Synopsis: Entrepreneurship:

innovative enterprises collaborating with others and the number of public †private co-publications Furthermore, the study looks for qualitative evidence in secondary sources and highlights some important

or cluster serving the local economy and society, if local and regional authorities implement smart specialisation strategies to

Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban planning policies (Goddard and Puukka 2008)- should have public funding streams

specific initiatives ranging from training opportunities, small loans and direct services to Vol. 4 â Issue 2 â 2012

such as public incubators and science parks (Fini et al. 2011), that create a supportive environment and thus facilitate university †industry interactions

Third, universities, business and governments should meet together within regional bodies and foster the dialogue with regional governance institutions, such as regional

economic entities, commoditised knowledge producers, shapers of human capital and institutional actors in networks. The first two functions focus on universities†direct

providers in university †industry linkages and incubators for academic spin-offs, a relatively new route for commercialisation of academic inventions.

environments on activities which benefit both regional partners whilst strengthening universities†own core activities (Benneworth, 2010.

the percent of innovative enterprises collaborating with others for innovation measures the flow of knowledge between public research institutions and

with the highest scores for the percent of innovative enterprises engaged in collaboration The Vlaams Gewst (BE2) region in Belgium is the absolute leader in this group,

The Capital Region Growth Forum in Hovedstaden (2007-2020) is the most important regional body for innovation and

Construction, CIBIT Accelerator etc. Regional Innovation Monitor: Denmark, 2012 A lot of literature has also been devoted to highlighting the merits of a very successful

à resund Food Network, Medicon Valley Academy, à resund Environment Academy à resund Design, à resund IT academy etc.

information and communication, commercialization of research and innovation As for Sweden, there are four regions under review,

capacity in terms of economic growth and renewal. Many of the new policies are concentrated on so called strategic action plans †Regional Growth Programmes

1000 for †profit companies were involved, 55 new products were developed, 25 start-ups companies were set up and all

regional stakeholders. For example, Innovation Power STHLM (2011-2012) is a project whose aim is to make a functional analysis of the innovative structure of Stockholm and

in Innovative Environments) is aimed at prioritizing regional development initiatives for existing innovation systems, with a focus on cooperation between incubators and the

region†s universities (Regional Innovation Monitor: Sweden, 2012. Finally, the Knowledge Navigator programme in Stockholm (2008 †2011/2012) involves different

innovation infrastructures (incubators), cluster initiatives and co-financing of federal programmes. Currently, there are more than 100 incubators (â€oeimpulszentrenâ€) and

20 technology parks throughout the country, more than 40 cluster initiatives linking companies and research institutions around thematic priorities (e g. automotive suppliers

environment, energy use and risk prevention. Similarly, the regional action plan drafted by the state government of Burgenland-Innovation Offensive Burgenland-comprises

initializing funding measures for firms'R&d activities, fostering advisory services and establishing agency infrastructures (eg. the Business & Innovation Centre) and

the knowledge based economy, Integrative city development and Technical support. It should be noted here that The City of Vienna encourages application-oriented research

that offers incentives to enterprises to purchase services from knowledge institutes to improve innovation processes, the Business to Science Portal initiative through which

evidence that the knowledge diffusion from universities to enterprises isn†t functioning optimally yet (Erawatch country profile:

service innovation in one or several important areas of the regional economy or in developing cross-sectoral approaches (EC COM 2010/553

and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 945†974 European commission (2010: Regional Policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020.

an overview of the opportunities and challenges. Higher education Management and Policy 20 (2): 3-33

European commission, DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels. Available from http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ris-2012 en. pdf

Melin G.,Fridholm, T.,HÃ¥KANSSON A.,Jansson, T.,Stern P, . and N. Thorell (2012): Erawatch

The Role of Universities in Innovation Systems and Regional Economies Expert meeting on â€oethe future of academic researchâ€, Vienna University of Economics and

Business Administration, 19-20 october 2006 Vol. 4 â Issue 2 â 2012 54 Appendix 1

I. Proportion of Product and Process Innovation (enterprises...14 II. TOTAL INNOVATION EXPENDITURES (2010)..15

enterprises (2010)..6 Table 2: Proportion of total expenditures on innovation by SMES and large firms (2010) 7

Innovation is arguably one of the main drivers of economic growth and the capacity to innovate among the most important factors enhancing competitiveness on a global scale

series of framework conditions which enable firms to pursue the necessary investments in R&d and enhance the knowledge content of the product

and services delivered and hence their productivity Recent literature suggest that European SMES have increased their share of absolute

and will investigate investments associated to innovation; expenditures in R&d both internal and external to the firm;

enterprises cooperation active engaging in product and process innovation. The tables and figures below are sourced from Eurostat available aggregates of the last edition of

process innovative enterprises engaged in cooperation divided by size class. As the table shows, small and medium enterprises cooperate on innovation in about the 34 per cent

of cases (EU-27 average. In 13 countries SMES were innovative and cooperating as much on product and process innovation as large firms.

innovative enterprises (2010 COUNTRY SMES LARGE Austria 0, 4708 0, 5531 Belgium 0, 4747 0, 4692

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Overall, recent empirical findings show that the environment for innovation has changed

with the importance of new and small firms to the innovation process has increased However such improvement is balanced by an uneven distribution of small firm

As such, they consider all the investments associated to: R&d; acquisition of advanced machinery, equipment and software for innovation;

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR In a study employing Community Innovation Survey data over 16 countries, Holzl (2009

investments purely associated to technological innovation The tables distinguish between intramural and extramural R&d. The former defined as all

creative work undertaken within the enterprise that increases knowledge for developing new and improved goods or services and processes,

and the latter considering the same activities as above, but performed by other companies, including other businesses within

enterprise In 2010, the EU-25 average proportion of intramural R&d expenditures by SMES was

around the 35 per cent and the countries with a higher quota of SME investment in

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Finally, the last table looks at the proportion of R&d expenditures from companies

outside the enterprise. The average level of outsourced investment for SMES was slightly lower than the average internal expenditures:

32 per cent (against 35 per cent suggesting that SMES mildly tend to carry their R&d in house rather than purchasing it

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Although increasing institutional efforts to harmonize data for the understanding of the

along with investment in equipment, enhances the likelihood of having both process and product innovation. Both these kinds of

) These results hold across four large EU economies with a high SMES intensity such as Italy, France, Germany, Spain and UK (Griffith et al. 2006

In the previous section we looked at key innovation inputs such as broad investments associated to innovation and expenditures in R&d;

of the proportion of enterprises engaging in product and process innovation Despite our analysis was bounded by data availability,

and opportunities to innovate Allman Et al. 2011 In particular, key enablers of the innovation process rest on the interplay between

human capital, infrastructures, access to finance and knowledge exchange between public research base and entrepreneurs

Research into human capital has suggested that innovation-driven growth in small and medium sized firms is fostered by a broad range of capabilities both managerial and

Human and social capital in turn also activate networking opportunities and increase firms†absorptive capacities, defined as the capacity of make use of external

stimulating trade and competition; an increasing communication and digitalization accessibility; as well as smooth lending technologies augmenting credit availability are

all historically tested keys to pursue the expansion of productivity (Mokyr 2008 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE

Empirical Evidence for Italy, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 No. 1 Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A (1990) Absorptive Capacity:

http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2013 en. pdf Griffith R.,Elena Huergo, Jacques Mairesse,

Productivity across four European countries, Oxford Review of Economic policy, Vol. 22 No 4 Grossman G. M.,Elhanan Helpman (1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global

Economy, Massachussets: MIT Press Holzl W. 2009), Is the R&d behaviour of fast-growing SMES different?

