour may be a strong determinant of a product†s environmental

impact e g. reducing energy consumption in the use phase of product†s lifecycle is a key

-effective and user friendly tool to implement Article 3 (4),(5) and (6) of the Electronic commerce Directive (ECD.

user-generated content and licensing for small-scale users of protected material; audiovisual sector and cultural heritage institutions;

and text and data mining As part of this exercise, a report will be published on the outcome of the consultation

However, certain restrictions affect a significant number and portion of users especially in the mobile sector.

Additionally more than 36%of users are experiencing restrictions regarding P2p on mobile networks. Such restrictions affect

services for the benefit of users and services providers alike Key actions of the strategy described in the Communication include

•Cutting through the jungle of standards so that cloud users enjoy interoperability data portability and reversibility.

which enable users to evaluate and compare, in a simple manner, the level of conformity with standards, interoperability and data portability.

cost-effective and user friendly e-Identification schemes that enable secure transactions. These schemes should be interoperable

Secure, reliable, user friendly and interoperable identification and authentication measures are necessary for the further development of cross-border e-commerce.

significant boost for user convenience, confidence and trust in e-commerce. Ecommerce Europe recognizes the need for

-stop shops should contain user friendly knowledge about EU and national o consumer protection rules o VAT rules

and security needed by users and the flexibility required by innovators. All market participants must

across Europe, be they ICT producers or users. â€oefirms must be allowed to achieve European scale,

and to give users employees, suppliers and customers) the confidence to use them. Elie Simon, president EMEA of Sun

two important roles as as an ICT user. The first is by demonstrating the benefits of ICT use through

Google user data requests...29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some

of the data requested...30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and

underpins beliefs about the sustained growth in the use of platforms for creating and sharing user

use of these technologies may have significant impacts on the online and offline behaviour of users.

build their identity and opinions on the basis on interactions with other users in both private and

At the same time, there is potential for a global culture to develop around the internet, in which users

dominant nations online, having the greatest numbers of users despite lower levels of adaptation questions arise over the future balance of cultures on the web (Dutton, Dutta and Law, 2011;

and individual users and stakeholders find themselves increasingly locked in to specific technologies, business models and social identities

offered through platforms for user-generated content is enabled by technological progress (Facer & Sandford 2010

the costs of producing user-generated content have enabled citizens around the world to engage in public

Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from

Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests, which may specify any users

or accounts used to store or provide information on Google†s services 30 Figure E. 4. 4:

Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10

Huang, Chun-Yao,"Rethinking leapfrogging in the end-user telecom market,"Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2011, pp. 703-712

Lexchin J, Grootendorst P.,Eï €ects of prescription drug user fees on drug and health services use and on

and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Participative web and user-created content: Web 2. 0 wikis and social networking:

Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147

The Added Value of R&d for Lead Technology Users...25 Making Innovation Possible for Technology Followers...

must be targeted to meet the needs of a variety of user groups, have different objectives, and use multiple

•For â€oehigh-tech†SMES (the technology developers or lead technology users), which make up less than 15%of

â'Leading technology users (of varying R&d capacity7), which are 10-15%of SMES â'Technology followers, totalling between 80-85%of the population

7 The distinction between leading technology users with and without sufficient R&d capacity might need some

The leading technology users include two main subgroups: those with sufficient R&d capacity to perform R&d projects themselves

LEADING TECHNOLOGY USERS 2 sub groups: with and without R&d capacity Technology Followers SIZE Often small companies (40

all SMES †the technology developer and leading technology user groups †are active innovators.

for SMES must be targeted to different user groups, have different objectives, and use several approaches

Leading Technology Users 10-15%of the SME population(>5 employees Technology Developers 1-3%of the SME population(>5

Both technology developers and technology users who have a sufficient R&d capacity are able to

31%are leading technology users with WK1 21 sufficient R&d capacity16. If we exclude the CRAFT projects from the analysis, 17 43%of the SMES that

Leading technology users who do not have sufficient internal R&d capacity and technology followers, on the other hand, experience huge difficulties in applying for R&d grants.

Leading technology users without a sufficient internal R&d capacity are often too small in scale to apply for grants.

technology developers and those lead technology users with an internal R&d capacity. Most national R&d

developers,(2) lead technology users, and (3) technology followers with a potential for innovative activity

projects were either â€oetechnology developers†or â€oeleading technology users. †18 Clarysse, Removille, and Muldur (1999) further explored the profile of these enterprises

and 26%were leading technology users with an R&d capacity (often from traditional industries such as textiles, construction, and agriculture

Technology Developers Leading Technology Users New Technology Based Firms Service organisations Firm age 11 15 40

We can conclude from Table 3 that the leading technology users who participate in Commission†s Fourth Framework Programme are significantly older and larger than are the technology

users are significantly less R&d intensive. It is interesting that the consulting organisations are quite R&d

users. However, technology developers are also the companies least dependent on the R&d grants to finance their technological developments.

which is significantly lower than the 16.8%reported by the leading technology users. New technology

The Added Value of R&d for Lead Technology Users 81. As is shown in Table 3,

leading technology users are important participants in public R&d programmes. A recent econometric (Meeusen, 2000), shows that R&d grants given by the Flemish IWT to

investments of leading technology users (i e. they do not substitute the existing R&d budgets 82.

