ail dmium lter rogance †a cense e gorithm a technologies al st nd kup age rd o communication e ground ement gistics
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G#0v 12675 ENTREPRENEURSHIP G#1v 12711 Accelerator 0#2#accelerator Accelerator G#1v 12712 Build measure learn
0#2#build measure learn Build measure learn G#1v 12676 Business failure 0#2#business failure Business failure G#1v 12713 Business model
0#2#business model Business model G#1v 12714 Business plan 0#2#business plan Business plan G#1v 12677 Capital
0#2#capital Capital G#1v 12678 Competition 0#2#competition Competition G#1v 12715 Creative intelligence
0#2#creative intelligence Creative intelligence G#1v 12716 Crowdfunding 0#2#crowdfunding Crowdfunding G#1v 12679 Demand
0#2#demand Demand G#1v 12717 Design thinking 0#2#design thinking Design thinking G#1v 12680 Discontinuance
0#2#discontinuance Discontinuance G#1v 2339 Economics G#2v 2340 Commodity 0#3#commodity Commodity
G#2v 2341 Deflation 0#3#deflation Deflation G#2v 2342 Disinflation 0#3#disinflation Disinflation
G#2v 2343 Economics G#3v 2344 Economic activity 0#4#economic activity Economic activity G#3v 2345 Economic collapse
0#4#economic collapse Economic collapse 0#4#financial collapse Economic collapse G#3v 2346 Economic crisis 0#4#economic crisis Economic crisis
G#3v 2347 Economic downturn 0#4#economic downturn Economic downturn G#3v 2348 Economic growth 0#4#economic growth Economic growth
G#3v 2349 Economic policy 0#4#economic policy Economic policy G#3v 2350 Economic stability 0#4#economic stability Economic stability
G#3v 2351 Economic system 0#4#economic system Economic system G#3v 2352 Economic theory 0#4#economic theory Economic theory
G#3v 2353 Economic value 0#4#economic value Economic value G#3v 2354 Economics 0#4#economics Economics
G#2v 2355 Economy G#3v 2356 Dynamic economy 0#4#dynamic economy Dynamic economy G#3v 2357 Economy
0#4#economist Economy 0#4#economy Economy G#3v 2358 Global economy 0#4#global economy Global economy
G#3v 2359 Local economy 0#4#local economy Local economy G#2v 2360 Fiscal policy 0#3#fiscal policy Fiscal policy
G#2v 2361 Gross margin 0#3#gross margin Gross margin G#2v 2362 Gross profit 0#3#gross profit Gross profit
G#2v 2363 Inflation G#3v 2364 Inflation 0#4#inflation Inflation G#3v 2365 Inflation rate
0#4#inflation rate Inflation rate G#2v 2366 Liquidity 0#3#liquidity Liquidity G#2v 2367 Macroeconomics
G#3v 2368 Capital account 0#4#capital account Capital account 0#4#financial account Capital account G#3v 2369 Macroeconomic
0#4#macroeconomic Macroeconomic G#3v 2370 Macroeconomics 0#4#macroeconomics Macroeconomics G#2v 2371 Marginal cost
0#3#marginal cost Marginal cost G#2v 2372 National income 0#3#national income National income G#2v 2373 Opportunity cost
0#3#opportunity cost Opportunity cost G#2v 2374 Reflation 0#3#reflation Reflation G#2v 2375 Shareholder
0#3#shareholder Shareholder 0#3#shareholding Shareholder G#2v 2376 Stagflation 0#3#stagflation Stagflation
G#2v 2377 Stakeholder 0#3#stakeholder Stakeholder G#1v 12682 Elastic 0#2#elastic Elastic
G#1v 12718 Elevator pitch 0#2#elevator pitch Elevator pitch G#1v 12683 Enterprise 0#2#enterprise Enterprise
G#1v 12684 Enterprise zones 0#2#enterprise zones Enterprise zones G#1v 12685 Entrepreneurship 0#2#entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship
G#1v 12686 Entrpreneur 0#2#entrpreneur Entrpreneur G#2v 12699 Individual organization 0#3#individual organization Individual organization
G#2v 12700 Ownership business 0#3#ownership business Ownership business G#1v 12687 Environment 0#2#environment Environment
G#1v 12688 Factors of production 0#2#factors of production Factors of production G#2v 12701 Resources of land 0#3#resources of land Resources of land
G#1v 12719 Failing forward 0#2#failing forward Failing forward G#1v 12689 Foundational skills G#2v 12702 Communication
0#3#communication Communication G#2v 12703 Decision making skills 0#3#decision making skills Decision making skills 0#2#foundational skills Foundational skills
G#2v 12704 Math 0#3#math Math G#1v 12690 Free enterprise system 0#2#free enterprise system Free enterprise system
G#1v 12720 Groupthink 0#2#groupthink Groupthink G#1v 12721 Ideation 0#2#ideation Ideation
G#1v 12722 Incubator 0#2#incubator Incubator G#1v 12691 Inelastic 0#2#inelastic Inelastic
G#1v 12723 Integrative thinking 0#2#integrative thinking Integrative thinking G#1v 12724 Intrapreneur 0#2#intrapreneur Intrapreneur
G#1v 12692 Investment 0#2#investment Investment G#1v 12725 Mind map G#2v 12726 Idea sun bursting