CIS III data for 16 countries, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 pp 59†75 Kakati M. 2003), Success criteria in high-tech new ventures, Technovation, Vol. 23

Issue 5, pp. 447†457 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013

Nelson R. R. 1996), The Sources of Economic growth, London: Harvard university Press OECD (2010), SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Centre for Entrepreneurship

SMES and Local Development, Paris: OECD Publishing Rosenbusch N.,Jan Brinckmann, Adreas Bausch (2011), Is innovation always beneficial

I. PROPORTION OF PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION (ENTERPRISES Source: Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR

2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 15 II. TOTAL INNOVATION EXPENDITURES (2010

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013

Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR

Building Bridges: Social Inclusion Problems as Research and Innovation Issues Santiago Alzugaray *Academic Unit, University Research Council, Universidad de la Repã blica, Montevideo

combined, would create economic growth and lead eventually to economic development. Economic growth would be the increased productivity in the existing activities;

economic development would come from the opening, through research and innovation, of new production branches or the birth of knowledge-based firms (OECD, 2005;

used in relation to competitiveness, sustainable economic growth, closing the structural heterogeneity gap in productivity, and the like, but not as a direct tool

The hypothesis that there is a trickle-down effect from economic growth to social inclusion, implicit in many analyses, is illusory;

or social groups that are excluded from the opportunities shared by others (Sen 2000). ) We do not mean that any â€oefeeling of disadvantage†configures a social

This can be achieved by setting a point of view or a demand. In Hirschman†s (1970) terminology, this would imply that the problem has â€oevoice, â€

absence of investment in vital infrastructure such as sewage, or starvation and undernourishment in the midst of the world†s food overproduction, among many

policy makers, knowledge producers, goods and services producers, and actors directly linked to SIPS. This fourth vertex is a collection of diverse and

quality of life for the inhabitants are achieved, to actively demand knowledge for problem solving, to bear responsibility in the implementation or research results, to

allow for the effective integration of all the system stakeholders. The role of the goods and services producers is to render operative the solutions generated in the

research process. Particularly in the case of technological solutions, these actors are responsible for passing from the prototype stage to the delivery of complete prod

-ucts and services able to be put to work We now turn to those actors directly linked to SIPS.

Their characterization and definition is perhaps the most complex one. This vertex is made up of actors

visible for the rest of the population and to generate a demand for solution. The

stakeholders. This does not necessarily involve describing or diagnosing the problem at least at this stage) but acquiring awareness of the existence of an unequal situation

â'feeling of injustice and deprivation â'solution demand (voice) â'SIP â 'NGO, political, industrial,

solution â'recuperation of the solution by local artisan or enterprise â'improve -ment of the solution by an NGO â'improvement, standardization, commercial

From Problem to Demand Stage Once the problem is understood, or at least its symptoms are understood as a

barrier to social inclusion, a demand for solution must be set so that the problem Figure 2. The Complete Circuit, from the Problem to its Effective Solution

Many actors may intervene in the construction of demand, in a combined way or alone:

-scious process of adaptation to situations where opportunities are limited; the effect is to diminish the frustration derived from desiring something that is out of reach

opportunities at hand; this can be achieved through a process of degradation of what is desired, at the same time and unachievable and by valuaing more what

social environment had naturalized the high prevalence of deaths at relatively young ages compared with life expectancy of men in the country.

and the demand was gathered by researchers Building Bridges 783 at the Universidad de la Repã blica and reflected in a project that was funded by the

The capacities to build demand are linked to overcoming the eventual natu -ralization of problems. For that, a disruption is needed.

to recognize a problem and express a demand. The trade union capacity to give voice to this problem is linked perhaps to the concrete historical process

From Demand to Research Stage At a cognitive level, the demand unraveled in the previous stage must be recognized

by researchers with the capacity to generate appropriate knowledge in relation to an associated problem. If the main features of the problem have already been

demands in direct dialogue with those that suffer the problem or by means of third

Short circuit from Demand to Research†The passage from demand to research can be short-circuited by different types of difficulties

recognized, the concrete demand for producing the needed knowledge can be quite weak. Eventually, the weakness of knowledge demand will produce the short circuit

that can stop the travel along the circuit In Latin america, the weakness of knowledge demand, even though usually

analyzed in the case of production, is accentuated even more in relation to SIPS for at least two reasons. The first reason is due to the weakness of all types of demands

stemming from the population most affected by SIPS. Weak knowledge demand is, in this case, a particular manifestation of a more general situation (Arocena &

Sutz, 2010. This weakness is associated, among other issues, to the lack of self -constitution as a social group, with atomization as a main consequence

of demand Sometimes, the researchers†â€oeacademic radar, †that is, the tool they use to detect

September 2009) in which a punctual demand to a particular problem was staged: the growth retardation detected in children under two years belonging to low-income homes

The passage from demand to research can be stopped also if the researcher is not able to characterize

in such a case, a communication failure is driven probably present by the use of different linguistic codes.

Communication difficulties have been reported again and again in the literature on cognitive dialogues between people with quite diverse

The outcome of the research process will be a solution prototype for the identified SIP. We understand as prototype any research outcome, in any knowledge area

that has not yet been taken to the necessary scale to solve the target problem. Once the prototype is in place,

it must be scaled up to allow the solution to reach all the people in need of it.

Actors in the productive structure of goods and services, in the private and in the public sphere, are those who should take charge in this stage of

For â€oetraveling†from prototype to production, the intervention of public policy becomes crucial. Public procurement is fundamental to achieve operative solutions

The demand for a solution was expressed in the First Meeting on Research and Innovation Oriented Social Inclusion (August 2008) by a clinical doctor.

The demand was collected by a chemical engineer who, jointly with the mentioned doctor, presented a research project to develop a kit to detect this disease

The research ended with a prototype that did not reach the required threshold for detecting the streptococcus,

Researchers have developed, at prototype level, synthetic skin made of soluble collagen from bovine tendon (waste material in the meat industry, abundant and free of â€oemad cowâ€

The demand for a solution to the problem was expressed not in an organized way Even if such demand has been put forward in isolated events, by relatives of fire victims

especially in the mass media), it has not been enough to reach visibility at a macro-social

was not sufficient to raise an effective and clear demand from the public health policy: the

blocking the possibility of producing a solution out of a working prototype From Production to the Effective Solution Stage

incubators The prototype was developed at the Center for Biomedical Engineering from the Faculty of engineering, and the results were tested successfully at the university hospital

Hospital de Clã nicas The passage from prototype to production took a long time. Finally, with support from

international funds, the technology was transferred from the university to a national electronics company, under university patent.

the prototype and hired another company specialized in marketing of medical products for its distribution

The passage from the problem to demand was mediated by actors who are not directly affected by the problem,

It is no coincidence that the demand was expressed clearly by physicians: in the case of health care, technicians who daily face limitations on the quality of their attention

The passage from demand to research was mediated by a virtuous combination of use of existing capabilities, accumulated knowledge and human resources, and generation of

so it does not require material investment or large-scale logistics for implementation. Indeed, it could be said that there was an almost immediate passage

The context of the first call in 2003 was a deep social and economic crisis at the

Uruguay showed an unparalleled rate of economic growth: at the end of 2008, the country growth reached 8. 9 percent

acquainted with the needs and demands stemming from social problems even though many of them were more than willing to put their capacities to contribute

equity in access to high-quality health services; the effects of the Plan Ceibal, or â€oethe one laptop per child†program implement in Uruguay

and the needs and demands present in two poor neighborhoods in Montevideo, profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific exten

The efforts to identify demand and to communicate it were not strongly reflected in the proposals presented to the call.

-posals were built around demands that were detected not beforehand but emerged from face-to-face contacts produced during the workshops

demand and from there to the research problem was facilitated. As before, the rest of the travel is recommended

Attention to the detection of demand continues, as well as the determination to organize workshops and wide gatherings to foster face-to-face relationships between

as in 2008 in the demand detection, but it concentrated on incorporating diverse actors from the sphere of public policy, from social organizations and NGOS, from

new research demands; they also allowed for detecting inconsistencies between what the research proposal wanted to do and the problem that gave rise to the

travel across the circuit, that is, from the problem to the expressed demand and from there, to the research strategy.

violence related to the uneven economic growth and the persistence of social exclusion, from the bankruptcy of hundreds of firms and the damaging personal

indebtedness in dollars to inflation in the national currency and a type of foreign exchange favorable to imported consumption, from massive firings and salary

policies, and a sustained economic growth. The persistence of these situations makes even more valid the premise from which the university program â€oeresearch

Communication, biotechnological innovation and development. Innogen Working paper 36. Edinburgh: Innogen Chataway, J.,Smith, J,

Bililed low cost neonatal phototherapy, from prototype to industry. 16th Argentine Bioengineering Congress and the 5th Conference of Clinical Engineering IOP

digital tools (collectivel termed Information and Communication Technology, ICT, in this report) are substantially changing the character of communication;

relationship building; collaboration platforms; information access and data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much

means the barriers to social innovation in terms of communication, outreach and scaling have been reduced and thresholds lowered.

employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education After the references section, there are also three annexes

contribution, and where network technologies and digital tools (Information and Communication Technology, ICT) is supporting

