Innovation users or groups representing demand-side perspectives and consumers, relevant non -profit organisations representing citizens
synthetic knowledge/applied research (user-driven approach), emphasising product and process innovations; and 2) the'DUI'(Doing,
and symbolic knowledge (market/user-driven), emphasising competence building and organisational innovations. 25 With respect to policy areas and organisations involved, the above wide view means that several
demand-side perspectives, embodied in innovation-user or interest groups of consumers, are represented along with intermediaries who offer a knowledge-based
innovation users, obtaining what is called a quadruple helix. 27 This is the necessary organisational counterpart of an open and user-centred innovation policy,
because it allows for a greater focus on understanding latent consumer needs, and more direct involvement of users in
various stages of the innovation process. RIS3 processes can develop environments which both support and utilise user-centred innovation activities also with the aim of securing better
conditions to commercialise R&d efforts The quadruple helix allows for a variety of innovations other than the ones strongly based on
Technologies and better involving user communities •Promote cluster management excellence by using the European Cluster
'by engaging user groups or at least by looking on innovations from the perspectives of user groups
the strengths and weaknesses of the eco-innovation system could be identified and addressed Barriers and challenges
needs of the industrial users, i e. large amounts †not lab scale â€, faster results
for smart specialisation, in particular for improving access to industrial users and in the context of industrial clusters
a) feature as horizontal measures such as application-driven research and user -driven innovation and, adoption of ICT including ICT-based solutions in all
on industry users from various industrial value chains, including suppliers and downstream sectors. KETS can spur innovation,
be put on the promotion allowing new potential users to become familiar with this innovative way of financing
new and better quality services that respond not only to the users'evolving needs and expectations but also to budget constraints
applying the concept of user-driven innovation in Living Labs and in a number of
The implication of users and of citizens in the whole process from conception and development down to
risk assessment, market study, user involvement, Intellectual Property (IP) management innovation strategy development, partner search, feasibility of concept and the like to
user groups. If we look to the future, without improvements in efficiency, water demand is projected to overshoot supply by 40
identification of the most suitable waste container location and improve its utilisation by users. By including
and a group of End users The project Lotus has received a â 3. 1 million contribution from the EU 7th Framework programme
and even users provide content, applications, and services, thereby increasing the value of their technologies. 1 This report,
robust, accessible and affordable connectivity network, technical literacy, skilled users and support systems functional markets, and supportive regulatory and policy frameworks
Mobile telecommunications took 20 years to reach one billion users, but only three years to reach two billion
and others †including users themselves †can also be sources of innovation, either adding
Google†s users †made up of connectors, mavens, and salesmen, to use Gladwell†s typology †applied
For instance, mobile telephony, on its own, brings a host of potential benefits for users: it can substitute for
increase revenue per user While Globe Telecom in the Philippines has entered the m-transactions arena on its own,
and recruit new users in low-income areas. 46 BOX 3 ICT FIRMS€ PHILANTHROPIC ARMS TAKE BUSINESS-BASED SME DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
to the end user rests on systemic, environmental factors such as the availability of affordable, consistent power
and †thanks to the network effect †users themselves The second challenge is business model innovation and implementation.
top-down creation with little collaboration, especially involving users; an over-reliance on the THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity18
Helping to grow the number of technology users †regardless of which technologies they are using †lays the groundwork for firms†own individual future
information and communications technologies enable a widerange of economic opportunity benefits for users. Technological innovation is a key piece of the
The average revenue per user for SMART MONEY users was approximately double that of non-users
In an interview, SMART Communications†chief executive cited two initial hurdles the company faced in getting
users don†t have to be Microsoft developers It is important to emphasize that, even in emerging market countries such as Nigeria, South africa, and Rwanda
numbers of users and the activities they engage in; whether they get jobs or start their own
Once a user has found a job, Microsoft generally considers its work done and does not track that person further
Alternatively, if a user starts his or her own business, Microsoft moves that person as quickly as possible to the
One preliminary indicator of value to the user is the â€oebest in class†ranking the Toolkit has received
intended users. In response, the partners plan to develop alternate means of access, such as mobile phones
based on user feedback. 85 36 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity
The systems developed will offer users the capability to report at different levels and in different time frames †multiple companies, for example in a
-tence of lead users in an established industry, which played a particular important role in
not only users of e-business themselves, but, in a way, provider of e-services. In all cases, e
à Advanced ICT users are more likely to have outsourced business activities à The intensity of ICT usage and the level of
as †unfortunately†it is understood not well by many users of data However, weighting is necessary,
system that will offer users anywhere in the world"near pinpoint"geographic positioning. The Galileo satellite system will be operational from 2010
or being warned about congestion ahead, before the user get caught up in it There is no doubt that the ICT is playing also an important enabling role in logistics.
