it is about changing the very nature of consumption, competition and how markets operate. More profoundly, it is also driving a significant shift in the balance of power between
online retail and globalisation intensify competition. However, supermarkets face fewer direct threats from overseas players, due to the perishable nature of grocery goods and the relatively
performance and competition. This is an opportunity for digital technologies to truly help elevate business performance
and face global competition. In this respect the European†s Commission statement26 that weaknesses in standard-setting, cross-border regulation and legislation and
strengthen competition across all networks 4. For cloud computing, the Commission will launch pilot actions in the European Cloud
ï§Take into account issues concerning market distortion and competition ï§Organise digital contests for the development of apps in specific sectors
-The Open data challenge, Europe†s biggest open data competition ï§Encourage European entrepreneurs to access
or competitions where scholars are encouraged to start a mini-business ï§Provision of training and awareness sessions for teachers on entrepreneurship.
differentiate itself from the competition Jim Costello recognised from the start that design would provide the compet
standards-development work, they are being exposed to increased competition from industry de facto standards, and they are facing problems with assessing compliance
competition There are currently seven major international organisations involved in ehealth standards ï¿The International organisation for Standardization, ISO (www. iso. org;
competition between companies, further reducing barriers to market entry, and, above all, countering abuses of domi
innovation competition â€oeeuropean Satellite Navigation Competition†(ESNC We will continue to expand the multilevel geodata infra
preserving competition in the digital world We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital
We are strengthening innovation and competition by con -tinuing to develop a sustainable regulatory framework
regulatory and competition authorities will continue to monitor market activities and put a stop to unauthorised
and competition can develop unhindered by any abusive activities carried out by domi -nant Internet corporations.
-nies and boosting competition in the IT sector zz We are supporting uniform standards and championing
telecommunications law and competition law zz We are also advocating a review of the Audiovisual
enforcement of strict public and private industry standards and the growing competition among developing country suppliers, highlight the need for strategic investments in workforce development. 63
Interestingly, winners of Pivot East†s recent app competitions for the mobile and developer communities in East Africa have both been games-a Matatu racing game that has
competitions, and; offer access to investors through regular informal events and conferences. Both the mlabs and mhubs are managed
In addition to local incubators, there are now numerous regional competitions for app developers in emerging markets, many with a social agenda, that offer financial support and training for developers to
For example, Apps4africa features a competition where young companies are offered six minutes to demonstrate their app†s utility, their business model and their case for investment
The competition targets start-ups and businesses through competitive funding, offering venture capital mentorship and other forms of support.
The goal for the 2012 competition was to catalyse the growth of Africa†s early-stage start-ups to address the issue of youth unemployment across the continent
young people everywhere are participating in pitch fests, competitions, startup events and other activities sponsored by local governments, NGOS and the private sector
141 Nicola Jenvey, â€oesa delegation praises DEMO Africa innovation competition in Kenya, †Young Business leaders
The ITU Young Innovators Competition is held annually as part of ITU Telecom World. The 2012 event in Dubai offered nearly 400 entrepreneurs aged 18-25 from 77 countries the
For instance, chapter 7 mentioned workshops, conferences, and competitions that bring together investors, business people, and government representatives.
•Foster innovation through contests and competitions. This can be accomplished by partnering with other actors such as donor agencies, corporate businesses,
Jenvey, Nicola. â€oesa delegation praises DEMO Africa innovation competition in Kenya. †Young Business Leaders, November 16, 2012. http://ybl. co. za/demo-africa-south-africa-contestants
Facing growing competition and shorter-term performance pressures from shareholders managers resorted to waves of restructuring, personnel reductions,
In this kind of competition, the communities in which companies operate perceive little benefit even as profits rise.
clean water, fair-competition laws, quality standards, and market transparency Clusters are prominent in all successful and growing regional economies and play a crucial role in driving productivity
The cycle of imitation and zero-sum competition can be broken Creating Shared Value: Implications for Government and Civil Society
charity but out of a deeper understanding of competition and economic value creation. This next evolution in the capitalist
prevail, but market competition would benefit society in ways we have lost Creating shared value represents a new approach to managing that cuts across disciplines.
markets, competition, and business management Not all societal problems can be solved through shared value solutions.
competition in honour of social innovator Diogo Vasconcelos. Further activities from both DGS to support SME innovators and Startups.