/4 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/epsis-2013 en. pdf Note, the European PSI categories are in

x Environment x Civic engagement x Health x Life satisfaction x Safety x Work-life balance

x Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society x Health x Health 3. Health x Education x Education 4. Education

x Energy and environment x Science x Finance and economy Bottom-up criteria for determining the types of cases

In order to ensure that a relatively broad and representative range of cases are investigated, wide ranging desk research, focused on Europe but also taking account of global evidence and case

Sharing Economy (and sharing society x Exchanging time and talent x Activating the value of dormant assets

x Personalised and smart patient environments x Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health and social care

x Personalised education and new learning environments and knowledge commons x A multi-partner approach to education

1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc

3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration

Sharing economy and sharing society 1. Improved matching and exchanging of time and talent increasing economic benefits

3. Increased fixed asset use giving economic value to more people 4. Increased fixed asset use giving social and community value to more people

5. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more economic value to more people 6. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more social and community value to

7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration

x Co-creation and collective creation (including design thinking approaches x Cross-sectoral collaboration x Blurring roles (e g. †pro-sumersâ€

Entrepreneurship (DK Flexible workspaces for students with no job providing start-up experience to avoid long-term problems

Sharing economy Focus area Case Social needs addressed Exchanging time and talent Athens Time Bank (EL) Meeting all types of basic daily needs for people in poverty

and thus wasted, assets by low-income households, builds community & activism, improves environment Creating new

environments Patient Briefcase (DK A mobile solution to connect the patient in own home with

Social Enterprise Clinics Improve access to medical services in poor countries to provide universal provision of basic medical services, at low cost or on

voluntary basis, using ICT tools Cell Slider (UK) Contribute to the development of cures for cancer through the public analysis of images of tumours and cancers

Education Focus area Case Social needs addressed Widening access to education MOOCS (global Widening the access to higher education and addressing the societal

environments Quest to Learn (USA) Engaging children in education by using the seven principles of gaming

Mass-customisation of daily instructions of how and what math skills to practice so as to meet each student†s specific needs and

only to be relatively infrequently subject to competition from new sources, but high in new sectors

like ICT, business services, media, and new and high tech manufacturing where such competition is a common occurrence.

Across Europe, there are also considerable differences in the institutional and regulatory systems within which work, employment and entrepreneurial activity sit.

models in the Anglo saxon countries, aspects of which many of the former command economy countries of Eastern europe have tended to adopt.

entrepreneurship, migrant and ethnic minorities, reintegration of ex-offenders, social economy, asylum seekers and victims of human trafficking and youth employment

x Through the European Social Fund: the Agenda for New Skills and Jobs; Active inclusion policy

people, despite the economy picking up again in the last few years. This reflects and exacerbates

economy as well as more self-regulation via, for example, project, flexible and homework, often using ICT, as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries,

as elsewhere, there is a trend towards a greater role for social entrepreneurship and the social economy, with social entrepreneurs accounting for about 10%of all businesses and for 11

million paid employees. 12 This and other trends mark some shift towards more bottom-up forms of

Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion), to help create new forms of

12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/social-economy /13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promoting

-inclusion 19 which is recruiting so-called †ambassadors†from enterprises, chambers of commerce, business federations, social partner organisations, public agencies and research institutions to raise

awareness about workplace innovation and its benefits. 14 Roles and impacts of ICT There is much agreement about some of the main impacts of ICT on employment.

most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased

productivity, innovation in processes, organisational restructuring, and more automated and/or do-it-yourself products and services on the part of some consumers who become so-called pro

-sumers. At the same time, historical experience indicates that new technologies, and especially so -called general purpose technologies like steam, electricity and now ICT, spawn massive new

the consequent loss of autonomy, the reduction (or qualitative change) in social capital (instead of people actually meeting in person with all the personal interactions that usually shape

14 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/workplace-innovation/euwin/index en. htm 15 See Tepsie Deliverable D8. 1:

x Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries

and this opens up opportunities for those with caring responsibilities who might choose to stay at home rather than work in a traditional job.

x Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) using ICT x Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.

-ICT for student start-ups in lab incubator environment as part of knowledge and innovation community -Public funding, public/private partners and operation

company or organisation or by the business model being copied by potential competitors, with the Slivers of Time case already providing a nationwide service

also used to survey the demand for their service. In addition, the case uses ICT as a medium of

This in turn, generates strong social capital (both some bonded and bridging types) amongst user communities.

services elsewhere, such as Taskrabbit, so are part of a global scale-free dissemination network. They also exhibit some tendencies to being random networks where people copy

and earning profits, than the intrinsic value of the service itself in a particular context

External communication is handled mainly by social media (Facebook and Linkedin with Mailchimp for newsletters. ICT is used

informal hub/incubator serendipity, plus interaction with business angels, facilitators accelerators, venture capitalists and other investors

x Online platforms, communities and networks: Mission Leben has developed content creation and issue identification platforms, for example as inventories of work to do and work done

and significant building of social capital (mainly bonding, but also some bridging types), including an alumni community providing an on-and

adapting from thousands of other global IT hubs and incubators, often termed †Silicon xxxx†(as

1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective x Surfen zum Job: 300 unemployed youth prepared for,

improves the entrepreneurship and overall skills, including in ICT, of people on edge of labour market

focuses on developing the full range of unemployed students†entrepreneurship skills as well as links into the wider higher education, innovation and specialist knowledge of the

3. Improved matching between work demand and supply x Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many

Council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning, data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply

other demands on their time x Skillendar: focuses on †people helping people†philosophy on a family, community and

and about 20%are social enterprises 6. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration x Mission Leben:

community and local life, thereby generating strong social capital. A prime focus of all three cases is

which operates these services 29 using mainly ICT tools, and there can be a reaction against attempts to mix the market into social

of the economic crisis as people need to earn as much as they can at this time, so are deterred

typically leading to high impact and good profits, so it is being adopted and scaling fast, although

for the individual service platform this means that competition is becoming fierce Creating and doing work

increasing demand from unemployed students which is driving the success of the case Lessons learned and success factors

many more flexible solutions and opportunities in achieving this goal, as well as directly providing ICT skills which add significantly to the beneficiaries†competences

service in competition with the mainstream public agencies providing a similar service Policy issues Given that ICT typically seems to be improving employment preparation initiatives

ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of

former role, ICT can make labour much more flexible by precisely linking to the demand side so

that supply and demand can better align to each other, for example by enabling workers or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time.

ICT as an enabler creates a new marketplace and business model on a modularised platform giving end-to-end access to a

flexible supply of workers/volunteers, whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks

the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the smart places cases in the place making

and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel

responsiveness of local authorities in meeting variable demand (such as in Leeds, UK, in the Slivers of Time case.

care services more flexibility, giving them increased independence and autonomy over their daily activities. These new relationships of flexibility and greater control over resources also engenders

-called †nearest neighbour†services (as in Eslife and Skillendar. However, the model can result in

between the demand and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

efficiently as possible, both the demand and supply sides need their rights and interests protected

In the CSE incubator hub case for unemployed students, ICT is vital and so well integrated into all activities that the service

opportunities of aligning, in principle, any work task or process to match the variable needs of

practice which itself opens the possibilities for many further opportunities. The Mission Leben case illustrates this with individuals traditionally completely excluded from the labour market, and

demonstrates how they can be included in an economically sustainable business model. The CSE case shows how individuals with high skill

example by making it possible to setup new business models and adapting workplaces to workers†special needs.

as knowledge communities which also build social capital. All three main types of networks are

cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for labour are developed which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources

In turn, these require careful balancing of the interests of both the supply and demand sides of

labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT

interested in focusing mainly on services that can be carried out only by ICT, which is most readily

labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function. In these three cases ICT is the only medium needed by the basic service

and supplied to commercial or public sector customers for the same purpose, thus giving them economies of scale.

capital amongst user communities. All three cases also started as mainly small world networks, but

Eslife and Skillendar are copied from other similar services elsewhere, e g. Taskrabbit, so are part of a global scale-free dissemination network with tendencies towards being part of a viral random

-Social capital both bonding & bridging -Starting as small world scaling to scale-free -Collaboration

business model with high impact and good profits -Supporting improved matching and flexibility -Enabling: new business &

marketing models shortening value chains & cutting intermediaries Funded & operated by private sector, some

-Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging -Starting as small world scaling to scale-free with some

For example, in Eastern europe most services are provided by the state at local and regional levels, but many citizens want to participate in this, such as

mediated and supported by ICT in terms of information, communication and services. The transport and mobility technologies enabling physical movement are also themselves increasingly

Economist, 2012) reshaping each other and often becoming a seamless whole. Physical and digital worlds are becoming increasingly interwoven,

agents, cloud based services, the semantic web and the internet of things, mobile and mobile apps social media, and augmented

phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012 the â€oegeoweb is growing thickerâ€,

Economist, 2012 There is an increasing number of digital services which are place-specific rather than general.