part of a company's Intranet that is extended to users outside the company. As such both can be regarded as a next step in the use of the internal computer network as e
voice and data, especially where users have existing underutilised network capacity that can carry Voip at no additional cost.
the Voip user A major development starting in 2004 has been the introduction of mass-market Voip
hand, ICT user skills as the â€oecapabilities required for effective application of ICT systems and devices by the individual.
ICT users apply systems as tools in support of their own work, which is, in most cases, not ICT.
User skills cover the utilisation of common generic software tools and the use of specialised tools supporting business functions within
intelligence and skills of ICT users determines the positive or negative impact that ICT investments may have on the success of the TLS business (see Section 4. 1
variety of user interfaces and service delivery platforms. This limited content and lack of standardisation have been major limiting factors in their attraction
to users, inhibiting the wider spread of useful, real-time location-based information services Participants in the IST-funded IM@GINE-IT project (www. imagineit-eu. com
take account of the personal preferences of the user. IM@GINE-IT will end in June 2006, having built defined system architecture, a data management
The system has been tested by around 100 users at five European sites in Finland, Germany, Italy, Greece and Hungary
This permits users to use, change and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form.
and often compared to user generated content. The cost of immediate acquisition to the end-user is usually minimal
The complete user interface is based browser i e. it uses the common web browsers. This allows for the use of existing network
involves the user's secret or private key, and another key for verifying a digital signature
which involves the user's public key. The output of the signature process is called the"digital signatureâ€.
RFID users applying it for a given purpose 82 36 29 77 0 20 40 60 80
and its users to create a document or capture a hard copy in electronic form, store, edit,
highlights the difficulties faced in the adoption of the solution by the end users 3. 5 e-Procurement and Supply Chain Integration
dedicated login and password for each user. The service has been a success on the E-business in the transport & logistics industry
of affected user groups. Private actors involved in freight transport include shippers transport operators, logistics service providers, receivers (shop owners), vehicle
Studies on the impact of ICT confirm productivity increasing effects in both the user sectors and in the ICT producing sectors (Oliner and Sichel, 2000.
Public Administrations and final users Year of foundation: 1942 Turnover in last financial year (â: 28 â million
challenges was actually the adoption process by the users. Once the information system was accepted internally and users were accustomed to work with it, the positive effects
became visible almost immediately. The information system led to reduced human errors in information processing, as former manual processes could be automated.
The training deployed to the 32 users of the solution lasted two days and was performed
Two specific interfaces where users enter with a login and passwords exist: one interface for the warehouse and another one for the transportation, logistics, commercial activities
and takes into account the specific needs and feedback of the users The integrated design tool allows AIT to define tailored document formats which improves
It is important to highlight that the adoption of the new solution by the different users
some users, the new solution added lots of value. This is the case for the operators, who
Another reason for the good user adoption of the solution might also be the fact that the
Administration, final users and companies Year of foundation: 1728 Turnover in last financial year (â: 365 â million
internet sales currently represent 20%of total ticket sales (final users and travel agencies), and the mobile phone sales represent 1%of ticket sales
improve the user experience with the transport services (convenience, comfort and economy The resource planning system has helped ALSA to reduce costs of â 4-5 million
involvement of the users, i e. the workers. The planning tool is adopted highly in the company, and it has a lot of users.