Addari, F. and Lane, D. A. 2014), Naples 2. 0 †A social Innovation Competition, Report for
-boration to competition, is the subject of much research and is still an area of continuous
DECARBONET, for instance, has evaluated the impact of social dynamics like competition and collaboration, and also gauged public and tangible feedback of engaging users with
The impact of gamification, competition collaborative work, public and even tangible feedback are examples of strategies that
-cant issues of privacy and competition Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European
-tion and competition. Bria 2012 One of the motivations underpinning this research is investigating how Europe can
COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open and distributed digital ecosystems to foster grassroots social innovation and entrepreneurship
Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data devices, services and networks.
competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and
COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks
COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks
There are other elements such as prizes, competitions, events, knowledge sharing and dissemination that should also be included in the mechanisms for DSI policy
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online. The European parliament adopted amend
extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and
creative and innovative ideas, competitions and challenges or jams would be very helpful mechanisms to deploy
/social-innovation/competition /45 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h
competition and climate change became burning societal challenges. The sustainability and adequacy of Europe's health and social security systems as well as social policies in general is at stake.
competition, †Promoting social innovation within European societies and, more specifically, inside social policies entails -adopting a prospective view of needs/expectations/possibilities (instead of sticking to
which radically change the competition and supply and demand equations of traditional business models. On this issue, a study conducted by a consortium of partners15 is cur
the minimum level of sensible regulation allowing fair competition in the emerging areas of big data
competition, specialisation and economies of scale, improve the efficiency of the alloca -tion of resources and drive economic integration within the EU. The question is:
Josã Manuel Barroso, inviting former Competition Commissioner, Mario Monti, to prepare a report setting out recommendations for an initiative to relaunch the Single Market
allowing major instruments such as public procurement directives or competition policy to engage with the development of this †emerging†sector;
especially at institutional and economic levels (public sector, public services, competition, etc To help address this challenge,
and a creativity competition was held in about 250 schools A social investment fund is being launched,
This Living Lab was a finalist of the Regiostars 2013 competition. It is an innovation platform that enables a new
at the national level, the removal of many obstacles to competition and job creation These efforts are combined
-dress the mainstream challenges of demographic ageing and global competition in or -der to unleash digital potential and spread the digital culture across the EU
The European Social Innovation Competition was launched on 1 october 2012 in memory of Diogo Vasconcelos182. In full complementarity with the Social Innovation
Europe Platform, the Competition meets five objectives at the same time y It directly supports some projects with prize money, mentoring support and network
-ed throughout the Competition, it provides concrete evidence that social innovation works y It creates greater awareness of the opportunities that social innovation can bring
The first edition of the competition proved to be a success. Europeans were invited to develop ideas for creating new and better job opportunities.
183 More information on http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/competition
In addition to the three financial rewards for the winners, the competition also offers visibility, networking and mentoring for the 30 semifinalists.
The second edition of the European Social Innovation Competition was launched in Milan on 11 october 2013.
Like the first edition, the competition focused on the †job challengeâ€. This time, more than 1 200 ideas were received,
184 More information and the projects of the ten finalists of the 2014 Social innovation Competition can be found
competition winners receive their awards from European commission President Barroso 113p A r T I I †M A i N d E V E L O P m E N t S i N e U P O
reinforcing competition and economic interests (especially at industrial level and stimulating collaboration among citizens and creating social value (also in relation
two use cases will contrast the effectiveness of competition-based and coop -erative approaches in a grassroots experiment to measure energy consumption (Energy Quest) and a large-scale
competitions for the crowdsourcing of innovations say that it is the stage of framing a good question which is the key to the competition†s success. 1
These sites show how to run competitions for †mash up†ideas from citizens using government data, such as Sunlight Labs and Show Us a
are biodiversity competitions, recipe competitions and a felicitation ceremony for creative villagers 30) Media Spotlight.
to encourage creativity and new ideas †such as competitions and prizes online platforms and idea banks.