0#3#idea sun bursting Idea sun bursting G#2v 12727 Mind webs 0#3#mind webs Mind webs 0#2#mind map Mind map
G#2v 12728 Spider diagrams 0#3#spider diagrams Spider diagrams G#2v 12729 Spidergrams 0#3#spidergrams Spidergrams
G#2v 12730 Spidergraphs 0#3#spidergraphs Spidergraphs G#1v 12731 Minimum viable product 0#2#minimum viable product Minimum viable product
0#2#mvp Minimum viable product G#1v 12693 Opportunity 0#2#opportunity Opportunity G#1v 12694 Profit
0#2#profit Profit G#1v 12732 Prototype 0#2#prototype Prototype G#1v 12733 Scalability
0#2#scalability Scalability G#1v 12695 Scarcity 0#2#scarcity Scarcity G#1v 12696 Services
0#2#services Services G#1v 12697 Start-up resources G#2v 12705 Customers 0#3#customers Customers
G#2v 12706 Equiipment 0#3#equiipment Equiipment G#2v 12707 Financial advice 0#3#financial advice Financial advice
G#2v 12708 Legal advice 0#3#legal advice Legal advice G#2v 12709 Management expertise 0#3#management expertise Management expertise
G#2v 12710 Skilled labor 0#3#skilled labor Skilled labor 0#2#start up resources Start-up resources G#1v 12698 Venture
0#2#venture Venture G#2v 12734 Venture capital G#3v 12736 Benchmark 0#4#benchmark Benchmark
G#3v 12735 Burn rate 0#4#burn rate Burn rate 0#3#venture capital Venture capital G#0v 6915 ICT
G#1v 7872 4d printing 0#2#4d printed 4d printing 0#2#4d printer 4d printing 0#2#4d printing 4d printing
G#1v 7873 5g 0#2#5g 5g G#1v 7874 Artificial intelligence G#2v 7875 Artificial intelligence
0#3#artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence G#2v 7876 Expert system 0#3#expert system Expert system G#2v 7877 Machine intelligence
0#3#machine intelligence Machine intelligence G#2v 7878 Machine learning 0#3#machine learning Machine learning G#3v 7879 Reinforcement-learning
0#4#reinforcement learning Reinforcement-learning G#2v 7880 Neural network 0#3#neural network Neural network G#1v 6917 Artificial life
0#2#artificial life Artificial life G#1v 6918 Bionics G#2v 6919 Bionic man 0#3#bionic man Bionic man
G#2v 6920 Bionics 0#3#bionics Bionics G#1v 6921 Brain computer interface 0#2#brain computer interface Brain computer interface
G#1v 6922 Breathalyzer 0#2#breathalyzer Breathalyzer G#1v 6923 Business intelligence 0#2#business intelligence Business intelligence
G#1v 6970 Cloud computing 0#2#cloud computing Cloud computing 0#2#cloud storage Cloud computing 0#2#software as a service Cloud computing
G#1v 6924 Coding theory 0#2#coding theory Coding theory G#1v 7881 Cognitive computing 0#2#cognitive computing Cognitive computing
G#1v 6971 Communication systems G#2v 6972 Communication system 0#3#communication system Communication system G#2v 6973 Fiber-optic communication
G#3v 6974 Fiber optic communication 0#4#fiber optic communication Fiber optic communication G#3v 6975 Optical fiber 0#4#fibre optic Optical fiber
0#4#optical fiber Optical fiber 0#4#optical fibre Optical fiber G#2v 6976 Parallel communication 0#3#parallel communication Parallel communication
G#2v 6977 Radiocommunication G#3v 6978 CDMA G#4v 6979 Cdma 0#5#cdma Cdma
0#5#code division multiple access Cdma G#4v 6980 Cdma2000 0#5#cdma2000 Cdma2000 G#3v 6981 Radiocommunication
0#4#radio antenna Radiocommunication 0#4#radio beam Radiocommunication 0#4#radio emission Radiocommunication 0#4#radio frequency Radiocommunication
0#4#radio frequency exposure Radiocommunication 0#4#radio signal Radiocommunication 0#4#radio spectrum Radiocommunication 0#4#radio station Radiocommunication
0#4#radio transmitter Radiocommunication 0#4#radio wave Radiocommunication 0#4#radiocommunication Radiocommunication G#2v 6982 Serial communication
G#3v 6983 Firewire 0#4#firewire Firewire G#3v 6984 Serial communication 0#4#serial communication Serial communication
G#2v 6985 Telecommunication G#3v 6986 Communication protocol G#4v 6987 Communication protocol 0#5#communication protocol Communication protocol
0#5#network protocol Communication protocol G#4v 6988 File transfer protocol 0#5#file transfer protocol File transfer protocol G#3v 6989 Computer networks
G#4v 6990 Computer network G#5v 6991 Computer network 0#6#computer network Computer network 0#6#network computer Computer network
G#5v 6992 Download 0#6#download Download G#4v 6993 Firewall 0#5#firewall Firewall
G#4v 6994 Internet G#5v 6995 E-mail 0#6#e mail E-mail 0#6#email E-mail
G#5v 6996 Internet G#6v 6997 Internet 0#7#internet Internet G#6v 6998 Internet connection
0#7#internet connection Internet connection G#6v 6999 Internet traffic 0#7#internet traffic Internet traffic G#6v 7000 Internet user