For example, digital public services where research has shown that up to 70%are local or regionally focused, and the majority of applications for mobile phones (especially smart phones) people use

as well as completely new business models like the sharing economy 33 See Tepsie D8. 1, section 3. 1. 6:

and services, is only half the story however. From this perspective on its own, there is the danger of a one-size fits all, top-down view of place

neighbourhood†s inhabitants in terms of improved physical environments and mobility. Places need to be joined up by digital infrastructures as well as by physical infrastructures, and of course by

environment and the consequences of people†s actions in developing environmentally friendly lifestyles, new economic models and participatory governance.

turnover & profit grown threefold 2007-12 TEM--Local Alternative Currency Unit EL) 43 Meeting all types of

-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system social fora, awareness raising; local currency to exchange work and

-Online crowd-resourcing and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding, donating and volunteering

The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas, as described

prices for an area with the highest child poverty in the UK) for digitally enabled services and

social networking, including information and interactive services from the City council, national government departments, the police and local community networks.

and services using a modular building block concept It currently provides 123 product and service types, ranging from infrastructures, TV, touch

communication, entertainment and commerce. The TEM case has adopted also standard ICT solutions for both web and mobile as open source e-platforms,

specifically to match the supply and demand for the exchange of local goods, services and tasks

and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded

crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding, donating and volunteering, plus social media (Facebook, blogs, Twitter, Flickr, Vimeo) for constant updating

especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded but also bridging local ties. The IOBY

the basic services at individual level, but is designed so to encourage and support cooperation between a large number of actors

matches the supply and demand of local goods, services and tasks ensuring that as many as possible otherwise idle assets in the community are put to good use

and e-services embedded in physical activities x Naprawmyto: the online platform provides for online discussion and dialogue around local

local currency exchange of goods, services and tasks has spread to 10 other localities x IOBY:

collectively, to become stakeholders in new online and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in

-services based on user journey mapping using ethnographic techniques such as observing what people actually do. Critical is developing a clear †sense of place†through a strong geographic focus

and commercial actors work together to deliver appropriate services and support community development. The beneficiaries themselves are empowered also

project relied, at least from the start, on significant ICT and other infrastructure investments. Such high levels of investment were not necessary in the Naprawmyto case,

but because both smart places cases potentially have a broad focus across different issues and sectors

appropriate services to older people and others in need of care. Even in The netherlands, the

of business model, also related to the Dutch personal budget and client-based budgetary system Barriers to scaling outside The netherlands are also significant because of the huge regional and

The greatest driver is, of course, the constantly rising demand for elder-and other care which both keeps costs as low as possible as well as maximises quality and support to

encouraging the growth of local solutions as alternatives to the mainstream economy Civic engagement and activism

economically and socially deprived community through significant ICT investment in infrastructure and training which complements more traditional local urban regeneration initiatives.

ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme

PPCPS) and models of social economy enterprises. The case has central and local government funding, the outsourcing of ICT provision

but also stimulating demand by developing good quality content and involving local citizens in generating that content.

Digital and other services should be based on the social, cultural and economic needs of the neighbourhoods targeted,

and involving users in the design and delivery of new services. Also important is that the actors in the project,

local authority, as well as on convenience, better services and increased participation for citizens An important policy issue for local authorities is that this type of service becomes an essential tool

personalisation and targeting of services to precisely meet the specific needs of individuals and communities.

instant, ubiquitous and high quality communication and access to both daily living and medical services beyond the local community,

thus, in effect, enabling vulnerable people to remain in their local community longer without having to be physically close to such services.

Viedome thus also deploys bespoke technology if necessary to serve the very specific needs of an individual in their

match and exchange goods, services and tasks, thus making the local currency viable and sustainable

The Viedome case shows that in this successful commercially-driven case, both competition and cooperation are required across all involved actors from all sectors as public-private-civil

room for business models that can keep costs low, make profits for commercial players, and generate real social benefits in collaboration with users.

complement to making its new social and business model viable, also in monetary terms Policy issues

demand towards home care and the use of a personal budgets has decentralised much decision -making about how care budgets are used to local authorities and the individual users.

†social business†model, on top of its commercial business model, to demonstrate to the authorities the social and cost-saving benefits of keeping vulnerable people in their communities as long as

The transition from services at a distance to user-generated functionalities and content in intelligent homes actually means the transition from supply-oriented services to demand-driven

services. But it also means the transition from a one-dimensional customer supplier relationship to a multidimensional user network.

This kind of approach is embedded also within a community concept where multiple organisations are active in supplying both services and technology

These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,

and this will only happen if they have a positive effect on the user, and if they

monetary economy and has developed successfully a combined social and business model demonstrating both economic and social benefits to policy makers and investors in monetary

formal traditional economy. It uses a local currency purely to give people a means of exchanging

goods, services and tasks which they would otherwise not have, as well as to keep such assets

champions and activists, there are opportunities to engage with a wide range of people. Local campaigning, action and advocacy rely on such local activist champions supported by professionals

context of an enabling legal and governance environment Policy issues Both cases show how the gaps in understanding and evidence of policy implementation (such as

role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding

increase flexibility, personalise and target services, shorten value chains and improve capabilities through building knowledge communities and for sharing experiences.

cases (such as Eastserve and TEM), policies may be needed to help stimulate demand and 58 activity, as well as provide infrastructures,

-Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging -Starting as small world scaling to scale-free with some

Need to stimulate demand as well as provide infrastructures & skills training, & base digital & other services on the social

cultural & economic needs of localities through local research, engagement & evaluation, as well as very good

services & development Local community development improving place-related prosperity & wellbeing Standard ICT (some

-Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging -Starting as small world scaling to scale-free with some

demands to meet local social needs -Vision of local champions & local solidarity -Crisis as a

-Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging Mainly small world, with some scaling to scale-free

The sharing economy Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out

sharing economy context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT

analysis and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the sharing economy theme

and demand side, there is huge waste resulting from the widespread practice of exclusive asset ownership.

In the last decade this is starting to be challenged by a new sharing economy growing from a small base, in which mainly individuals share with others an increasing range of their assets

with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible, thereby enabling these outputs to be realised The sharing economy is starting to supplement exclusive ownership with new forms of common

collective and collaborative ownership. The sharing movement started as mainly nonprofit activities but is now spreading to the entrepreneurial

The sharing economy also termed †collaborative consumptionâ€) is growing fast, worth â 85 billion in

factors factors massively boosting the sharing economy over the last six years x The economic crisis in 2007-8 made people look at the assets they owned and how to

make these †work harder†for them x ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before

48 www. zipcar. com 49 www. airbnb. com 50 Given the above very general definition of the sharing economy, it can be seen it potentially covers a huge range

of issues across most, if not all, sectors and aspects of daily living. The aim of this section is not to attempt a

simply attempts to explore some aspects of the sharing economy using a number of cases, most

51 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 52 http://economia. icaew. com/opinion/november-2012/global-sharing-day

economy is how to scale without over commercialisation and loss of its â€oesocial, human-centred and

The currency of the sharing economy is †peer trust†based on †reputational capitalâ€, so measuring, transporting

to replace this as the sharing economy takes off. Botsman (2010) further observes that classical

economics to date has seen the sharing economy as simply †stealing†market from the established normally big corporate, players.

The sharing economy, as most radical innovations, is potentially very destructive of existing business models and incumbent actors.

The issue is how to create (new) value and how to measure it, especially around existing assets.

Does the sharing economy not only hijack and destroy parts of the existing market, but also create new forms of demand and thus new market value around these

existing assets? Airbnb claims that over 70%of their lets are not in the centre of cities where most

thus boosting local economies and in effect decanting some economic activity from downtown to the suburbs. Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand

and creating new demand, there is no doubt that radically new business models based on new forms of value creation,

and new ways for people to interact around economic and social goods/services are being created.