54) Competitions and challenges can be an effective means of uncovering new sources of social innovation.
market, however, competition is not always the driving force behind the development of new innovations in the social economy.
that competitions need to be structured in such a way that participants have the opportunity to collaborate,
favour of prizes and competitions is the way in which it provides those giving out the prize a means of finding a solution to a problem without
Indeed, with competitions, it is the participants who are expected to foot the financial risk. In the social
or competitions such as the Singapore Public service Awards. Another example of this is school inspections †inspectors assess and then
tested, with £20 million to be spent on a public competition for medical breakthroughs 325) Crosscutting budgets that support broad programmes which leave
Fund competition †The People†s 50 Millionâ€. Another example is †Help A London Parkâ€, an initiative launched by the Mayor of London to
and competitions provide another source of funding for activities at one remove from the state.
its prestigious annual awards competition, the programme has served to highlight innovative projects within fields as diverse as youth justice
407) Competitions and challenge funds can be an effective means of spurring social innovation. The X Prize Foundation, for example, have
Competitions 38; 54-55; 156; 170 Complaints Choirs 26; 27 Consortium Model 99 Co-ops 65-66;
policies, labor market policies, and competition policies However, the open innovation perspective assumes that innovation is the result of complex and intensive
One of them is Challenge. gov38 a collection of challenge and prize competitions, all of which are run
competitions where the US government seeks innovative solutions from the public, bringing the best ideas and
Competition organ -izers Networks of develop -ers Open data evange -lists Top-down (govern -ments decide what
Barcelona and participates in different activities such as workshops and competitions. Montreal International Startup Festival is another example47 Since 2011, each year, over 2, 000 founders, investors, and analysts
One example is that of competitions. Particularly, competitions†organisers make sure developments and innovation takes place by means of using government open data.
the case of the Open Data Challenge74, one of Europe†s biggest open data competitions.
There are many other competitions, some of them organized by governments themselves. Apps4finland75, for example, is an open data contest that has been running
The competition has welcomed new data sources, applications, visualisations and ideas as entries Apps4ottawa76 is another open data contest organised by the City of Ottawa in Canada.
Competitions and hackatons have aimed at making datasets visible as well as at promoting apps development but these created solutions
festivals, hackathons, competitions, and other related events. It is also the case of incubators and accelerators
competitions, to support tools for networking and for knowledge sharing and dissemination. Competitions aim to bring together the data sets,
made available by (local governments, with the app developers or the community of open data users.
Competitions are aimed at developers, researchers, journalists and anyone who has a keen interest in the reuse of open data,
Many open data competitions have been organised throughout the years by (local governments themselves or by other organisations.
a competition to encourage the creation of innovative energy apps built with open data109. Several hackathons
2014, the Science for Solutions open data competition took place in order to encourage data visualisations application development or other unique treatments of the science datasets provided by the Department of
what is said to be one of the biggest competitions of open data in the region:
Competitions award participants with monetary prizes but they are also an important tool for developers†to
and 6) competition platforms (that are becoming more popular to source experts and expertise in different areas
competition, and surveillance. A broader investigation and the understanding of the implication of such mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of future bottom-up digital economies.
by competition, open cultures, and accessible capital, and it will be impeded where capital is monopolized by urban elites or government.
activities, or when there is some competition or contestability rather than monop -oly provision by the state.
innovation seems to be a combination of oligopolistic competition between a few big companies and a much larger penumbra of smaller firms (the model that exists
processes and fair competition, several principles, theories, and processes are summoned to understand which ICTS and which organisations and processes can foster innovation and dense communities of users, leading to a vibrant
Competition Dynamic economy Scientiï c research outputs Open knowledge Open governance Natural and formal languages
between cooperation and competition in a dynamic free market Ecosystem: a biological metaphor that highlights the interdependence of all actors in the business environment, who
example, Game theory sees â€oeatomised†economic agents in competition to maximise their own utilities as oï €ering a
dynamic interactions (the relationships and the cooperation/competition) between all the economic players The public consultation process produced a research agenda (Dini et al.