0#7#internet user Internet user G#6v 7001 Wireless internet 0#7#wireless internet Wireless internet G#5v 7002 IP ADDRESS
0#6#ip address IP ADDRESS G#5v 7003 Ipv4 0#6#ipv4 Ipv4 G#5v 7004 Social media
0#6#social media Social media G#5v 7005 Social network G#6v 7006 Facebook 0#7#facebook Facebook
G#6v 7007 Linkedin 0#7#linkedin Linkedin G#6v 7008 Social network 0#7#social network Social network
G#6v 7009 Social networking 0#7#social networking Social networking G#6v 7010 Twitter 0#7#twitter Twitter
G#6v 7011 Weblog 0#7#blog Weblog 0#7#weblog Weblog G#5v 7012 Telnet
0#6#telnet Telnet G#5v 7013 Usenet 0#6#usenet Usenet G#5v 7014 Voice over ip
0#6#voice over internet Voice over ip 0#6#voice over ip Voice over ip G#5v 7015 Voicemail 0#6#voicemail Voicemail
G#5v 7016 Web G#6v 7017 Semantic web 0#7#semantic web Semantic web G#6v 7018 Web
0#7#web Web G#6v 7019 Web browser 0#7#firefox Web browser 0#7#google chrome Web browser
0#7#internet explorer Web browser 0#7#web browser Web browser G#6v 7020 Web crawler 0#7#web crawler Web crawler
G#6v 7021 Web page 0#7#web page Web page G#6v 7022 Web provider G#7v 7023 Amazon com
0#8#amazon com Amazon com 0#8#amazon web services Amazon com 0#8#aws Amazon com G#7v 7024 America online
0#8#america online America online G#7v 7025 Ask jeeves 0#8#ask jeeves Ask jeeves G#7v 7026 Baidu
0#8#baidu Baidu G#7v 7027 Bing 0#8#bing Bing G#7v 7028 Bitnet
0#8#bitnet Bitnet G#7v 7029 Ebay 0#8#ebay Ebay G#7v 7030 Excite
0#8#excite Excite G#7v 7031 Freeserve 0#8#freeserve Freeserve G#7v 7032 Google
0#8#google Google G#8v 7033 Google G#8v 7034 Google analytics G#8v 7035 Google bar
G#8v 7036 Google books G#8v 7037 Google desktop G#8v 7038 Google earth G#8v 7039 Google labs
G#8v 7040 Google map G#8v 7041 Google news G#8v 7042 Google search G#8v 7043 Google street view
G#8v 7044 Google summer of code G#8v 7045 Google talk G#8v 7046 GOOGLE TV G#8v 7047 Google voice
G#8v 7048 Google web api 0#8#google analytics Google 0#8#google bar Google 0#8#google books Google
0#8#google desktop Google 0#8#google earth Google 0#8#google labs Google 0#8#google map Google
0#8#google news Google 0#8#google search Google 0#8#google street view Google 0#8#google summer of code Google
0#8#google talk Google 0#8#google tv Google 0#8#google voice Google 0#8#google web api Google
0#8#igoogle Google G#8v 7049 igoogle G#7v 7050 Groupon 0#8#groupon Groupon
G#7v 7051 Hotbot 0#8#hotbot Hotbot G#7v 7052 Infoseek 0#8#infoseek Infoseek
G#7v 7053 Inktomi 0#8#inktomi Inktomi G#7v 7054 Internet portal 0#8#internet portal Internet portal
0#8#web portal Internet portal G#7v 7055 Internet provider 0#8#internet provider Internet provider G#7v 7056 Microsoft network
0#8#microsoft network Microsoft network G#7v 7057 Netscape 0#8#netscape Netscape G#7v 7058 Rapidshare
0#8#rapidshare Rapidshare G#7v 7059 Terra lycos 0#8#terra lycos Terra lycos G#7v 7060 Wikipedia
0#8#wikipedia Wikipedia G#7v 7061 Yahoo 0#8#yahoo Yahoo G#7v 7062 Youtube
0#8#youtube Youtube G#6v 7063 Webcast G#7v 7064 Audio webcast 0#8#audio webcast Audio webcast
G#7v 7065 Live webcast 0#8#live webcast Live webcast G#7v 7066 Webcast 0#8#webcast Webcast
G#6v 7067 Webinar 0#7#webinar Webinar G#6v 7068 Webmaster 0#7#webmaster Webmaster
G#6v 7069 Website G#7v 7070 Intranet 0#8#intranet Intranet G#7v 7071 Website
0#8#site Website 0#8#web hosting Website 0#8#website Website G#6v 7072 Webzine
0#7#webzine Webzine G#4v 7073 Javastation 0#5#javastation Javastation G#4v 7074 Local area network
G#5v 7075 Ethernet 0#6#ethernet Ethernet G#5v 7076 Local area network 0#6#local area network Local area network
G#4v 7077 Networking devices G#5v 7078 Networking device 0#6#networking device Networking device G#5v 7079 Router
0#6#router Router 0#6#wireless router Router G#3v 7080 Data transfer rates G#4v 7081 Data transfer rate
0#5#data transfer rate Data transfer rate G#4v 7082 Gigabit per second 0#5#gbps Gigabit per second 0#5#gigabit per second Gigabit per second
G#4v 7083 Kilobit per second 0#5#kbps Kilobit per second 0#5#kilobit per second Kilobit per second G#4v 7084 Megabit per second
0#5#mbps Megabit per second 0#5#megabit per second Megabit per second G#4v 7085 Terabit per second 0#5#tbps Terabit per second
0#5#terabit per second Terabit per second G#3v 7086 Fax G#4v 7087 Fax 0#5#fax Fax
G#4v 7088 Teletypewriter 0#5#teletypewriter Teletypewriter G#3v 7089 Global network 0#4#global network Global network
G#3v 7090 Headset 0#4#headset Headset G#3v 7091 Intercom 0#4#intercom Intercom
