User

End user (164)
User (4018)
User friendly (72)
User interface (74)

Synopsis: Ict: User:

the users having their say in the solutions to be scaled up. This, together with the experimentation in real world, is creating the frame for new innovations and disruptive approaches, e g.

The user-driven innovation policy may improve this situation. Only politicians are invited to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) discussion groups.

and techniques with the aim to conceive user friendly and useful applications that can really help humans in their work instead of replacing them

Miniaturized, advanced, user friendly and more intuitive human†machine interfaces, multimedia and the Internet have conquered all the categories of users.

The smartphones have became powerful computers in our pocket/hands. The Internet has opened the highway to the world of information

The terrorists are the intensive users of information and communications technology (ICT. Social networks may be used to build

and technology providers, on the other hand, education has become an intensive user of ICT. Politics want it to be â€oestudents-centeredâ€.

3 http://www. digiworldsummit. com. 10 The Innovation Biosphere Google has evolved from search engine to many other services related to data collected from users

the users have to spend time to find the right item. In continuous improvement and real-time innovation, they forget the users †they â€oeoffer†new services that they think we need.

Social networks, especially Facebook, are another contributor to big data. All these data are stored in data centers that must be powered and cooled.

The UC Berkeley researchers estimated that â€oeif all U s. business users shifted their email, productivity software,

and have an intelligent antispam that learns from user and an automatic advertisment remover. In fact, CRM software contains confidential information about clients (customer capital),

They train their users to monitor energy metrics and carbon savings. In France, in the past 40 years, the population has increased by 10 millions of people.

Some of the smartphones†companies, such as Nokia and Sony, are collecting obsolete devices from the users.

Some try to educate the users. The European Imaging and Sound Association (EISA) launched the Green Awards (http://www. eisa. eu/green. html). Their objective is to promote a â€oegreen attitude†in their member companies.

Sims6 Recycling Solutions has collection systems for consumers, manufacturers and professional users. All this human and electric energy can be used to eco-design

It combines the concepts of ubiquitous technology, intelligent systems and advanced user interfaces AMI 14. Ambient intelligence intends to provide personalization of services according to the users†preferences,

for example tracking the user of a smartphone to suggest they buy or visit objects available in their area.

and anticipating the needs of, the users. Some claim that it is a human-centric vision of the future,

This kind of application will avoid considering the user as a machine to buy. Offering the targeted services,

Smartphones and future devices embedded with machine-learning techniques will learn from real-time Innovation Landscape and Fields 21 interactions with the user and not from navigation (too many errors) or a published profile only.

In our knowledge, the majority of ICT companies are still not involving the final user in their innovation process;

by consequence, much of the available software and products are not intuitive or really user friendly.

and the users find that they are lost. Search engines lack relevancy and flexibility. Ecosia is supposed to be an eco-engine,

The users need an effective way of searching instead of pushing tracking-based advertisement. The users of Microsoft, Google, Ecosia and others have to set a search language,

which will limit the results of search to the chosen language. The words completer is useful,

the users need to change the settings each time they change the language. The program Innovation Landscape and Fields 23 should recognize the user†s language (he/she may speak several languages)

and requires collaboration between the future users, computer science and IT as well as from the social sciences. Ambient assisted living involves technologies such as sensors, specific equipment, robotics, user interaction (multimodal interfaces) and simulation platforms.

Preserving privacy and ensuring security are the basic points for its implementation. Innovation Landscape and Fields 27 Ambient assisted living offers intelligent environments (devices

Smart city is an intensive user of ICT, intelligent technology, big data, connected objects and others.

making people lazy physically or â€oethinking†instead of the user (switching off the brain). What is the impact of the activity presented in Figure 1. 13?

enterprises, technology (digital ecosystems), users, policy, education and environment. Apart from helping humans, innovation also has a potential to influence our culture and society.

observed or co-discovered needs with users or can create new needs in the case of disruptive innovation.

users are represented not in the figure. In fact, all players can be users of innovation in their respective contexts such as company, organization, city or region.

All kinds of companies and organizations are concerned with innovation, including government and NGOS that get involved in social and eco-innovation.

sometimes they do not focus on the right person, for example an Information Chief Officer instead of users.