Although technology users are a large subgroup in the SME population, their profile is much less

A typical leading technology user could be an SME active in the textiles industry for

Leading technology users, according to an EC audit, are most likely to participate in programmes designed specifically for SMES.

users 55 %CRA FT (cooperative project technology follow ers 6 %technology developers 17 %leading technology

users 77 %Source: Clarysse and Duchã ne based on SME Co-ordination unit, DG XII (1998

technology users first because the programmes fund smaller projects. The financial sums involved are often too small to satisfy the needs of technology developers who have substantial R&d budgets.

design, SME-customised innovation programmes tend to reach leading technology users 85. Since public R&d grants to leading technology users actually encourages these firms to

subsequently increase their R&d expenditures, this subpopulation of SMES is a politically attractive target group.

Lead technology users tend to see public R&d grants as a way to professionalise their R&d efforts

In order to target leading technology users, programme procedures should be simple since they do not have the organisational slack to devote resources to search for funding

The second group, the leading technology users, has benefited the most from the recent SME -friendly programmes introduced by many OECD countries.

development of new software, enhanced user friendliness, and other aspects (OECD, 2005). We define product innovation in terms of changes in materials, features, and design;

and diffused across researchers and users. The proximity effect of knowledge transfer provides a strong clue as to why universities are seen increasingly as an essential element in

With regard to information technology, Informatica helps wherever possible by delivering the right data in the right way to the right users

Amazon already has six million unique users in Spain and is known for its flawless logistics, one of the

Estimated 18 million social media users E-commerce GDP 2. 37 %Total GDP â 1, 349 bn

companies, research institutions, private and public users of technologies, intermediaries (e g technology centres, financing institutions) and other stakeholders (e g. from education, the

producers and users of new technologies (see Fagerberg, 1995; Porter, 1990 Competitiveness effects of new technologies strongly depend on the speed of their diffusion

originating from research with the user needs, a cost-efficient production and the capabilities of business partners (suppliers, distributors, users), having in view the innovative strategies of

competitors This complex system of interlinked sources of innovation is revealed by the information sources firms typically use for their innovation activities (see Figure 2-1). Sources that are

by many incremental innovations that transfer advantages of a certain technology into user -specific designs of new products and processes.

Application potentials typically emerge from the interaction of suppliers, producers and users of a new technology, through learning from using (Rosenberg, 1982) and from a fierce

customising new technologies to the needs of users. More complex technologies in particular tend to generate increasing returns to adoption (Arthur, 1989

the breadth of diffusion across many sectors and user groups the occurrence of network effects when using a certain KET

suppliers and users who can learn from each other and leverage economies of scale and scope In addition, first movers may be able to defining global standards,

technological opportunities rather than the likely preferences of users. Market acceptance of these concepts is largely unknown

development but emerged later through interaction of users and producers, and sometimes just by chance. All this complicates to foresee future market development and results in low

http://www. clusterplast. eu/fileadmin/user/pdf/dissemination event/BENCHMARKING. pdf European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO

higher user benefits or address entirely new needs, but also demand considerable changes in producing and using these innovations

to small output volumes whereas willingness to pay by users will be low due to uncertainty over the real benefits of the innovation.

commercialisation prospects and the specific needs of users and markets. Direct collaboration between science and industry often helps to in this respect,

Another critical factor is to successfully link technological opportunities with user demand Many product developments in nanotechnology tend to be driven research, i e. focusing on

However, users typically do not adopt new technology solely based on their technical superiority but rather on a price-cost advantage

broadly will require acceptance by users and all other parties that may be concerned by nanotechnology product.

user friendly Because of miniaturisation, new generations of semiconductors typically require considerable investments into the semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs.

input on industrial user needs, knowledge transfers and interactions with the industry. 53 53 http://www. bbsrc. ac. uk/organisation/organisation-index. aspx

anchor firm means that no important lead users are located at the cluster. Instead the strong

network effects among users. The large variety of materials, many tailored to specific application purposes, restrict economies of scale in their production.

requirements of users in terms of reliability, stability, cost-efficiency, recyclability and safety Secondly, product regulation typically requires time-consuming procedures for each field of

and distribution processes of users along the value chain, including changes in process technology, product design, delivery mechanisms, recycling etc and may involve high

investment by users. The latter fact often delays a rapid diffusion of new materials Another peculiarity advanced materials is the broad spectrum of scientific disciplines and

industry) and sometimes other users down the value added chain that use products containing advanced materials.