G#3v 7092 Mobile telecommunications technology G#4v 7093 3g 0#5#3g 3g G#4v 7094 3gpp
0#5#3gpp 3gpp 0#5#3rd generation partnership project 3gpp G#4v 7095 4g 0#5#4g 4g
G#4v 7096 GSM G#5v 7097 Gsm 0#6#global system for mobile communications Gsm 0#6#gsm Gsm
G#5v 7098 Gsm edge 0#6#gsm edge Gsm edge G#4v 7099 Mobile telecommunications technology 0#5#mobile telecommunications technology Mobile telecommunications technology
G#4v 7100 UMTS G#5v 7101 Umts 0#6#umts Umts 0#6#universal mobile telecommunications system Umts
G#5v 7102 Umts hspa 0#6#umts hspa Umts hspa G#3v 7103 Offline 0#4#offline Offline
G#3v 7104 Online 0#4#online Online G#3v 7105 Telecommunication 0#4#telecom Telecommunication
0#4#telecommunication Telecommunication G#3v 7106 Telecommunications companies G#4v 7107 Aoptix technologies 0#5#aoptix Aoptix technologies
0#5#aoptix technologies Aoptix technologies G#4v 7108 Huawei technologies 0#5#huawei Huawei technologies 0#5#huawei technologies Huawei technologies
G#4v 7109 Onair 0#5#on air Onair 0#5#onair Onair G#3v 7110 Teleconference
0#4#teleconference Teleconference G#3v 7111 Telephone G#4v 7112 Mobile phone 0#5#cellphone Mobile phone
0#5#cellular phone Mobile phone 0#5#mobile Mobile phone 0#5#mobile phone Mobile phone G#4v 7113 Smartphones
G#5v 7114 iphone G#6v 7115 Iphone 0#7#iphone Iphone G#6v 7116 Iphone app
0#7#iphone app Iphone app G#5v 7117 Samsung galaxy 0#6#samsung galaxy Samsung galaxy G#5v 7118 Smartphone
0#6#smartphone Smartphone G#4v 7119 Telephone 0#5#phone Telephone 0#5#telephone Telephone
0#5#telephone dial Telephone 0#5#telephone number Telephone G#3v 7120 Telephone companies G#4v 7121 3com
0#5#3com 3com G#4v 7122 Abertis 0#5#abertis telecom Abertis G#4v 7123 Alcatel-lucent
0#5#alcatel-lucent Alcatel-lucent G#4v 7124 Amer mobile 0#5#amer mobile Amer mobile G#4v 7125 Amer tower
0#5#amer tower Amer tower G#4v 7126 AT&T 0#5#at&t AT&T G#4v 7127 Atlantic telecom
0#5#atlantic telecom Atlantic telecom G#4v 7128 Baby bell 0#5#baby bell Baby bell G#4v 7129 Banyan
0#5#banyan Banyan G#4v 7130 Bay network 0#5#bay network Bay network G#4v 7131 BCE INC
0#5#bce inc BCE INC G#4v 7132 Belgacom 0#5#belgacom Belgacom G#4v 7133 Bell atlantic
0#5#bell atlantic Bell atlantic G#4v 7134 Bell canada 0#5#bell canada Bell canada G#4v 7135 Bell corp
0#5#bell corp Bell corp G#4v 7136 Bell pacific 0#5#bell pacific Bell pacific G#4v 7137 Bell south
0#5#bell south Bell south G#4v 7138 Bouygues télécom 0#5#bouygues telecom Bouygues télécom 0#5#bouygues télécom Bouygues télécom
G#4v 7139 British telecom 0#5#british telecom British telecom G#4v 7140 Cablevision systems 0#5#cablevision systems Cablevision systems
G#4v 7141 Cellnet data 0#5#cellnet data Cellnet data G#4v 7142 Centennial cell 0#5#centennial cell Centennial cell
G#4v 7143 Ceske radiokomunikace 0#5#ceske radiokomunikace Ceske radiokomunikace G#4v 7144 Cincinnati bell 0#5#cincinnati bell Cincinnati bell
G#4v 7145 Cisco systems 0#5#cisco systems Cisco systems G#4v 7146 Colt telecom 0#5#colt telecom Colt telecom
G#4v 7147 Cox communications 0#5#cox communications Cox communications G#4v 7148 Crown castle 0#5#crown castle Crown castle
G#4v 7149 Deutsche telekom 0#5#deutsche telekom Deutsche telekom G#4v 7150 Dutchtone 0#5#dutchtone Dutchtone
G#4v 7151 Elektrim 0#5#elektrim Elektrim G#4v 7152 Europolitan 0#5#europolitan Europolitan
G#4v 7153 Excel communications 0#5#excel communications Excel communications G#4v 7154 France telecom 0#5#france telecom France telecom
G#4v 7155 Global one 0#5#global one Global one G#4v 7156 Globalcom 0#5#globalcom Globalcom
G#4v 7157 Globalstar 0#5#globalstar Globalstar G#4v 7158 Hellenic telecom 0#5#hellenic telecom Hellenic telecom
G#4v 7159 Italtel 0#5#italtel Italtel G#4v 7160 Iusacell 0#5#iusacell Iusacell
G#4v 7161 JWE TELECOM 0#5#jwe telecom JWE TELECOM G#4v 7162 Korea telecom 0#5#korea telecom Korea telecom
G#4v 7163 Lucent 0#5#lucent Lucent G#4v 7164 MCI-WORLDCOM 0#5#mci-worldcom MCI-WORLDCOM
G#4v 7165 Motorola 0#5#motorola Motorola G#4v 7166 Neuf cegetel 0#5#neuf cegetel Neuf cegetel
G#4v 7167 Nokia 0#5#nokia Nokia G#4v 7168 NTT 0#5#ntt NTT
G#4v 7169 Nynex 0#5#nynex Nynex G#4v 7170 Pacific bell 0#5#pacific bell Pacific bell
G#4v 7171 Panafon 0#5#panafon Panafon G#4v 7172 Panamsat 0#5#panamsat Panamsat
G#4v 7173 Powertel 0#5#powertel Powertel G#4v 7174 Qatar telecom 0#5#qatar telecom Qatar telecom
G#4v 7175 Rogers cantel 0#5#rogers cantel Rogers cantel G#4v 7176 SFR 0#5#sfr SFR
G#4v 7177 SK TELECOM 0#5#sk telecom SK TELECOM G#4v 7178 Sprint-nextel 0#5#sprint-nextel Sprint-nextel