The acceptation by the user PUB 14 and â€oetime-to-market†are vital. Another way is to address the real needs,

cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,

The amount of radio frequency energy that a cell phone user is exposed to depends on the technology of the phone

the distance between the phone†s antenna and the user, the extent and type of use,

Another potential barrier is the lack of social appropriation by potential users and the fear of novelty. iphone,

it will not be accepted by users, especially if they have a choice. Innovation is accepted if it improves life

The majority of users are not IT engineers, therefore, there is a strong need for ergonomic, intuitive and multimodal interface.

Applications should be user friendly. There is a need for interface designers more than for programmers and for useful applications such as intelligent anti-spam and intelligent and accurate search from image or talent finding.

†demand-and user-driven innovation policy approach was indicated by majority of surveyed countries as a new emerging approach to service innovation support.

All the stakeholders (industry, research, public sector and the user community) need to be involved, and crowdfunding may accelerate the process.

This open system of user-centric and sharing-based innovation approach requires new types of IPR to foster sharing

User-driven innovation is a crucial part of the OI2 paradigm and is also a key lever for adoption

because users co-create solutions that meet their needs OPE 14. This model allows us to take advantage of ideas†cross-fertilization leading to experimentation and prototyping in real-world setting.

involving partners, competitors, universities and users; †corporate entrepreneurship: enhancing corporate venturing, start-ups and spin-offs;

Moreover, for such a system to be truly user friendly, a great deal needs to be known about the people who interact with it †but human beings,

and provides the user with nonconventional communication systems which are more interesting and visual. Human†computer integration teams explore the technology able to expand the capacities of mankind that leads to â€oehuman augmentationâ€.

two involving cross-border and cross-sector collaboration, two on user-centered design, one on big data,

The users take part in a short-time engagement which is focused usually on a particular question

the center supports its users in addressing long-term issues and significant challenges, in order to arrive at sustainable solutions that can be realized in the short and middle term;

It actively helps its users work toward translating results and desired futures into reality; †organizational and personal growth:

It encourages and supports users to adopt multiple perspectives and many points of view; †meeting people on equal terms:

less polluting and cheaper for the users. Several projects developed solutions for recycling, but none for remanufacturing.

and uses, placing users at the centre of its strategy for the city of tomorrow.

users must print a page for alignment and their devices are made in low labor-cost countries.

Software designed with the users helps instead of perturbing them. Customers and pilot users may provide considerable help all along the innovation lifecycle.

Science was split into various areas and evaluation is made in the given area. By splitting everything into fields, we lost the links necessary for deep understanding.

i e. innovations as seen from the user perspective. While the importance of product innovations is undisputed,

ineffective and/or misaligned with client/users needs. Any attempt to preemptively or reactively respond to market change

At the other end of the spectrum are designed services to respond to prospective users (clients) with vaguely defined/formalized needs that

mobile is the platform for the end user, while cloud is the platform for serving the end-user functionality.

and easy shared between users. 2. 2 Social Collaboration and Distributed Co-creation Enterprise social collaboration typically takes one of two forms:

or user alerts to avoid the problem. Aggregated events from a longer period of time can be analyzed to detect patterns of behavior

first identified in the early 2000s, has a defining characteristic of harnessing collective intelligence by allowing user-created content and collaboration.

This raised user expectations for enterprise software: today†s workers expect to be able to configure their own environment to suit their working style,

where a user can add collaborators to his assigned task by expanding the visibility of that task to others based on his tacit knowledge of their skills and experience,

this captures a record of the collaboration, including who was involved in decision-making on each process instance. •Activity stream user interfaces,

Users define their own subscriptions and alerts to fine-tune the flood of information, allowing for better identification and management of their important tasks;

the user can define them for that instance without changing the underlying model on which new instances will be based.

and exchange of user generated content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). They can be of different types:

2010) identify the main advantages of using SM for BPM such as integration of users into BPM,

like the demand of users for â€oeinstant gratification, rich user experiences and rapid access to informationâ€.

structuration and organization of information by entire communities of interacting users as opposed to predetermined specialists. •Continuous aggregation:

The contributions are under constant and recursive assessment by all users, so errors can be identified

SM present a tool that can enable the users to â€oestep outside†the structured process and initiate an â€oead hoc collaboration†(Kemsley, 2010.

users tend to migrate†in often unpredictable ways†to new tools, and the reasons for content contribution are highly diverse (Quan-Haase, 2007).