As the planning tool contains several possibilities and functions, it requires a trained and skilled worker to use it correctly.
are crucial to prepare the users for the new tools The resource planning system also represents one of the big challenges in the process of
The tools require the feedback from users, and the intermediate managers need a more professional profile to forecast different scenarios
end users faced during the adoption process Case study fact sheet Full name of the company: CEMAT
employees following the implementation of the solution contributed to this good user adoption The feedback from CFR employees and CFR customers about the solution is very
dedicated login and password for each user SNCF Fret customers can now log on to a Web platform that allows them to access the
With system-directed operations available to the users supervisory intervention is held to a minimum. Much of the decision making
user profile and location within the facility. Managers have more time to make higher level decisions
online the whole time and the user can know where the train is at any time.
which disables users from carrying out work for customers who have a bad credit record 5. 9. 3 Impact
All users of †Truck Business†can see the status of jobs, loads trucks at any time allowing better communication and discussion for improving
Security requirements include user identification and password The typical process is as follows: when a shipment is produced,
information service provider due to the fact that users can compare different transportation modes on Trafikantens Website
dialogue-oriented user menu on a WAP-compatible mobile phone (Wireless Application Protocol Another important benefit results from the traffic signal priority system allowing to improve
The different users get an address and login and can access the solution via the Internet.
a user society was formed,@FRIDA, which now manages the development of the system. Members of the group jointly decide about new
SLTF has the role as administrator of the user society@FRIDA FRIDA is used by the greater part of the organising authorities in Sweden today and the
user society@FRIDA has prepared a standard for vehicle information, which is being used in a way that makes it possible for SLTF to compile national data about the vehicles
About 100 users are connected per region to the system. Since all regions use the system in Sweden comparisons between
â€oeanomalies†on the user interface. This allows the region to directly get in contact with the operator.
the solution as well as in depth user involvement during the whole development of the system The FRIDA tool is very flexible and modular allowing being extended to match the
This is why a specific user group has been set up for FRIDA called@FRIDA, composed E-business in the transport & logistics industry
work well, are user -E-business in the transport & logistics industry 191 friendly, easy to upgrade
Ultimately, ICT should enable users to better manage their health and lifestyle, with improved quality of services and reduced healthcare costs
to manage issues such as integration, patients†involvement and user perceptions, as well as transferability of knowledge and results pooled by the project to other regions in Europe
The attitude of the end user is key to allow the diffusion of telehealth services. The
and help build confidence in the users and overcome the barriers to their full acceptance of the new systems
professionals and users to deploy ICT more widely in areas that will allow people to
Europe (end users, public authorities, industry, healthcare professionals and others cooperate on concrete actions to improve older people†s quality of life,
is designed also to keep users socially engaged via video, sensors, and mobile communications The services were tested in six pilot sites across Europe over the last 24 months of
resulting in new user-driven innovations. The project succeeded in creating an innovative Living Lab structure to produce better
The developed system was tested in field trials with users in Belgium, The netherlands and Germany in the period 2011 †2012 to evaluate the user friendliness of the
system, as well as the impact of the system on the quality of life of the elderly people with chronic disabilities and their caregivers
The Excite project has evaluated user requirements for robotic solutions employing the Giraff platform, a mobile telepresence device that connects the person in the
•A safety-oriented framework derived through extensive usability and user acceptance •Mechanisms to enable the robot to be operated tele,
developers and users Some of the solutions presented above give an idea of the extent to which robotics
The project†s methodology is to involve the end users †the elderly and their caregivers †in
far generated by cyclic on site user validations on a pan-European scale. The longitudinal
UK and France, reaching more than 1750 users as well as successfully serviced outside of the project†s framework in
several user trials in different sites throughout Europe The project also resulted in a comprehensive rehabilitation programme that can be
detection and prevention, targeting elderly users living independently at home. The usability, accessibility and acceptability of the final prototype have been tested with
and issue warnings for the users, reducing the burden of the assistance for the former
users/patients across different countries, cultures, age groups and fall risk factors Going beyond the pilot schemes, a group of 30 consortia, members of the
The GUIDE (â€oegentle user interfaces for elderly peopleâ€) project is creating a software framework and design tools which allow developers to efficiently integrate accessibility
services can automatically adapt their user interface to the specific impairments and preferences of elderly users.
The project is now (Autumn 2012) entering its validation phase and the software framework is being showcased at events around Europe such
next-generation user interface technologies, such as gesture interaction, voice control avatars, second screen multi-touch devices and gyroscopic remote controls
GUIDE puts a dedicated focus on the emerging Web & TV platforms and services (Connected TVS, Set-Top Boxes, etc..