Any new business model comes under attack from incumbents and also hits legal, regulatory and insurance barriers designed for the ownership rather than the

access economy The sharing economy is currently at the stage where this is a critical issue, For example, traditional

big corporates are starting to move in (like BMW with its car share programme) attempting to

capitalise on these new markets and commoditise the goods and services being created there whilst, at the same time, unwittingly or not, are in danger of destroying the social, community and

authenticity ethos still inherent in the sharing economy. This current stage of development of the

sharing economy will also determine whether and, if so, how the sharing economy will scale and

what form will it take. Will we recognise the current characteristics of the sharing economy in ten

years At its core, the sharing economy is aimed social innovation at transforming how some of the

fundamentals of our political economy are practiced. At present, property ownership rights, while including the right to use

and consume, are configured around the right to exclude. The sharing economy is characterised by the organised practice of exercising this right as a right to share.

It is one movement and its impact evolves through common practices across the movement and its

many diverse actors, just as the activities, the organisations that perform them and the models systems and technologies they deploy form one rich, diverse, yet integrated ecosystem.

become labeled as the sharing economy, started as many simultaneous initiatives in many places and in many asset domains.

In the early days of the shared economy movement, and this still remains true today, phrases such as â€oeunder-utilised assets equals wasteâ€

and to scale the sharing economy Another of the quite unique features of the development of the sharing economy movement is that

it very early on was driven by different categories of actors. For example, individuals willing to share their assets.

and governments that enhance public sector services by sharing tasks and responsibilities with users and volunteers.

What has become the sharing economy movement includes all these types of actors, and they all seem to enhance the scale and scope of activities and

Trust and community are at the heart of the sharing economy. It promotes personal and long-term

relations in new ways creating loyalty and community around the shared economy service, and thereby making the automated systems resilient to commoditisation.

For such reasons, most sharing economy companies are based on some form of membership model, where there is partly some initial screening,

of the reasons why the sharing economy movement seemingly without effort can span across businesses and communities and unite community action and business.

Whether or not the sharing economy becomes a business, remains purely voluntary or some mix in

between, this means that the sharing economy movement comprehensively fulfils at least the mainstream definitions of social innovation.

economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com

action, community initiatives, public sector services to full or partial business models for thousands of companies with more than â 85 billion in combined business volume in the USA alone. 54 It spans

There seem to be two main impacts of the sharing economy, First, on human empowerment by

giving people access to goods and services in ways and on a scale not possible before, and second

The sharing economy has always been bed around, such as-and-breakfast holidays and holiday house swaps between teachers in the UK and Australia in the 1950s,

modern economy it has always been niche and marginal. ICT connectivity, via the Internet and

sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before. ICT also enables scaling, diversification

to start experimenting with sharing money, time, services, physical things and expertise ICT can match †needs†and †haves†extremely efficiently and in real or very quick time.

for the first time, on-demand needs fulfilment, and this is also impacting many commercial, public and voluntary services (Botsman and Rogers 2010.

For example, Macmillan Cancer Trust has for many years run a volunteer service offering their time and skills,

the sharing economy theme 1. Exchanging time and talent One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of

and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly

54 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 64 can easily find a handyman on Taskrabbit who has the half an hour needed to do the task, and

company has built a business that aggregates the demand for those skills into jobs, and because

The sharing economy is rich on initiatives that address this conundrum, ranging from neighborhood task

The basic proposition of the sharing economy is that every under-utilised asset can be turned into

and other organisations at marginal cost whenever there are no commercial full price users. Both economic and social gains are manifold:

x Increased existing asset use giving more economic value to more people x Increased existing asset use giving more social and community value to more people

important part of the sharing economy ecosystem that it has achieved the kind of dynamics where assets, tools, systems needed,

opportunities for new companies, often with early users as co-investors In this context there are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area

•Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people •Increased creation of new shared assets giving more social and community value to more

x Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 56 www. techshop. ws

Five cases are analysed in the sharing economy theme as summarised in Table 5. 1 Table 5. 1:

Sharing economy cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Exchang -ing time and talent

-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness

improves environment -Online internet and mobile platform for all contact for sharing assets, linked to traditional media

sometimes leading to new product and services -Started in 2010 by nonprofit company (social enterprise

incubated in Open Data Institute, some foundation funding, other civil partners and civil operated -from 3 to 75 jurisdictions by 2014,60 million companies in

innovations in the context of the sharing or collaborative economy, where existing assets are shared (people†s time, talent and possessions) or new assets are created collectively to be shared

In each of the cases, social needs are being met and economic, social and environment outcomes

All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,

-focused services and have grown since both and situ as well as spread to other locations as well as internationally.

The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas, as described

component of the platform is a tab that shows the services that are provided and the services

services. Social media and social communication tools (like Skype) are used also. The ICT operates together with traditional and physical activities, such as workgroups and

brainstorming sessions which take place twice a month when members can get updates on all the services being provided.

The digital platform functions as a hub by connecting all actors and enabling coordination and management of the service,

These services include arts and crafts, minor construction and mechanical services, business administration, computers, education, entertainment, event

organisation, food, gardening, health and healing, household services, legal, transportation social care, writing, and looking after children and pets.

By using time as an alternate currency by people who have very little of the mainstream currency, idle or wasted capacity and assets

innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded but also some bridging local ties.

Streetbank. com is used mainly to share spare household assets, offer services or spare time, or review what's on offer in the neighborhood.

important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded but also bridging local ties.

communication between people who want things repaired and/or want to learn repair skills, as well as volunteers and experts, all from the locality where the Repair Cafã is located.

63 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014 70 there is a search for the latest Health and Safety Executive enforcement notices and the

leading to new products and services x Online platforms, communities and networks: In the Repair Cafã s case, all online platforms

facilitate important social innovation benefits especially in the form of social capital with both bonded and bridging ties,

identifies and matches the supply and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for others

identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food especially unused leftover food, activates unused cooking talent,

identifies and matches the supply and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for other

identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food especially unused leftover food, bringing people and communities into closer and often

3. Increased fixed asset use giving more economic value to more people x Streetbank: by 2014 over 35,000 people shared over 45,000 things and skills, mostly in the

5. Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people x Repair Cafã s:

knowledge for developing new products and services in for example hackathons and other physical events with economic value both for social entrepreneurs, companies as well as

society as a whole 6. Increased creation of new shared assets giving more social and community value to more

7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc x All cases are scaling,

receive more than 30 hours of services without paying back with his/her own services, not necessarily to the same person.

economy, but being a very small payment, it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are

encouraged to use leftover and existing food and ingredients, thereby reducing food waste and making better use of food resources

sector and business participation in the sharing economy, the impact of consumption on the immediate and the global environment, democracy, representation, social security benefits reform

and other hot-topic social issues that are increasingly relevant today and directly affected (and

64 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014 74 data community has been developed

provide both monetised and non-monetised services, and often means that it can be difficult to

serious impairments have generic skills to undertake basic services, such as cooking or cleaning, but they may not be asked

limited, which will also curtail their ability to receive services from others. In the Athens Time Bank

exchanging free services as well as preparing homemade food for swapping, exchanging or for a low price.

This led in turn to rising demands to meet local social needs. The Athens Time Bank case

for exchanging free services, using time as the unit of transaction in order to withstand to the continuous degradation of social

environment is suffering, and that participation in sharing schemes can help alleviate both, as well as revitalise communities.

not to make a profit but to cover some basic costs), to find and use suitable meeting places,

establishing and nurturing a demand-side ecosystem of users which, although this is growing, is not

interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com 76 professionals. For Opencorporates, the main driving trend is seeing corporate data as well as

and exchanging services, without which there would be no service or network. New monetary and non-monetary social and business models are created

which considerably shorten value chains and cut out intermediaries not adding value, creating significant economic and social value

considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy, legal and regulatory framework is often not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to

providing services, whether monetised or not, and this typically means that it can be difficult to

economy, but as a very small payment it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are

efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

These new social and business models see people 77 becoming †pro-sumersâ€, i e. both producers and consumers,

However, the basic ICT platform is the prime enabler of the sharing services, without which there would be no service or network.