The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems, New york Harper Business
tion and honest competition. Also the World wide web became successful because the Web was built on a
terms of innovation and competition Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010),
Honest competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services
Competitions Commission, and was finally forgone by Murdoch alto -gether In broader terms, a joint report produced by Information Society Unit
-tem, there is also an international competition APIC (Airprobe Interna -tional Challenge) organised between four cities:
hands-on workshops, demonstrations and DIY competitions. The launch of Maker Faire in the San francisco bay Area in 2006 demonstrated the
a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
was Europe†s biggest open data competition to date, attracting 430 en -tries from 24 Member States
tion and honest competition. Also the World wide web became successful because the Web was built on a
terms of innovation and competition Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010),
Honest competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services
Competitions Commission, and was finally forgone by Murdoch alto -gether In broader terms, a joint report produced by Information Society Unit
-tem, there is also an international competition APIC (Airprobe Interna -tional Challenge) organised between four cities:
hands-on workshops, demonstrations and DIY competitions. The launch of Maker Faire in the San francisco bay Area in 2006 demonstrated the
a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
was Europe†s biggest open data competition to date, attracting 430 en -tries from 24 Member States
field†competition and regulation The vision embraces the latest technologies to ensure success, whilst retaining the flexibility to adapt
â€oelevel playing field†competition in a liberalised market Energy service companies: Companies will have to satisfy the growing needs of users.
competition is expected to keep a downward pressure on energy prices, but a more environmentally friendly energy mix may bring cost challenges.
competition and regulation Commercialisation, whether in Europe or internationally, can only take place when innovation has been proved in the demanding
Increasing competition will encourage efficiency and spur on technological progress and innovation. As a result, the
implemented well, it can bring the benefits of competition, choice and incentives for an efficient development
Regulatory bodies will develop harmonised rules to favour competition on a non -discriminatory basis in the EU context.
Single Market via actions in the field of competition (net neutrality, unfair practices consumer protection (alternative and online dispute resolution) and infrastructures
In the issue of competition enforcement, on 12 december 2012, the Commission adopted a decision that rendered legally binding the commitments offered by Apple
competition rules, including with regard to the use of selective distribution systems in the online world. In practice, this is done through its own cases, through
discussions with national competition authorities within the European Competition Network, and discussions with stakeholders more generally.
competition authorities inform the Commission of their case investigations and their envisaged decisions applying EU antitrust rules.
activities of the European Competition Network (ECN. There is also a working group within the ECN to discuss issues related to distribution agreements.
trends, to ensure that the competition rules continue to be applied rigorously in the future The Commission adopted on 31 january 2013 a Green Paper launching a
implemented to restrict competition, for instance in the voice market Moreover, a recent Commission in depth market study on internet services provision
the barriers to entry and competition on these markets and proposing legislative action where necessary,(ii) making sure that these payment services are
•More competition between payment service providers and a level playing field between incumbent and new players in this field
54 COM (2012) 9609/2 http://ec. europa. eu/competition/state aid/legislation/broadband guidelines en. pdf 22 The Commission has set up the S3 Platform55 to support the regions through peer
Consistent infrastructure access pricing is key to effective competition and investments in the EU telecoms markets.
to competition distortions. Foreign companies will benefit from the optional Sales Law and could distort the level
The market must change to allow more competition, innovation and the emergence of up-to-date digital models.
payments, which promotes competition and innovation and makes full use of emerging technologies. It should therefore adopt the Payments Services Directive II and the MIF
should encourage vigorous competition and innovation in the postal market and tackle cross-border barriers by pursuing a sensible approach on parcel delivery.
channel supply constraints are in line with EU competition law, and that exclusive/selective distribution is allowed only under strictly limited and legally explicit conditions
and competition The Nordic countries and Ireland are the most ICT -savvy. These countries compare well with the US in
Skills, innovation and competition are crucial to making technology work. The productivity growth gap between the US and Europe is partly down to differences
â Competition. Governments must maintain the assault on barriers to competition, particularly in telecommunications markets.