takes a long time due to high investment needed both by producers of materials and users Table 7-6:

which are lead users of these products, but this is due to the position of the chemicals-plastics-rubber industry in the value

No clear role of government as a lead user (e g. through public procurement), since most of the products of this sector are raw or intermediary materials

Large companies can serve as lead users Not clear what is advanced percentage of material in total output cluster

effects tend to occur in the user industries as long as new materials help to increase productivity or enable new products with superior characteristics that generate additional

These user industries include electronics, medical instruments and health services automotive, energy production and distribution, construction, textiles and clothing, and

among users. As a consequence, diffusion of new materials is accelerated when a certain level European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO

However, if users are reluctant to adopt new materials it can take long time until new materials reach sale figures that allow for profitable production.

material (e g. by users, competitors or other material suppliers. A rapid diffusion of advanced materials is thus likely to result in opening-up more and more fields of application,

requirements of users in terms of reliability, stability, cost-efficiency, recyclability and safety Product regulation typically demands time-consuming procedures for each field of application

processes of users along the value chain, including changes in process technology, product design, delivery mechanisms,

recycling etc. and may involve high investment by users Policy options Developing and commercialising advances in material technology is by and large the business

producers and users of materials-including advanced materials-has emerged over time. Since Chapter 7 Advanced Materials

requirements of end product producers and other users down the value added (e g. automotive or semiconductor industry), process technology knowledge from equipment producers (e g

in order to reduce uncertainty at the side of producers and users of advanced materials. At the same time, regulations should be reviewed flexible,

but also by users (i e. any type of manufacturing firm). As a consequence, the market for AMT is restricted due to the need for user-specific design.

This limits the opportunities to deploy identical technology in many different companies. For some manufacturing industries, no external AMT providers exist,

marketing and users The future development of AMT receives considerable policy support, for example in the

AMT may also incur manufacturing processes to become more user friendly as they reduce the amount of hard labour that is needed in the manufacturing process and that is taken over

specific needs of users in specific industry. Developing AMT thus means to have a deep

dirve competitiveness in the user industries. Another main success factor is to balance user -specific requirements with new technological opportunities yet out of sight of users

A main barrier for commercialising AMT is potential users that hesitate to adopt new manufacturing technologies.

The reasons may be manifold Information asymmetries over the expected returns of AMT compared to established

technologies can result in low adoption rates (i e. degree of cost savings and other efficiency gains unclear at the time of investment

high investment cost may exceed the available internal funds of users, particularly for SMES while external financing through loans can be difficult

users Developing AMT can be hampered by small market volumes for certain new applications particularly if user-specific designs are required.

This limits the possibilities to employ the identical technology in many different companies and reduces economies of scale both in

but also to a great extent by users i e. any type of manufacturing firm. The main reason for manufacturing firms to refrain

users Role of public funding for R&d very high low medium high low low Role of public policy for

As many users of more advanced process technology are small manufacturing firms, specific barriers to technology adoption by SMES (lack of

firms in the cluster that become lead users or anchor firms. They typically have the funds

technological solution to a certain problem that will later be adopted by users in other regions

users, intense competition, and a price advantage over alternative technological solutions Lead markets are often different from those regions where a certain new technology first has

progress in technological features that are critical for users can help to establish markets which early adopt KETS.

Another obstacle for KETS are barriers to adopting new technology at the side of users

available internal funds of users, particularly for SMES, while external financing can be difficult if the technology is completely new

and external organisation (involving marketing and users Public Policy in Favour of KETS The critical role of KETS for manufacturing calls for policy attention, regardless of the current

R&d, manufacture and application in user industries is needed for creating new fields of application and developing efficient production facilities for new technologies

Fagerberg, J. 1995), User-producer interaction, learning and comparative advantage, Cambridge Journal of Economics 19, 243†256

 User  Interface     UX  = User  Experience Â

15  Durmaz  D  Creative  Clusters  and  Place- †Making

Typical examples of these networks are producer†user relationships and the triple helix of universityâ€

Producer†user relationships marked the birth of the term †National System of Innovationâ€. In the 1980s, the strong producerâ€

user relationships in the competitive Japanese manufacturing sector and Japan's resulting economic boom attracted the interest of

In 1988, Lundvall claimed that research should focus on NSI instead of single producer†user networks. Focusing on the growing phenomenon of †centres of excellence†where industrial development seems to be closely

be sourced from traditional partners such as universities, users, and suppliers, as well as a range of other institutions and

involving different parties such as users, suppliers rivals, and other partners in the value network 3, 36,102.