New non-monetary social and business models are created which considerably shorten value chains and cut out intermediaries not adding value

for private benefit so individuals can make a profit or professionals sell their services. It is for the

common good. †and â€oe...active Streetbank neighbourhoods are friendlier places and communities more resilient because people are working together and supporting each other. †66 Important

considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy, legal and regulatory framework is not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to providing

services, whether monetised or not, and often this means that it can be difficult to stay within the

66 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com 78 Policy issues

whether as monetised or non-monetised services provided by organisations which are small, bottom-up, informal and attempting to be democratic,

between the demand and supply of goods and services, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

business models see people becoming †pro-sumersâ€, i e. both producers and consumers, thus blurring traditional roles and distinctions and increasing diversity and variety.

and in the process benefiting the environment and promoting sustainable practices. This in turn contributes to the development of less self-interested and more

products and services or other content Strategic and operational considerations The Repair Cafã s case operates in a relatively small, informal and very democratic, transparent and

and services for themselves and with others, and this increasingly means in a created shared

movements represent new forms of social and/or business models which see people becoming †pro-sumersâ€,

the sharing economy theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the sharing

economy cases is provided in Table 5. 2 80 1. The role and use of ICT in social innovation

of goods and/or services, without which there would be no service or network. New monetary

and non-monetary social and business models are supported and/or enabled by ICT which considerably shorten value chains

Important considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy,

such bottom-up alternatives to providing services, whether monetised or not, and this typically means that it can be difficult to stay within the law,

maintain and repair goods and services for themselves and with others, and this increasingly means in a created shared physical space

Given the nature of these sharing economy cases, whether monetised or not, as small, bottom

directly between the demand and supply of all types of assets, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

These new social and business models see people becoming †pro-sumersâ€, i e. both producers and consumers,

Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the sharing economy theme, as well as several others, have been shown to be supported

that, despite the very broad ambit of the sharing economy movement, the basic underlying economic and social model based on access to assets rather than ownership of them, is very similar

All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,

and Europe has not yet) been able to convert sharing economy initiatives into large commercially successful companies,

This leads to new models for providing goods and services, intimately linked to 82 people†s needs and the capacity of the ICT network,

and probably in most sharing economy context, is that objectives, participants, processes and outcomes need to be transparent and open to

Indeed, in the sharing economy theme, from the evidence presented above, there seem to be

67 http://www. marketingmag. com. au/blogs/collaborative-consumption-and-the-sharing-economy-shaping-the

Sharing economy case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online plat -forms

business models shortening value chains & cutting intermediaries not adding value -Civil, voluntary finance & operation

business models around pro -sumers -Potential danger of exploitation with no standards, but open democratic structure mitigates

social & business models shortening value chains & cutting intermediaries not adding value -Civil, voluntary finance

business models around pro -sumers -Potential danger of exploitation with no standards, but open democratic structure mitigates

-Demand side eco -system often weak -Vision of enthusiasts -Open data as income source -Social trends

new social & business models around pro-sumers -Potential danger of exploitation with no standards, but open

austerity and from rising demand driven by demographic change, particularly ageing. Across Europe there is a growing

Health and social care services face another challenge too: while there have been considerable improvements in quality in recent years, the experience of many users is not good.

Too often services are delivered in a de-personalised fashion and in a way that neglects the importance of good-quality relationships among citizens and

x Health and social care services are lagging behind other areas in the use of modern technologies.

tools such as telemonitoring and mobile apps to be implemented in health and social care services x ehealth can have its maximum effect

x How to ensure access to relevant data for the use of social enterprises and the potential for Social

enterprises to feed back into the loop of formal health and social care x Is there a digital divide issue?

healthcare and social care services to collaborate on multiple levels-from private doctors to public

x Big data and healthcare-Health communication and health information technology (IT) are central to health care, public health,

stakeholders create user confidence through adequate privacy and security protections will play a key role

opens up a whole new world of services and support for patients or those who could become patients.

such apps and services focusing on applications which support citizens outside traditional healthcare facilities in

their personal environment are for instance Beating the Blues75, Living Life to the Full76, BUDDY77 One can also observe a trend of platform-based health-related websites that focus on the provision of

74http://www. forbes. com/sites/jenniferrooney/2013/03/26/the-opportunities-that-exist-in-the-market-of-well-being-mequilibriums

2. Personalised health and smarter patient environments Personalised healthcare is a healthcare model emphasising the systematic use of context information about an

increasingly elderly population will be able to live more independently in their home environment, overcoming isolation and minimising their reliance on carers.

For health and social care providers, services will be focused around more personalised and preventative health management, rather than treatment, while containing the

x Management support tools and services for consumers focusing on applications which enable citizens to

services, such as support with daily living activities and chronic disease management. ICT has the potential to

better Health, UK86 who run social enterprises that deliver healthcare; a for profit medical care-Derbyshire

Health united provides after hrs access to doctors (UK) 87 or Social Enterprise Clinics-Penda Health88 offer

special care to women, Kenya; Lower income maternity Hospitals in India (Lifespring; Mini Health Centre

/or presentaiton about ICT-enabled services for carers and care pathways and actors in the development of services for Long term Care http://www. slideshare. net/jamesks/carers-and-innovation

-presentation-edinburgh-2012 85 https://www. facebook. com/nayajeevan/info 86 http://www. centreforbetterhealth. org. uk

effective products, pharmaceuticals, services and care -Online community with more than 220,000 members, has 2, 000+conditions, 35+published research studies,

health services in the UK -The Buddy program was only one of their many social initiatives, and now

Enterprises Ltd Personal -ised health & smarter patient environ -ments Patient Briefcase DK) 99 A mobile solution to

investment by Medisat itself, which today also functions as a fully commercial operation -Medisat places strong focus on user-friendliness and making it easy for

-Rolled out in 4 countries/hospital environments; 50 employees Diabetiva DE) 100 Reach high-risk patients with

and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded. An

Enterprise Clinics Improve access to medical services in poor countries to provide universal provision of basic

medical services, at low cost or on voluntary basis, using ICT tools -Different healthcare provision models were reviewed

-Mobile phones (or the widespread telecommunications services) are the main driver for social enterprise clinics. This tool gives to the people access

to new form of medical services which wouldn†t be possible without existence of telecommunication

-Review of various initiatives -Penda Health †Pilot phase. Two facilities. Personnel: 10 to 49.

Client served: 741 clients (Feb 2013 -Lifespring †Post pilot phase. 12 facilities. Personnel: 100 or more

patient environment cases and three supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health & social care cases

The examples covered in this chapter vary from private sector initiatives to social enterprise run solutions.

as a commercial supplier of products and services to the Danish health sector also a vendor with vision of

modernising health services through the introduction of tele-medicine solutions to different patient groups. dothiv

which is not really very uncommon for social ventures in Germany. As the venture is still in the planning/start-up

phase, there is yet no proven sustainable business model. However, economic sustainability is envisioned to be achieved by the commercial branch.

hiv Gmbh, which is to sell the domains and thereby cross-subsidise the charitable branch, dothiv.

Another non for profit setup is cell slider. Cell Slider was developed by a team of four

The Social Enterprise Clinics are initiated either by a company (Access Afya) or by individual people (Penda Health.

education seem to be much more successful at scaling internationally (through the copying of the business model

which might be a future opportunity for the health domain Types and uses of ICT

exemplify how transformational the use of ICT can be, in particular one case study stands out †the social enterprise

Here research across a number of examples was undertaken to exemplify a successful social enterprise driven, ICT enabled phenomena,

an overview of what technologies are used to provide health services or health care to the poorest

communications between health providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation,

Kopo, a social enterprise in East Africa, to collect M-PESA payments and more patients use the service as

pay for services x Lifespring, India-Lifespring chose Red hat Enterprise Linux, JBOSS Enterprise Middleware, and a number of

Red hat certified, enterprise-class, open source software solutions to build its entire IT infrastructure Increased flexibility and choice by freeing the organisation from vendor lock in,

decreased IT costs simplified management, reduced systems maintenance, increased scalability and performance, gained higher customer satisfaction

x Access Afya, Kenya/Nairobi-ICT in Access Afya is used to improve communications between health

providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or

x Medicall Home, Mexico-ICT used in Medicallhome helps improve communications between health providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits.

services, intended to reduce the cost of health care and expand coverage, allowing: Universal Access Number 01-800, immediate and timely health service, equity in health, population education, increasing

efficiency of services, and assurance of confidentiality of information and security x Clinipak, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, United states-ICT used in Clinipak helps to improve a health provider's

Moreover it helps to improve communications between health providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or analysis. Theclinipak

companies, regulators, providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care. The aim of

and improve the care environment. For instance Buddy makes it possible for therapists and clients to share more information on a timely basis. The two trends