G#4v 7179 SPT TELECOM 0#5#spt telecom SPT TELECOM G#4v 7180 Telecel 0#5#telecel Telecel
G#4v 7181 Telecom italia 0#5#telecom italia Telecom italia G#4v 7182 Telefónica 0#5#telefonica Telefónica
0#5#telefónica Telefónica G#4v 7183 Telefónica del peru 0#5#telefonica del peru Telefónica del peru 0#5#telefónica del peru Telefónica del peru
G#4v 7184 Telefónica del sur 0#5#telefonica del sur Telefónica del sur 0#5#telefónica del sur Telefónica del sur G#4v 7185 Telefonos de mexico
0#5#telefonos de mexico Telefonos de mexico G#4v 7186 Telenordest 0#5#telenordest Telenordest G#4v 7187 Telenorte
0#5#telenorte Telenorte G#4v 7188 Telephone company 0#5#phone company Telephone company 0#5#telephone company Telephone company
G#4v 7189 Telesudeste 0#5#telesudeste Telesudeste G#4v 7190 Telesys 0#5#telesys Telesys
G#4v 7191 T-mobil 0#5#t-mobil T-mobil G#4v 7192 US WEST 0#5#us west US WEST
G#4v 7193 Verizon 0#5#verizon Verizon G#4v 7194 Vodafone 0#5#vodafone Vodafone
G#4v 7195 Western telecom 0#5#western telecom Western telecom G#4v 7196 World telecom 0#5#world telecom World telecom
G#3v 7197 Text messaging 0#4#text messaging Text messaging G#3v 7198 Videoteleconference 0#4#video conference Videoteleconference
0#4#videoconference Videoteleconference 0#4#videoconferencing Videoteleconference 0#4#videoteleconference Videoteleconference G#2v 7199 Wireless communication
G#3v 7200 Bluetooth 0#4#bluetooth Bluetooth G#3v 7201 Cellular network 0#4#cellular network Cellular network
0#4#mobile network Cellular network G#3v 7202 Long-term evolution 0#4#4g long term evolution Long-term evolution 0#4#4g lte Long-term evolution
0#4#long-term evolution Long-term evolution 0#4#lte Long-term evolution G#3v 7203 Radio-frequency identification 0#4#radio frequency identification Radio-frequency identification
0#4#rfid Radio-frequency identification G#3v 7204 Wimax 0#4#wimax Wimax G#3v 7205 Wireless access point
0#4#wireless access point Wireless access point G#3v 7206 Wireless application protocol 0#4#wap Wireless application protocol 0#4#wireless application protocol Wireless application protocol
G#3v 7207 Wireless communication 0#4#wifi Wireless communication 0#4#wi-fi Wireless communication 0#4#wireless Wireless communication
0#4#wireless communication Wireless communication 0#4#wireless spectrum Wireless communication G#1v 7208 Computational linguistics G#2v 7209 Computational linguistics
0#3#computational linguistics Computational linguistics G#2v 7210 Machine translation 0#3#machine translation Machine translation G#1v 7211 Computer
G#2v 7212 Computer accessories G#3v 7213 Computer accessory 0#4#computer accessory Computer accessory G#3v 7214 Cooler pad
0#4#cooler pad Cooler pad G#2v 7215 Computer circuit 0#3#computer circuit Computer circuit G#2v 7216 Computer components
G#3v 7217 Computer case G#4v 7218 Computer case 0#5#computer case Computer case G#4v 7219 Hard drive
0#5#disk drive Hard drive 0#5#hard disk Hard drive 0#5#hard drive Hard drive G#4v 7220 Mother board
0#5#mother board Mother board 0#5#motherboard Mother board G#4v 7221 Random-access memory 0#5#ram Random-access memory
0#5#random access memory Random-access memory G#4v 7222 Sound card 0#5#audio card Sound card 0#5#sound card Sound card
G#4v 7223 Video card 0#5#catalysts Video card 0#5#graphics card Video card 0#5#video card Video card
%Investment in Wissenschaftsinstitute Humboldt-Universitã¤t und auã eruniversitã¤re Institute 506 34%60 7%566 24
%Investments WISTA MANAGEMENT GMBH 290 19%72 9%362 15 %Private Investments 197 13%541 64%738 32
%TOTAL 1496 100%840 100%2336 100 %1991-2005 2006-2012 Gesamt GA/GRW: 156 Mio. â
Public and private investment in Adlershof 1991 †2012 Sustainable Development Companies in the Science and Technology Park
Biotechnology and Environment 71 Photonics and Optics 63 Microsystems and Materials 49 Services 170 10
Total: 429 (2011 445 (2012 Turnover in 2011/2012 â 592 Mâ/637 Mâ Subsidies in 2011/2012 â 33 Mâ/31 Mâ
Environment Photovoltaics/Energy Photonics and Optics Fields of Competence •Laser technology including laser medicine technology
•Manufacture of prototypes •Production of small scale series •Functional analysis of products
Biotechnology and Environment Fields of Competence •Water, soil, and air analysis •Analytics •Biotechnology products and procedures development
Centres, Real estate, Investment 20 Innovation and Business Incubation Centre •Specific †incubation infrastructureâ€oe •Benefits for start-ups:
business plan consulting; office and conference services; financial consulting for grants and loans; agency for advancement and financing
•Platform for contacts and co-operations •Floor space in total: 21,159 mâ •Incubation-Rate since 1991:
International Business Incubator OWZ Berlin-Adlershof •Business Incubation with the focus on East-West business
Biotechnology and Environment •Special technology infrastructure •Flexible office and laboratory area •High quality community and service facilities
for about 25 enterprises •Investment: 8. 6 Million euro •Start of Construction: December 2009
•Completion: April 2010 25â WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH Microsystems and Materials New Centre (ZMM •Floor space in total:
high-speed communication network •Investment: 30.5 Million euro •Start of Construction: May 2009 •Completion:
May 2011 26â WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH Photovoltaic New Centre (ZPV •Floor space in total:
•Investment: approx. 26 Million euro •Start of Construction: October 2009 •Completion: June 2012
Shareholder Supervisory Board Adlershof Projekt Gmbh Adlershof Facility Management Gmbh Innovationszentrum Berlin Management Gmbh Subsidiary
Services Companies WISTA -MANAGEMENT GMBH Humboldt University, Berlin Non-university research institutes Growth Cycle 31
Environment Growth Technology Centres Some success criteria 32 Success Criterion: Strong policy support 33 Entwicklungsplan 1994
Services Small and medium -sized enterprises Education and Basic Research Natural science Institutes Research and Development
Non-university scientific institutes Park Management and Development WISTA -MANAGEMENT GMBH 36 Long term development strategy
Research Institutes Environment Companies Advisory service Coaching Infrastructure Project development Support Networks Marketing Internationalization Financing Trade shows, Events
First incubator 1991 with 5 companies on 1, 000 mâ newspapers argued â€oepotemkin in Adlershofâ€
%Infrastructure Investment 495.0 35+70 14 Investment in Res. Institutes 426.9 30+10 2 Investments WISTA 233.1 17+70 14
Private Investments 197.2 14+350 69 Investments Service provider 56.2 4+5 1 TOTAL 1, 408.5 100 505 100
Success Criterion finance model Increasing private investment Services 45 WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH Services for Companies
•Comprehensive building infrastructure •Favorable rent and additional expenses •Incubation and promotion of start-ups, Consultation for grants and loans, etc
•Joint project development •Participation in specialized networks •Communication services •Service Packages
•International contacts and support •Local job exchange •Conference and event services •Participation/organization of exhibitions and fairs
46 Services for Foreign Companies •Quick start via •Network services •International incubation service
•Soft landing packages •Excellent High Tec Facilities •Lab and related office space at low rents for SME
•Flexibility •Berlin Subsidies •Investment subsidies •Research subsidies •Personel recruitment subsidies
47 Adlershof â€oemarket Access Point†48 Service Offers Target Group Service Provider •Access Office:
fully equipped office in the STP premises; free of charge for 3-5 days to test the
market •Initial market information in the related tech-field provided by park management •Preparation and organization of
company meetings on request •Secretary and back up office on request •Access to special networks
European Investment Bank (EIB EIB loans LGTT guarantees The Europe 2020 Project Bond Initiative loans
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB NIB loans BSAP Fund grants European Bank for Development and Reconstruction (EBRD
Corridor investments Smart logistics and governance, Clean shipping and Business solutions for green transport. This report is one of the Cluster†s outputs
EU grants with national funding and private investments •Grants that support the cohesion policy of the Union and individual EU
Investment Bank has created its own financing instruments in order to fulfill its specific targets and action plans
preparation of an application demands time and recourses Loans are also a part of the project†s finance arrangements and Commercial banks
and Investment banks such as NIB and EIB are the main lenders Source http://www. eib. org/epec/resources/epec-using-EU-funds-in-ppps-public. pdf
â River Information Services (RIS â Air Traffic Management (ATM â Motorways of the Sea (Mos
private-sector transport services which are willing to create door-to-door transport service using other transport modes than road traffic.