The objective is to empower users to actively contribute to the production of egovernment services or even policy-making.
user friendly way PEPPOL and Openpeppol The PEPPOL project allows any company in the EU to communicate electronically with any
•User identification and authentication •Provision of supporting electronic documents •Syndication of data and edirectories
The project addresses the specific topic of immigration, giving users the opportunity to contribute to policy drafting
Users can compare graphically their views on immigration with national and EU immigration policies, as well as with the opinions of relevant stakeholders.
for Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain, where the users can refer to their national language
non-user friendly manner. The OASIS project (2012-2015) will facilitate this search by grouping online services in a unified portal, using cloud architecture and following
a user-centric approach. It will also help public administrations to make better use of customer and businesses information and better adapt public e-services to the
accessible, user friendly, efficient and less expensive for the taxpayer 33 Living in a secure and
Only 12%of European web users feel completely safe making online transactions. 38%of users had concerns with the
safety of online payments and have changed their behaviour because of concerns with security issues: 18%are less likely to buy goods online and 15%are less likely
electronic transaction in the internal market to boost the user convenience trust and confidence in the digital world
or identify a user have not been designed to respect the users†privacy. They reveal the identity of the holder even though the
Today, tens of millions of users rely on the internet to do business and access a wide
Users are likely to unknowingly invoke underlying services in a dynamic and ad hoc manner. Moving from today†s static
Thus, the applications that end users see may be composed of multiple services from many different providers. The consequence is that the end user may have little
guarantee that a particular service or service supplier will actually offer the security claimed The ANIKETOS project will help to establish and maintain
The project is addressed to all service users, developers and suppliers. It will •provide solutions for security engineering
which makes users become aware of the power consumption of their home appliances in real time, with the overall target of
environment for users to gain awareness, understanding and experience associated with energy saving attitudes. The main objective of SAVE
ENERGY is to make use of ICT to transform the behaviour of users Beaware Energy Life is equipped with ambient interfaces allowing measurement of energy
consumption of home appliances, helping users to monitor their consumption via mobile phones and adopt energy-saving behaviours.
safety for all road users, reduced congestion and shorter and more predictable journey times, is possible.
improve over the coming years in terms of visual quality, more user friendly systems, and distributed modes, the latter enabling participation in such conferencing from one†s computer as
Private car users Public transport users Freight transport users Drivers†behavior: route selection, driving speed reaction in driving, reduction of driving tasks
Passenger behavior in public transport: mode choice and route selection Quick first aid after accident Freight: routing and load matching
Layer 3. Vehicles moving through the system Trains, cars, busses, vans bikes, vessels, etc Owners of private vehicles
system,(1) high costs for users and operators compared with the perceived benefits,(2) risk of
applications less expensive for users, need to focus on those applications that don†t suffer from
As of 2006, more than 170,000 users were accessing the portal every month. More than 86,000 citizens and 4, 000 healthcare professionals are able to access the portal with
taking into account user needs and addressing societal and ethical concerns. In this paper, we focus on ICT innovations related to home healthcare domain, in
user friendly access control 1 Introduction The high bandwidth connectivity provided by the Internet enables new services to
-cy, and transparency, where users can make informed decisions whether to trust a service and can control the usage of their personal information
patient compliance, reliability of information in healthcare, and user friendly access control. The paper discusses the existing proposals in these areas
It also means that they should be driven by user needs (not by technology), tak -ing into consideration economic, societal and environmental sustainability.
Indeed, trust is a prerequisite for the acceptance of these services by end users Trust establishment is crucial for physicians
vital sign of a registered user is measured (not of his friends/children), that the meas
However, they do not provide the user with means to control or even know how a service provider will actually use their personal information.
have mechanisms in place that allow users to make an informed decision to trust a service provider on the basis of facts, such as reputation and security attributes
These techniques allow users and service providers to trust each other and to benefit from these new services
other users of measured home healthcare information to easily determine the trustwor -thiness of the information and patient compliance.
user friendly technologies which will allow patients to control the processing and sharing of their information.
4. 3 User friendly advanced access control Healthcare services deal with very personal and sensitive information. The protection
The last years have seen an increasing interest in the development of user friendly privacy management and access control systems.
designed platforms which allow users to set their privacy and access control policies One example is Google dashboard privacy tool,
-plays to users what information about them is stored and who can access it. Similarly social networks such as Facebook let users restrict
or grant access to other users or groups on their data (e g.,, wall posts, photos.