This is particularly critical for the growth of broadband access Moreover, the benefits of enhanced telecoms
competition must be extended to businesses and consumers in the EU accession countries â ICT in the public sector. The executives we
competition, security of the Internet infrastructure, government support for ICT development, laws governing the Internet, ICT skills of the workforce and quality of ICT supporting services.
encouraged competition and made voice, Internet and data communications more affordable to many businesses and households.
Open markets, unfettered competition Our cross-section analysis of 60 countries appeared to confirm a strong link in developed economies between
In addition, competition in ICT-producing markets drives advances in technology and also pushes prices down, encouraging the wider diffusion of technology
Strong competition in the economy as a whole encourages other companies to use technology to innovate with their products, services, work processes
A clear example of the benefits of open competition can be seen in Europe†s liberalisation of its telecoms
Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 35 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 34
Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Regulation to protect consumer interests 19
competition Bart van Ark, an economist from the University of Grã ningen, believes restrictive product markets
competition and innovative behaviour in this intensive ICT-using sector A common thread running through the interviews is
of competition and other regulations in different member states are often counterproductive, claims Mr Weyns, partly because public officials†perspectives
competition is clearly a factor in encouraging successful innovation, but not everyone sees it as a
3. Redouble the assault on barriers to competition We†ve highlighted the benefits that telecoms market
policymakers must continue to promote competition in the telecoms industry, for two main reasons â First, to prevent the rebuilding of virtual
competition in the provision of broadband services must become entrenched to ensure that businesses and households gain
â Second, the benefits of competition must be extended to the EU€ s new members.
incentives for competition will provide a catalyst for broadband adoption 4. Practise what you preach.
â A qualitative indicator of competition in the telecoms market â A qualitative indicator of the security of the
Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 35 Government leading the way in innovative use of ICT 35
Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Promotion of common technology standards 32
and informal settings, presenting a novel form of competition for traditional establishments (Ally 2009 24
next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity, Mckinsey Global Institute, 2011 Manyika, J.,S. Lund, B. Auguste,
7. Confronted with lower cost competition in foreign locations, producers in the high-cost countries
10 Tom Peters,"New Products, New Markets, New Competition, New Thinking,"The Economist, 4 march, 1989
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can
region, and (2) the degree of monopoly versus local competition 49. One model suggests that a concentration of firms within a particular industry in a geographic
There is also theoretic debate about the effect of competition on innovative activity. The Marshall-Arrow-Romer model predicts that local monopoly should be superior to local competition
13 Saxenian (1990, pp. 97-98 14 For an extension of this see Vernon (1994) and Vernon et al.
competition is more conducive to the generation of knowledge externalities than is local monopoly. 15 Not
only does a large number of firms result in greater competition for new ideas, but it also facilitates the
and local competition did positively influence industry growth rates in US cities from 1956-1987 (Glaeser et al.
In addition, the results of this study indicate that local competition for new ideas within a city is more conducive to innovative activity than is local monopoly.
More specifically, regulatory policy, competition antitrust policy, and the public ownership of business are on the decline.
Competition and Innovation, †European Economic Review, 43,409-429 Feller, I.,1997, â€oefederal and State government Roles in Science and Technology, †Economic
Van dijk, Meine Pieter, 1995, â€oeflexible Specialisation, The New Competition and Industrial Districts, †Small Business Economics, 7 (1), 15-28
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