A lack of responsiveness from users can undermine the successful implementa-tion of SM. It can be brought about by unclear expectations (regarding both the purpose and use of SM as well as project execution) and also by a lack of motivation.

Other users are included in the process itself, since they are aware of the project activities

the most affluent contributors being ranked as top users. The use of SM in execution of business processes can bring about organizational changes as well.

The already existing involvement of users in SM can simplify data contribution. Including SM in the monitoring process provides stakeholders throughout the organization with a chance to contribute

to user needs, often designed by users themselves and allow many types of content to evolve through a wide variety of collaborative processes (Von Krogh, 2012).

SM can be used to involve active participation in the process improvement phase, since customers and business partners can submit

Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53 (1), 59†68.

They back up a process innovation initiative by the changed capabilities of a new system component to achieve increased acceptance of The Role of Enterprise Systems in Process Innovation 77 changing routines by the end user.

The capabilities of smartphones exhibit a dramatic increase compared to traditional feature phones due to (1) the user friendly human-machine interface design;(

The program produced strong intellectual properties for understanding user driving behaviours (Desyllas & Sako, 2013.

and recognition by the users. The measurement probe may be fixed a installation in the vehicle, semi-fixed installation using the power and data outlets,

The vendor tested it with different invited user groups and continuously refined the usecases of the solution.

e g. the end user has bought a new car or that the end user is at the end of his/her policy period

and is actively searching for a better insurance product. The end user can call the insurer,

get an outbound call from the insurer, request a quotation via the insurer web-site, or visit an insurance broker to get quotes from several insurers.

and type of car that the end user wants to insure. The next activity is to send the quote to the end user;

if the end-user accepts the conditions in the quotation, then an invoice is sent. When the invoice is paid,

the insurer has few interaction points with the end user and each interaction point has related costs, e g. call-centre costs, human cost,

the To-Be process (Fig. 4) differs from the As-Is by engaging end users (Car Drivers) in a novel way.

This was done to enable the end users (car drivers) to invite other end users whom they considered to be safe and ecological drivers,

Therefore, more end users joined the campaign and met the challenges of qualifying for the UBI car-insurance product.

In this activity of the To-Be process the end user received feedback from his/her smartphone on driving behaviour after each drive (see Fig. 2). The feedback consisted of scores 0†100 based on braking, acceleration and speeding behaviour,

for usability reasons, these parameters were presented not to the end user in the feedback and scoring.

Another feature of the solution that was shown not to end users was the Movelo real time feedback interface,

If real-time feedback is to be presented to end users, the smartphone should be mounted on the dash board,

which results in extra costs for end users. Thus the feedback during the driving was passive,

The end user took a picture of his/her odometer when starting the qualification, and made a new picture when finishing the qualification.

with the distances that the user had the If Safedrive application running while driving. In the smartphone solution one can set up an auto-start function,

thus the end users can have the application start by itself when driving. Driving behaviour parameters were measured by advanced signal-processing algorithms,

more and more end users will adopt the new insurance product based on their driving behaviours, i e. insurance telematics.

1) the To-Be process would save costs with regard to contact end users and communicate with drivers;

In total, some 1, 000 registered users were involved in the test. The pilot generated in total big data containing 4, 500 driving hours and 250,000 km road vehicle traffic data (Haâ ndel et al.

000 signed users in the first 48 h when the campaign was launched, and large majority of the users recommended the smartphone application to friends,

it failed to recruit the desired amount of new customers. Most of the users were already customers of If P & C. However,

the If Safedrive application created much attention among end users. During the first 48 h after the application was released on Appstore,

the If Safedrive application was ranked at number 8 of the downloaded applications within its category in Sweden.

since the interactions occur every time the users drive. Risk assessment Age, postal code, number of years of driving, gender, car type, previous insurance records/claims Driving behaviour (breaking, acceleration, speeding

and violating privacy issues in implementing the telematics to analyse end user driving behaviours. For instance, they criticized that â€oethe insurance industry†s hunger to chart customers in real-time may prove larger than Facebook and Google†(Computersweden, 2013.