Although these proposals provide a simple and straightforward solution, they neither allow users to understand the effect
of the specified policies nor ensure secure access control Therefore, a need for more flexible yet friendly privacy management exists.
-posure of user data to the network. Pearson et al. 35 propose a client privacy man
user â€oepersonasâ€. Although these proposals increase usability and flexibility, they do not provide users with the overview of the effect of the specified policy
In conclusion, although several studies on access control have been carried out, no comprehensive studies on user friendly access control for healthcare exist.
The chal -lenge is to define a novel access control model which guarantees an appropriate level
of security and allows users to specify the policies regulating the exposure of their 4 http://code. w3. org/privacy-dashboard/wiki
not only allow users to define access rules to their data but also support them in â€oevisualizing†the effect of the defined access con
The design of a user friendly access control model demands to conceptually divide the access control model in two layers:
-ping of high-level policies (specified by users) into enforceable policies can be achieved, for instance by enabling semantic interoperability between high level de
-eration of enforceable policies from the high-level policies specified by users. As a result, enforceable policies can be dynamically customizable with respect to user
preferences 5 Conclusions The growth of the Internet and ICT technologies had a large impact on modern
-bility of information in healthcare, and user friendly access control Acknowledgements. This work has been done in the context of the THECS project
Approach and User Driven Concepts of the PICOS Project. In: Security and Privacy †Silver linings in the Cloud.
The Role of User Firms in Japan and Korea. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers 15 Lehtimaki, A. 1991.
Under pressure, vendors and users as well as international standards organisations, have started also to collaborate more openly in the development and progression of standards
a key factor in winning user acceptance Although there are limits to the generalisation of results, the case studies
referring physicians deemed to be high users of the system. The survey was completed by 78 radiologists (43.1%response rate) and 181 referring physicians (17.6%response rate
While users have complained long about the situation, few appear to be willing to pay more for what many feel should somehow be a standard
Under pressure, vendors and users as well as international standards organisations have started nonetheless to collaborate more openly in the
were developed through a voluntary industry and user-driven process. In both cases, health professionals and technology manufacturers collaborated in
availability for use by all interested stakeholders (users, vendors; and the high level of access to its specifications for ready promulgation in a variety of hardware
obvious to users, and must be high on the list of information that patients are
market stimuli to persuade users to change their behaviour. They also may involve using disincentives,
had a significant effect on user acceptance. Direct and indirect monetary incentives have expedited the chronic disease management (CDM
fail to become meaningful users, whether or not they avail themselves of the purchase-support incentive
Case study Users Individual patients Society Payer E-Messaging Western Australia Neutral /Favourable physicians allied health
The user base has been steadily growing. In 2009 the network had over 5 700 users registered in the system from across 30 Australian regions.
In addition, in 2009 the GSHMN entered into partnership with private sector GSHMN charges GPS and Specialists AUD 750 (USD 696) per user
per year for the use of the full clinical patient management functionality Allied Health and GPS just using the messaging functionality pay AUD 250
USD 232) per user per year. An additional fee of AUD 200 (USD 185 per user per year is charged for the license,
and the use of the clinical databases. Physicians†costs are more than offset by the Australian
increasing user-base, the sustainability and costing model put forward seem to have met the necessary objectives
increases the confidence of users that the purchased systems will indeed provide required capabilities (e g. ensuring security and confidentiality
certified EHRS are neither user friendly nor designed to meet ARRA€ s ambitious goal of improving quality and efficiency in the health care system
the importance of consulting users and identifying key concerns to improve the implementation process. The MAEHC case study interviews indicated
â€oeintention to adopt†addresses the propensity of users to adopt these applications in their clinical work,
on â€oepurpose of use and user satisfaction†reflects the intensity of ICT-related activities and can inform specific policy and institutional questions
the survey can be designed to meet the specific needs of the user, in this case, health care policy makers.
•Measure something of obvious value to users and decision makers •Be clearly definable, simple to understand
instance, user satisfaction, is important to address key policy questions such as the need to provide any additional financial incentives or technical support
accessible to the relevant users †not only policy makers, but also health care providers, and analysts and researchers, who serve as important intermediaries
•Link of indicators to user needs: the model survey reflects common elements of national ICT usage that in turn are guided by national policy priorities
and timesavings are the features most appreciated by users today Determinants of success Apoteket†s monopoly position and state-ownership
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