investments in the regions will be a total of 347 Billion euros and about 82 billion Euros will be spent on transportation.
During the budget period 2007-2013 investments to transport sector will be concentrated to the Convergence regions
European Investment Bank (EIB EIB loans EIB€ s main financing instruments are medium and long-term loans with fixed or
covers up to 50%of the investment costs, but the average loan amount is approximately one-third.
lending conditions depend on the investment target and securities that third parties offer Indirect lending or intermediate lending is designed for smaller projects than 25
networks and other infrastructure, the knowledge economy, energy and SMES are 10/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
and guarantees ranking ahead of shareholder subordinated debt â mezzanine finance, including high-yield debt for SMES experiencing high-growth or are
-investment-bank-launch-new-instrument-to-finance-european-transport-network. htm http://ec. europa. eu/economy finance/financial operations/investment/europe 2020
/documents/annex 2a en. pdf 11/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster
http://ec. europa. eu/economy finance/financial operations/investment/europe 2020 /documents/com2011 660 en. pdf http://europa. eu/rapid/press-release memo-12-370 en. htm
commitments in Greenfield. 30-40%of the fund†s investments go to core transport sector and the size of the funded projects should be over 200 Million euros
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB NIB loans Nordic Investment bank has several loan products â Corporate loans are the most common way of lending for NIB.
Corporate loans are targeted for NIB€ s member countries â Loan programmes are disbursed in several tranches through intermediates and they
-Baltic sea Environment Financing Facility (BASE -Climate Change, Energy efficiency and Renewable Energy Facility (CLEERE -Environmental Lending Facility for member countries'neighboring area in Eastern
The BSAP-fund is managed by NIB, Nordic Investment Bank and NEFCO, the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation.
The letters BSAP stand for Baltic sea Action Plan and the aim of the fund is to support
economies. European Bank for reconstruction and development has 63 member countries and also the European union and the European Investment Bank are participating.
The EBRD cooperates with other international financial institutions such as the World bank European Bank for Development and Reconstruction provides financing for projects
Direct investments for projects range from 5 Million euros to 230 million Euros. The funding rate is up to 35%of the total project costs
local economy and satisfy both EBRD's environmental standards and those of the host country The EBRD supports projects in 29 countries.
need more private investments. Member states†governments have encouraged the private sector to participate in infrastructure funding by privatization, through
shareholder it is hard to define strictly the funding source Private funding consists mainly of loans, bonds and equities.
provide and deliver public sector assets and services. The term PPP is thus, used to describe a wide variety of working arrangements from
European Investment Bank, The EIB€ s role In public-Private Partnerships PPP models are built often using project finance.
The private partner may invest its own capital and the public partner recompenses that at the end of the contract
Capital and project development costs are funded with issue bonds or other debt. DBFOM is financed also
with public grants and private equity investments. Life-cycle costing brings value for money for the private sector
agency and invests its own capital to renovate and modernize it The private partner operates it under a contract with the public
http://ec. europa. eu/economy finance/financial operations/investment/europe 2020 /documents/com2011 660 en. pdf http://www. eib. org/attachments/efs/eibpapers/eibpapers 2010 v15 n02 en. pdf
and the relevance of private investments is increasing. Nevertheless national funding is the backbone for transport infrastructure financing.
positive effects to the regional economy Cities, municipalities or other similar self-governmental regions and local-level
In Finland the Ministry of Transport and Communications is in responsibility of the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic routes and channels.