Once the end users qualified as safe drivers, they were offered a new insurance product based on their driving behaviours,

and to guide users towards â€oebetter†processes. Dozens (if not hundreds) of process-mining techniques are available

and/or user id). Definition 3 shows that this assumption allows us to reconstruct the state of the database system after each event, i e.,

and to guide users towards â€oebetter†processes. Dozens (if not hundreds) of process-mining techniques are available

Most digital infrastructures provide platforms that connect a multitude of users who are geographically and temporally dispersed.

Modern digital infrastructures often provide not only facts about behaviors on these platforms or access to other resources and users,

and tell the user what is the impact of a given action on the probability that the case at hand will fail to fulfill the relevant performance objectives or compliance rules.

versus those that had led to complaints by users (anomalous cases). The team defined a number of features to distinguish between normal and anomalous complaints,

in that they allow users to identify a violation only after it has occurred rather than supporting them in preventing such violations in the first place.

a user specifies a business goal in the form of business rules. 2 Based on an analysis of execution traces,

the idea of predictive monitoring is to continuously provide the user with estimations of the likelihood of achieving each business goal for a given case.

2013), we have put forward a specific framework for predictive monitoring aimed at generating predictions at runtime based on user-defined business goals.

and more user friendly tool support that allows them to readily apply these techniques on potentially large and complex business process execution logs.

Interviews with domain experts or potential model users can give guidance concerning the requirements that the reference model should fulfil. •Literature review:

Instead, these have to be negotiated in a discourse between the model developers, the users and the evaluators.

and to prompt users to fix them. 3. 2 Use a Glossary As naming conventions only refer to standardizing the grammatical part,

The simplest solution would be to not allow users to type in textual descriptions into activities

This solution is most transparent to the user and provides him with an overview of existing terms,

A user could be allowed to type in natural language text, as he would do if there were no controlled vocabulary.

which better describes the fluid manner of interaction between developers and users of information services.

) Unfortunately, current information systems do not offer support towards making the users aware of their role in the success of the organization†s strategy.

We define strategy awareness as an information system†s capacity to influence users to work towards the strategic priorities of the organization.

We call a strategic recommendation any information that helps the user take decisions and perform activities in align-ment with the strategic priorities of the organization.

a strategic recommendation would be advice to the user telling him whether he should or should not proceed with a path that involves such expenses.

and present to the user recommendations about how to perform their job in alignment with the organ-ization†s priorities.

and strategic recommendations are compiled to inform the user about the strategic requirements of his work.

1) the user application services;(2) a context acquisition and reasoning module; and (3) an adaptation mechanism.

and provide services to the user in a way that is optimized to the current context of use. On the basis of these concepts, we design four main modules that compose an SA-BPM system†s architecture:(

and interacts with the user. The other modules communicate with the BPM engine to 236 C a. L. Oliveira et al. implement the strategy-related features.

such as, strategic recommendations that should be presented to the user during the execution of that instance of the process. 3. 2. 2 Strategic Adapters The Strategic Adapters

A third adapter may give the user a recommendation to avoid printing a document when a digital copy is available

and decide which information should be shown to the user. The advantage of this approach is that the company can build adapters using the same knowledge that is used to design a regular business process. 3. 2. 3 Strategic Adaptation Agent The Adaptation Agent is the module responsible for monitoring the execution

To show the strategic recommendations to the user, the Adaptation Agent also affects the user interface of the BPM system to enrich the user†s experience.

All recommendations stored in the context of the process instance are made available to the user,

so that he can become aware of them and perform the activities in accordance. The information shown to the user includes also the connections between the work products generated by the activity

and all elements of the results-chain that are affected, their corresponding performance indicators and targets,

these activities are communicated to the user, as usual in any regular business process. As soon as all adapters have concluded their execution

During this process, the Agent changes the user interface so that the user can become aware of the execution of these adapters

and of the strategic recommendations computed by them. The Bonita BPM€ s interface enriched by ROSAS with strategic recommendations is illustrated in Fig. 3. This picture shows a typical input form shown by Bonita BPM during the execution of a process.