Personalised health and smarter patient environments x ICT used †The main drivers behind personalised healthcare solutions and smarter patient environments are the

provision of better and more efficient care in terms of wellbeing, and speed of regeneration, and to do so cost

telemedicine research and research into smart patient environments and the borderline between social innovation solutions and innovation in healthcare is blurred rather.

nature is limited quite in is overall capabilities as it is in essence designed to amplify medical services to a

of the networks infrastructure does in turn depend on the demands imposed by the constant communication between the involved parties the positive effects of the project must be taken into account

also some more â€oedown to earth†implications and opportunities. The major uses of ICT and the respective

-Raise nonfinancial support (smart capital) to support social innovation -Increase the probability of numerous types of actors to donate

Although dothiv is not a typical crowdfunding platform, we can borrow the knowledge we have about

To build social capital between the â€oehiv community†(HIV-positive people and those who aim to help) and the rest of the

To de-stigmatise is to build social capital, or the condition of the possibility for building

bridging social capital. But the approach also aims to make people actually engage, donate, vote, etc

i e. to build bonding social capital Social innovation outcomes In the following the social innovation outcomes and their beneficiaries reported by the cases are summarised

Personalised health and smarter patient environments 2. Increase in health personalisation x Patient Briefcase: Assessment of the quality of life of patients showed a marked improvement, and 89%of

investment (by Medisat itself), which today also functions as a fully commercial operation. The company

investment and innovation funding. Also, to expand the usage of the Patient Briefcase the plug-in

including crowdfunding and micro-donations x Dothiv-funds generated and forwarded to support HIV/AIDS projects/organisations.

Personalised health and smarter patient environments Examples like Diabetiva and the patient briefcase push the market into adopting more innovative methods and

the whole care process by bringing patients, the main stakeholder, into the fold. This kind of innovation of

transferring some power and responsibility to the stakeholders galvanises the process and puts the individual, rather

and campaigning with elements of crowdfunding (making use of an established and highly successful platform both as a role model and a provider of ICT infrastructure

users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded.

Personalised health and smarter patient environments Technological advances, such as mobile internet tablets, smart phones, better broadband foundations and so forth

smarter patient environments, for instance in the field of coping with diabetes. Fast moving paces of telemedicine in

extent that commercial products and services like the Patient Briefcase are now becoming possible in Denmark

The barriers which need to be overcome for the type of cooperation, investment and commercialisation represented

•The difficulties of setting appropriate commercial prices for the product and services which the public sector

providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care. They are supported by the private

sector or are run as non for profit organisations. Patientslikeme, the largest online network for patients, has

Personalised health and smarter patient environments The role and use of ICT in social innovation

personalised health & smarter patient environments could open up possibilities for social innovation approaches to improve the patients quality of life,

enable social innovation services in the future to provide the patients, carers or health professionals with ICT enabling or ICT supporting social innovation solutions.

benefit from applying social innovation perspectives as part of their ideation phases to enrich this future market be

originally supported by public innovation funds (both European and Danish) as well as private investment (by Medisat itself),

Every person treated in a Social Enterprise clinic would otherwise not have been treated, Cell slider is an

enterprise clinics give poor patients access to local medical capacity and at the same time build medical capability by

and how they get medical services access. Cell Slider innovatively uses the general public†s motivation to see improvements in cancer research and treatments, along with its growing

relationships that are worth mentioning in dothiv becoming a successful venture: First and foremost, the 105 relationship between domain operators, large and small,

Overall, one the central goals of the venture is just that: The establish and improve relationships,

enterprise clinics, which are highly successful in developing countries but also could be a model for affordable

home care patient environments. A key finding is enabled that ICT â€oereal social innovation††in other words social

a Social Enterprise clinic would otherwise not have been treated, Cell slider is an example where the power of

solutions and smarter patient environments. Here the potential for social innovation is significant, yet it seems that

The examples covered in this chapter vary from private sector initiatives to social enterprise run solutions.

as a commercial supplier of products and services to the Danish health sector also a vendor with vision of

modernising health services through the introduction of tele-medicine solutions to different patient groups. dothiv

which is not really very uncommon for social ventures in Germany. As the venture is still in the planning/start-up

phase, there is yet no proven sustainable business model. However, economic sustainability is envisioned to be achieved by the commercial branch.

hiv Gmbh, which is to sell the domains and thereby cross-subsidise the charitable branch, dothiv.

Another non for profit setup is cell slider. Cell Slider was developed by a team of four

The Social Enterprise Clinics are initiated either by a company (Access Afya) or by individual people (Penda Health.

Non for profit and private sector financed innovation -Creation of new resource to help efforts to find cures

enterprises are emerging that can help on both counts Social enterprises aid innovation in education written by Tim Smedley in the Guardian, 12-august 2013

Figure 7. 1: The 21st Century classroom107 Strategic issues, trends and challenges Even as the economy and much of the rest of society are being transformed in countries around the world

education is slow to change and looks very much like it did at the beginning of the 20th century. While people in the

ever in our increasingly global economy. Commentators have begun to describe how schools are likely to look under

toward the breakthrough of student-led learning, where â€oeknowledge isn†t a commodity that†s delivered from

In all regions of the world, the penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in schools has led

opportunities offered by the use of technology in education are many. It transforms the pedagogy

opportunities for in service teacher training and support. The capacity of ICT to build borderless networks represents possibilities for innovative peer learning across territories and countries.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers†professional development and more efficient

The involvement of the private sector underscores the value multi-stakeholder partnerships can add, and shows the

and can therefore quickly adapt to the demands of the job market 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education

2. Personalised education and new learning environments ICT presents an entirely new learning environment for students,

thus requiring a different skill set to be successful Critical thinking, research, and evaluation skills are growing in importance as students have increasing volumes of

elements of vitality to learning environments including virtual environments for the purpose. ICT provides opportunities to access an abundance of information using multiple information resources and viewing information

from multiple perspectives, thus fostering the authenticity of learning environments. ICT may also make complex

processes easier to understand through simulations that, again, contribute to authentic learning environments Thus, ICT may function as a facilitator of active learning and higher-order thinking (Alexander, 1999;

Jonassen, 1999 The use of ICT may foster cooperative learning and reflection about the content (Susman, 1998.

providing opportunities for adapting the learning content and tasks to the needs and capabilities of each individual pupil and by providing tailored feedback (Mooij, 1999;

In a Personalised Learning Environment, learning starts with the learner. According to the National Educational Technology Plan developed by the US Department of education,

For instance School of One is enabled an ICT math program which manages to mass-customise daily

instructions of how and what math skills to practice so as to meet each student†s specific needs and abilities, as well

if a holistic approach is taken with multi-stakeholder partnerships at the heart of effective education

ATC21S is a multi-stakeholder partnership to define learning progressions for 21stcentury skills, create innovative

individual stakeholders would not be able to solve it on their own. The Advisory board includes PISA OECD, IEA, UNESCO and the World Economic

The World Economic Forum defines a multi-stakeholder partnership in the e-schools context broadly as a partnership that exists

how and what math skills to practice so as to meet each student†s specific needs and

-Currently around 600 middle school students were involved with the math project -Project budget was estimated at around $1 million at its launch in 2009

-The business model is to sell the license to Professor Why not only to schools but to every child which is interested in chemistry.

learning environments cases (with quest to learn featuring in the first and second category), and two multi-partner

The online communication and contact-made possible by ICT-is used also in the assessment process in some courses,

history to maths and English language to biology, while also developing skills such as team working and problem

Personalised education & new learning environments x ICT used †Personalisation and the development of new learning environments be it for virtual chemistry

experiments or using gaming technologies to teach maths are the key impact and starting point of most of the

case studies analysed for the education theme. In other words using technology to overcome distance or to change the traditional way of teaching are the fundamental starting points of the development of these

In the area of new learning environments most cases display highly innovative technological state of the-art-the art solutions going beyond content creation to

Communication processes, and key processes in the education cycle have been made very explicit in all examples and are supported by the relevant technologies to enable a seamless experience from the usersâ€

Personalised education and new learning environments 3. Increase in educational personalisation x MOOCS: One of the strengths of Coursera is that learning occurs at the time and location that best suits the

The School of One is enabled an ICT math program which manages to mass-customise daily instructions of how and what math skills to practice

so as to meet each student†s specific needs and abilities, as well as preferred ways of learning x Professor Why:

of the tailored learning environment can be noted: improved engagement, increased attainment, higher than average school rating

-creation, design thinking and cross-sectoral collaboration Personalised education & new learning environments As education becomes tailored to the individual student†s needs,

his or her learning curve might rise considerably Hereby gaps in the student†s prior knowledge is filled to create a better foundation for future learning.