provisioned and scaled from 1 to 100,000 users at the tap of a button. Customers expect

example, has dedicated a button that connects users to a helpline attendant via video chat, bringing a human element back into a

directly through to energy users in the form of higher energy prices, the timing of grid

that Europe will be a major user of BPO and, by 2015 the market is expected to reach nearly

comprehensive, efficient and competitive service to users and potential users. The DART Interconnector and the Luas Green and Red line link up are important projects for the

internet to the majority of potential users in the Southeast region. However, †last mileâ€

and multimedia user-generated content (UGC). On the horizon was high-speed, always on network connectivity, or broadband.

writing and providing instantaneous user feedback in online media simulations. Wayne Danielson of the University of Texas applied artificial intelligence (AI) to create an early tool for generating

and user customized. But they did not disrupt the essential nature of education. These innovations improved the educational process

Wrote one Wow user, ††Given your advice, I†ve spec†d out the following talents†††(post#4109.29.

Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from file://C:/Users/User /Downloads/18150452. pdf Geocaching. (2014. Geocaching.

organizations or users have previously adopted it, or as a significant restruc -turing or improvement in a process

introduced to meet an external user or market need (Walker 2005 IT Investment With IT€ s increasing sophistication

These systems surcharge the users of a transport network in periods of peak demand, to reduce traffic congestion

users 54 ï¿ï 55 NO: Demo projectsâ'†key facts  •(Ongoing) Demo Projects

users Integration of DER and new users -Monitoring and control of LV networks -Automation and

control of LV networks -Methods and system support -Integrated communication solution -Monitoring and control of LV

end user systems DENISE R&d x GAD R&d x x x CRISALIDA R&d x ENERGOS R&d x

and new users Integration of DER and new users Smart Distribution Network Smart Distribution Network

-Monitoring and control of LV networks -Automation and control of LV networks -Monitoring and control of LV

and digital engagement of users provided by procured services 3. Increase the potential value of DSI (for instance, making available dis

†a type of social and collaborative innovation in which innovators, users and communities collaborate using digital technologies to co-create knowledge and

critical mass of users grows larger than its costs), as the Internet is increasingly the

users when more users are added) 1 ap -plies to the value of technical networks like widespread smartphone usage

and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply

is convenient for users but also â€oelocks us -ers in†at the expense of security, privacy

is a danger that once users are locked †in†to various monopolies, the level of in

Furthermore, most users have accepted giving away their personal data in exchange for â€oefree†services. Yet this

user-driven innovations, particularly ones that don†t involve monetary payment. This currently seems the most probable scenario,

and Offenerhaushalt in a way that allows users to explore and drill down through the various layers of Germany†s federal budget

It is a free petition tool with more than 70 million users around the world. Its mission is to empower people everywhere to create the change

which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.

number of links and even more end users. These networks are extremely dynamic and diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technolo

-tions and users. The testbed is a resource for the research community to address the limits

of the information or the location of the user, is one example of open networks enabling citizens to protect their digital rights

The Tor network†s 4000-plus volunteer-led model relays over half a million daily users

-sor which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn

-wards a more user-centred approach to poliy-making that is participative in the generation of potential ideas.

in the user interface and this is highly ef -fective in facilitating consensus and in the inclusion of minority arguments

-ver, number of users, size of organisation employees etc What they were trying to achieve with their

-ibility for re-users and reduces the complications associated with handling numerous licences, with possibly conflicting provisions (Keller 2014.

results show conflicting positions between citizens and institutional users on one side and corporate rights holders on the

OPEN PLATFORMS Users of the Internet ecosystem include the independent application and service provid -ers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in

User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55.

competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online. The European parliament adopted amend

in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to

User data is moving more and more into the †Cloud†and people are getting their music

user, is mined continuously and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance

A Magna carta for all Web users could be directly crowd-sourced from the Web itself

Maker spaces (such as Fablabs), real-life testing and experimentation environments where users and producers can co

and promote their role in bringing users, developers, and entrepreneurs together to create new digital products, new public services or learning programmes

user and financial value generated by digital social innovation organisations and their projects The Triple Helix outlines how social tech ventures,

and investors, should focus on three types of value †Social Value, User Value and Financial Value †when developing and scaling their project (s) 76

demonstrate value to users i e it is a product or service that people want to pick up

•Qualitative interviews with key users of the product or service to test need and demand for the approach including the specific user problems the

product or service would solve •Observing potential users to see if the product works in their context

•Quantitative responses to the idea, for example survey potential users to test whether needs established within qualitative interviews apply to a larger user

group •Online responses to the proposed service from potential users, using analytics software to test demand

Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for

the venture to be sustainable and the venture has to be active in it. The generation

realising user or social value •Establishing an agency or provider who has the responsibility or interest in

tools digital social innovations can apply to capture the impact of their work, from user

and digital engagement of users provided by procured services CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS WHAT SHOULD POLICYMAKERS DO

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