When the users execute the process, the visual feedback given by ROSAS helps them recognize changes in the Fig. 3 Bonita BPM interface enriched by ROSAS to display strategic recommendations Implementing a Digital Strategy through Business Process Management 239 priorities

If the user is not aware of the trade-offs involved and the objectives of the organization,

it requests the user to estimate the freight tariffs for external carriers. As soon as the employee has gathered this information and input into the system

a decision algorithm is employed automatically to determine the recommended path to be followed by the user.

Truck assigned to shipment schedule Text shown to the user: â€oeplease, avoid contracting an external carrier for these packages,

External carrier contracted to perform shipment Text shown to the user: â€oeplease, contract an external carrier to deliver these orders,

thus, are affected by the decision that the user is going to make at this moment. Through the SA-BPM system, the user becomes aware of the relevance of the activity he is executing and of

what he should do to contribute to the success of the strategy. Strategy Success Improved competitiveness in the cost leadership segment Increased market presence Improved operational efficiency Improved distribution agility and efficiency Reduced delivery cost

Notice that, in this case, the user needs to balance the trade-offs between cost reduction and financial stability

Should the user prefer one to the other? What is more important for the company? In SA-BPM, all information necessary to help the user in taking a decision that affects the strategic performance of the company must be made accessible to him.

In the situation of a conflict between recommendations, the system must rank the recommendations according to the company†s priorities at the time.

the recommendations can be shown to the user together with their ranks. So, the user can know that, for instance,

the financial stability of the company is in a critical situation and that this much more important than reducing the cost of deliveryâ€

which are captured by user â€oemeyer13†must be checked. Thus, in a second step, a compliance officer has to define a corresponding reference control.

if the user â€oemeyer13†captures an invoice with an amount over 5, 000 â, the reference control will automatically be integrated as a sub-process called â€oecontrol†shown in Fig. 8,

It is driven user in order to turn fans and followers into customers and even advocates of a brand.

She is an expert on issues of user acceptance and evaluation of mobile services. Her research interests include social/mobile services, business process management, business-IT alignment, IT Governance, e-government,

A further increasingly important source is the consumer or user. Users and consumers are playing a growing role in innovation, for example in helping to test new products.

New ICT in particular helps users and consumers to input into decision making about product design. The key consequences are increased the importance of collaboration and the opening of innovation to SMES.

It implies however, the need for better insertion of new and small firms in knowledge networks, in turn requiring both connections with other players

The DUI mode, on the other hand, is driven a user approach that relies on experienced-based know-how and informal processes of adaptive learning.

and by closer interaction with users of products and services outside the organisation. The result is localised innovation with usability in addressing problems faced by the firm.

+++II High-quality IP systems+o o o III Support standards 0---IV User innovation---Interaction policy V Develop skills o+o

Nor is it a user-centred approach, because the customers were not able to envisage that the properties of a functional quilt such as TEMPRAKON could actually benefit their ability to sleep well.

and so on in combination with identifying several problems and needs bicycle users and value chain partners †experience.

It is a consortium of architects, manufacturers, professional organizations, user groups, social representatives, and teaching institutions that created a totally new concept for the patient hospital room:

but also easy to read for both professional and ordinary users. The liquid is used also in aviation

and needs of bicycle users and value chain partners. To support these explorations, Curana had to understand how to manage design and innovation.

however, that many professional users did not trust the barometers they used. Applications for airports, blood testing, treating lung patients,

users can fry several foods at once without mixing their flavors†no one wants their apple fritters tasting like halibut

The Strada radiator had a panel on top of the radiator that users sometimes had to remove to clean the battery

It also was user friendly by concealing hot parts so children would not burn themselves if they were playing with it.

Universities, research labs, crowds of experts, lead users, and knowledge brokers are just a few examples of potential external sources of kn owledge.

which the consumer placed the fries and a simple user interface. 84 Godwin Zwanenburg, director lead of Kitchen appliances and part of Philips Consumer Lifestyle, remarked that within big companies it is difficult to develop new,

as if the user is at sea level. The effective air pressure is measured not, but the air pressure in relation to 0 metres is measured.

The idea was to build a better way to recommend movies to its users than its own software.

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