development, transport and the environment â participating in reconciling traffic and land use â controlling and developing traffic management in the government†s traffic lanes and in
â developing and promoting transport services and the functioning of the markets for them â improving the performance of transport infrastructure management
Finnish regulatory environment and conditions. The model is called Life cycle model In Life cycle model the buyer (state) contracts a company to design, build, and
In Finland the Ministry of Traffic and Communication with Trafi and Traffic Agency, is the main actor in the field of transport.
and give an opportunity to compare and asses different kind of funding sources Air Introduction Even though air traffic is highly polluting
Nordic Investment Bank NIB) is financing the first phase of the project by granting a loan of 192 Million euros
administered by the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Avinor operates 46 airports in Norway and is in charge of planning,
Ministry of Transport and Communications. The airport is situated 9, 5 kilometers south of Vilnius. The passenger volumes have increased
investments and expansions The video surveillance system of the terminal was upgraded in 2005. The whole project costs were 1. 3 Million euros and the European Regional Development Fund
participating to the investments. Few examples of ongoing projects and future projects Project year Value Euros/LTL Sources of
the size of the investment. Norway has taken advantage of the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB. Several Norwegian infrastructure projects also in the field of airports
have received loans from NIB. The Baltic states Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia have received funding for airport infrastructure from Cohesion Fund and European
The construction of a total new airport is a massive investment and the risks are
In Berlin Brandenburg airport the investments and risks were transferred to a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), Berlin-Brandenburg International Partner (BBIP
The investment consortium collected the necessary funding and carried the risks 23/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
and EU is supporting investments in the airports. Because of the fast growth in air travelling, the European commission is
private companies provide cargo services Lithuania The Klaipeda State Seaport Authority manages the port of Klaipeda
The Klaipeda State Seaport Authority is a Government enterprise and Ministry of Transport controls it
services and rents port infrastructure from the port authority which manages the infrastructure Poland There are three kinds of governance structures.
demands of the sulphur directive require funding and investments but nevertheless the investments have also other targets and goals, few examples of water
infrastructure projects â The Freeport of Riga, Latvia â The port of Norrkã ping, Sweden
activities are causing degradation to the environment at the current location Currently the Free port of Riga is situated at Andrejosta and Eksportosta.
and engineer-technical communication within the borders of the port. The project will be developed in two phases.
investments would be paid by the port authority. The second phase of the project would be financed from public and private sources.
http://ec. europa. eu/competition/state aid/cases/235017/235017 1261801 149 2. pdf Sources 26/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
http://ec. europa. eu/competition/state aid/cases/235017/235017 1261801 149 2. pd f http://www. eib. org/projects/pipeline/2010/20100136. htm
their capitals and boosts connections to the rest of the Europe The main financers of the project are Swedish Maritime Administration and the
organization, operations and investments are made at local level, because almost every port is owned by a municipality in Sweden.
define while ports are producing a wide variety of different services. Building and service provisions are separated often in the harbor sector and so called DB (design
http://www. femern. com/home/economy/who-pays http://www. femern. com/home/finished-tunnel/traffic--capacity
which links the capitals of Scandinavia to each others. The construction work of the Ring Rail started in 2009
Rail Baltica tries to promote economic growth and integration in the Baltic region The project Rail Baltica and especially pre-studies and development phase have
stakeholders: national and regional administrations and decision makers and also 31/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
What comes to return on investments it is a great failure. The Channel Tunnel consists of three tunnels connecting Britain to the Continental Europe.
the project had 15 shareholders, a consortium of 10 construction companies Transmanche link (TML) and 5 banks.
The shareholders were evenly from France and England. The construction consortium made a design and build contract with
The first equity package came from the original 15 shareholders in the beginning of the project. The tunnel project and the shareholders went through critical times when
Equity package 2 was accepted, and it made the original project promoters minor shareholders. Before equity package 3 could be accepted the project needed more
financing. European Investment Bank provided the tunnel project a loan, the deal was signed by a group of 50 banks
which syndicated it to over 200 banks. The management of Credit agreements had become very complicated
of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, PPP shall only be used to the extent that this form of contract involves the transfer of risk
The debt capital is loans from domestic and international banks. The European Investment Bank finances
nearly half of loan demand and it granted loans from the Nordic Investment Bank Nordea and other commercial banks.
The tripartite agreement protects the lenders interests, because under certain conditions the lenders have a right to stop the PPP
services. Annual compensation from Norwegian Public Roads Administration to Agder OPS should reflect how Agder OPS successfully fulfill the objectives of the
led by the European Investment Bank, which alone will take on over 1 Billion euros of the financing.
Investment Bank provided a 14-year-maturity loan for the project. Also Pohjola Pankki Plc is participating in the financing of the E18 motorway.
roadmap for future†s transport infrastructure investments. According to the EU€ s White paper the infrastructure financing is moving towards full application of â€oeuser
future transport investments The aim of this report was to describe different and available funding sources and
viable which makes it an attractive investment target for private sector. One goal for this report was to represent a wide range of different PPP models
increase the added value for EU. Also a minimal negative impact to the environment and safety and security of users are crucial factors
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