This makes the learning environment more flexible and adaptive to the students†individual needs and pace in

the help and challenges estimated to provide them with the opportunity to learn. The School of One builds on

math as well as university students passionate about teaching get a chance to be involved. Their abilities are utilised as support for the online instructions and they might often move on to try out their teaching skills in small groups of

offering the opportunity of virtual experiments to make chemistry more attractive and practical as a subject and less

a sustainable business model at the moment nor acceptable completion rates to actually live up to its potential First the low completion rates can be perceived as an indicator for possible pedagogical problems.

credits or give participants opportunities to earn an official certificate from a higher education institution (Yuan 2013).

Personalised education & new learning environments School of One exemplifies that it is possible to tailor education

united classroom given the extensive variety in math skills at school start. This phenomenon is thought to be

educational level in math in particular. Individually customised teaching has been an ideal in many years, but it has

demonstrate significant success by producing students with significantly higher maths skills than ordinary schools Professor Why on the other hand does not represent an alternative school form

users to be a sustainable business model to achieve significant outcomes in terms of higher achievement of its

otherwise would have fallen behind in maths Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation

societal as well as individual need and demand for (lifelong) education. Until now the ability to meet the need for

Personalised education and new learning environments The role and use of ICT in social innovation

ICT tools and instrumental expertise to provide them optimal opportunities to learn in each their best way

Coursera had received over $85 million in venture capital (Crunchbase, 2014. It has been crucial for MOOC€ s success

widening access to education, personalised education & new learning environments and a multi-partner approach to education.

Personalisation and the development of new learning environments-be it for virtual chemistry experiments 128

social change in Germany by providing insight & support in the early learning environment. Amongst OEDC countries

and increase social capital, with the MOOCS being the exception of also including random network effects and scale-free networks.

education & new learning environments, and has in the subgroups of programmers and coders who design such

learning environments but has less importance for the actual innovations. An interesting additional finding is the

opportunity ICT provides to provide insight into learning mechanisms & evaluation possibilities in the education

Most of these are examples of multi-stakeholder partnerships. Here several collaborative social innovation processes are evident, notably consultation, engagement, participation, co-creation, design

learning environments, the ICT enabled social innovation ideas started as projects turn non-for profits and

as well as the personalised education & new learning environments show that ICT is enabling and supporting new

Particularly the personalised education & new learning environment category examples demonstrate that inclusion policy for new education providers to provide specific modules for the education market might need to be

opportunities to cut costs in higher education -New strategic business model currently run through a non-for

profit setup The main policy implications demonstrated are the importance of affordable broadband access to a computer

and Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment s Standard ICT solutions

as well as bespoke techno -logical solutions for instance gaming -Content creation -Issue identifi -cation -Matc -hing

social capital Starting as small world scaling to scale-free -Building capacity and skills -Trust

opportunities for instance through APPS/Mobile -Experimentation with new learning approaches using digital gaming -Can provide

-Social capital Online small world support network issue depending scaling to scale free -Building capacity and

environment -provide insight into learning mechanisms & evaluation possibilities in the education area -New strategic

business model currently run through a non-for profit setup †deals with specific segments in

education or offers project modules to schools Might require inclusion policy for new education providers to

Social Capital Among African -American and Latin-american Low-Income Mothersâ€, Social Problems, Vol. 50, No.

Economist Magazine (2012) â€oea sense of place †technology and geographyâ€, 27 october 2012 Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989) â€oebuilding theories from case study researchâ€, The Academy of Management Review, Oct

European commission (2012) â€oepublic Services Online †Digital by Default or by Detour? †Assessing User Centric

egovernment performance in Europe †egovernment Benchmark 2012†European commission (2014) â€oemapping smart cities in the EU€, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Economic

Green, C. H.,(2012) â€oetrust and the Sharing Economy: A New Business model#,White paper http://trustedadvisor. com/public/White-paper-Trust-and-the-Sharing-Economy. pdf

Harford, T. 2011) â€oeadapt: why success always starts with failureâ€, Little, Brown, London Harris K, Flouch H â€oethe Networked Neighbourhoods Groupâ€, The Online Neighbourhood Networks Study, a study of

the social impact of citizen-run online neighbourhood networks and the implications for local authorities http://networkedneighbourhoods. com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Online-Nhood-Networks-Section-1

Millard, J (2009) â€oeeparticipation recommendations †focusing on the European levelâ€, Study and supply of services

Millard, J. 2012) â€oesocial innovation in the age of the sharing economy: local challenges that meet the network

http://www. tepsie. eu/images/documents/social. innovation. and. the. sharing. economy. workshop. report. 2012. fro

the new challenges and opportunities of e-Inclusive. The Taylor & francis Group Millard, J (2014b forthcoming) â€oeopen governance systems:

Perez, C (2004) â€oetechnological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Agesâ€, IBM

eradicating poverty through profits. Pearson Prentice hall: New york Proserpio, G. Z, . and Byers, J. W. 2014) â€oethe Rise of the Sharing Economy:

Estimating the Impact of Airbnb on the Hotel Industryâ€, Boston University School of management, Research Paper Series No. 2013-16

The zero-marginal cost society: the internet of things, the collaborative commons and the eclipse of capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan:

119 The business model is not necessarily commercial but simply means how the operation is sustainable in organisational, financial

Improved entrepreneurship & work skills (personal & collective 11. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc

Sharing economy 9. Changed economic dynamic between common ownership (free-rider problem and over use) and

Changed business models & value chains to harvest advantages from this change dynamic in scale 11.

Scaled sharing economy impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities 13. Other (specify Health 6. Increase in health & wellbeing (numbers of people & duration

design thinking x Cross-sectoral collaboration x Blurring roles (e g â€oeprosumers†For example x Activism x Campaigning

important because some social innovations are focused on the environment and preserving natural habitats 122 Generally speaking we call existing needs †socialâ€

and demands might arise, leading to fresh calls for social innovation x Despite good intentions, social innovations might prove to:

New services and products Such as new interventions or new programmes to meet social needs Car-sharing;

New practices Such as new services which require new professional roles or relationships Dispute resolution between citizens and the

services Participatory budgeting (started in Brazil and since widely scaled; is not dependent on ICT though ICT often used

enterprises Belu Water, a small UK based social enterprise which sells bottled water and donates all it†s

profits to Wateraid and has pledged to raise £1m by 2020 How social innovation takes place

We have identified five stages in what is called the social innovation life-cycle that take an idea

Many ventures start with a practice or prototype and only fully flesh out the demand in terms of

needs much later. Often, implementation, action and practice precipitate new ideas, which in turn lead to further improvements and innovations.

3 Prototypes 4 Sustaining 5 Scaling 143 The process is highly experimental so many ideas never make it off the ground.

prototypes fail and innovators start all over again. Failure is a natural part of the social innovation process.

then exploring business models and revenue streams when, again, they may fail if this does not

opportunities. This application almost always requires well-functioning communities of practice (Cop), defined as the social organization of a group of people jointly pursuing a shared

networks and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are substantially changing the character of communication; relationship building;

collaboration platforms; information access and data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much more.

in social and behavioural economics, we take a network perspective and analyse the role networks play in innovation and how online tools might be changing this

other forms of diverse funding, through for example micro financing or crowdfunding, to meet a given social need.

applied to new challenges or opportunities †to the creation of economically valuable new solutions:

products, processes, services or business models. One of the key insights behind the 147 corporate optimization of innovation is that the application of knowledge almost always requires

education, public participation and the realisation of economic opportunities. Two important types of social capital have been identified by Putnam (2007),

and these are particularly important in the context of ICT as well as for issues of inclusion

x Bonding social capital: tight, strong ties with the most immediate family members closest friends and within closely knit communities of like-minded people that are

x Bridging social capital: rather more loose, less committed connections to acquaintances, colleagues, and far-flung, weaker ties between rather diverse

potential designers and suppliers of content, goods, services and ideas can identify each other wherever they are located

purely physical products and services. This has been described as extending the †long tailâ€, i e. a

ingroup communication 151

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