confront a high degree of competition, as SMES in emerging economies do. Next to network ties
Competition and Trade, 3 (3), 187-210 22 Caniels, M, . & Romijn, H. A. 2005).
Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14 (1), 15-34
Social structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1), 35-67
cushioned to some degree from general competition SME development The Andalusian business structure lacks medium-sized firms
private deposits coupled with relatively low levels of exposure to the dynamics of competition in other
to bring more competition for student recruiting and make Andalusia universities more specialized than generalist.
business plan competition in which the winners spend three days training in the business incubators. In
Culture and competition in Silicon valley and Route 128 Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard university Press Saxenian. A. 2007.
economic powers in Asia and the changing international terms of competition that have led to a
general competition Fourthly, although the local economy may be cushioned by EU and national subsidies, it has certainly not been spared from the economic crisis.
raising campaign, high profile public events, entrepreneurship competitions, entrepreneurship awards support (financial and nonfinancial) for start-ups, etc
competition to the position of its firms in international markets. Subsequently it developed its Network
despite increased competitive pressures on firms from foreign low cost competition (Christensen 2010). ) While most vocational trading is administered outwith the state, through collective agreement
Despite growing international competition from lower cost producers in China and Eastern European, Denmark†s employment remained relatively stable up until 2007 but with the economic
competition (Wong et al. 2005). ) Hence, the important contribution of entrepreneurship to national growth has been documented by several authors in the literature (Levenburg
In circumstance of uncertainty and constantly competition both locally and internationally it seems essential to identify the strategic posture which may reflect
multifacetedness, vigor and intensity of the competition. According to Miller and Friesen (1983), hostile environments, like dynamic ones, intensify challenges to the
characterized by intense competition, overwhelming business climate and relative lack of opportunity for exploitation. Conversely, a non-hostile or benign environment is one
It is acknowledged that competition is based increasingly knowledge, as firms strive to learn and to develop capabilities faster than does the competition (Prahalad and Hamel
1990; Teece et al. 1997 Based on Cohen and Levinthal†s (1990) definition, â€oeabsorptive capacity is the ability to
the difference between proactive and aggressive competition thus far considered as a single dimension Assessment of
introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand.
competition, overwhelming business climate and relative lack of opportunity for exploitation. Conversely, the non-hostile or benign environment is one that has none of
introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand.
impact of innovation activities, competition and new products development on the internationalization, as well as on export intensity of companies in Russia.
the social structure of competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Caldera, A. 2010. Innovation and exporting:
International competition for goods and services in the upper parts of the value chain is increasingly tougher
Open Innovation strategies in increased competition for knowledge-based and high value-added goods and services
since it increases the competition between knowledge centres, triggering specialisation profiles. It can also be the
supply, home demand, firm strategies, competition related industries, and their interaction. Advanced and sophisticated home demand is emphasised
competition and fungible R&d investment moving from one country to another, depending on market opportunities and specific knowledge assets.
fields, but also for competition in terms of attractiveness and specialisation profile. In this context, Europe is maintaining its strengths as a world centre of knowledge
tougher world competition for the upper end of the global value chains. More geographically distributed world knowledge
and competition is intense. To make sure that consumers choose, and continue to choose, your product or service over that of your competitors, you have to stand out from the
conditions conducive to innovation, including financing, skills, competition, regulation and public funding Among the many factors that drive innovation, emerging new technologies have always
technologies depend on the degree of competition and the ability to utilise economies of scale at various stages of production.
competition among technology producers who are seeking competitive advantages by customising new technologies to the needs of users.
staff, a right mix of collaboration as well as competition to stimulate innovation Market characteristics should be right to enable actors to reap the benefits of their investments
avoid direct competition with Asia production focus Global production networks with global demand In the past strong focus on
that competition in the sector is global provides incentive for local actors to work together
The Walloon government decided to address the critical situation of international competition and saturation of its old industrial structure by launching, in August 2005, an action plan
However, all needs to be considered in the light of international competition as well. The growth and the development of cluster will also largely be determined by the relative
new entrants or innovations should be forced into competition. Barriers to entry can be lowered by providing joint facilities,
users, intense competition, and a price advantage over alternative technological solutions Lead markets are often different from those regions where a certain new technology first has
confronted with an increasing competition from East asia which caught up significantly in the past decade whereas North america tends to show decreasing shares in global technology
research, innovation, education, competition, industry, taxation, health and environment References EN 351error! Unknown document property name.
Examples of such policy instruments are competition policies, tax policies, and subsidies Therefore, prior to the OI era, innovation came about either through private R&d spending in ï rms or through government
21 D. J. Teece, Competition, cooperation, and innovation: organisational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological progress, J. Econ.
changes in technology, competition, regulation and customer needs and demands. This has caused managers and researchers alike to search for new ways of developing organizational
carefully the rules of fair competition within the European Economic Area. The following quotations from European policy documents show that it is not easy for the European
free and fair competition. Without excluding any areas dorm such initiative, there is a clear public interest in helping the emergence of solutions that would provide answers to citizens
when an accentuate competition on the internal market and a rapid change rhythm in their activity domain can be associated with the
and to promote competition There is a high correlation but not full coincidence between entrepreneurship and innovation
In addition, there is a lack of choice/competition in the backhaul provision within the region generally, from towns such as Kilkenny, Carlow and Clonmel
level within the sector including the trend towards increased automation, and competition from lower cost locations will impact on employment levels overall
investment for Ireland in the face of intense global competition from larger scale countries. Evidence indicates that companies investing in shared services activities
Despite intensified global competition, the IDA has announced 13 new investments and/or expansions in SSCS over the past 9 months which are expected to generate over 1, 200 new
competition from the larger global players based here †not only for new business opportunities within the domestic market,
existing customers against intensified global competition. Innovative approaches are being adopted which involve offering a blended model,
Global competition is intense †and Ireland cannot afford 57 Cost reduction remains a key driver,
The pace and extent of global competition has intensified significantly over recent years. Globalisation enables companies to reach new untapped markets.
market are facing international competition (e g. in retail, pharmacy, supermarkets. People are also more mobile and high-value talent is scarce relative to global demand.
Commodity prices are low for agricultural goods with strong competition arising from low cost production locations.
rather than direct competition in the same †spaceâ€), or even a lack of awareness of the
Relating to Structure, Competition and Performance of Small Technology-Based Firms, †Small Busi -ness Economics 16 (1), 37†51
competition (8th) and low market dominance by large companies (2nd. Germany†s business sector is very
competition (28th), and further improving its environment for research and development Austria is ranked 16th this year, up three places
of competition and an environment that facilitates new business creation. Business operations are also distinguished by high levels of sophistication and
institutional framework and greater competition in local markets have also been registered; these will further strengthen the country†s competitive position.
characterized by intense local competition (16th. Turkey also benefits from its reasonably developed infrastructure 51st), particularly roads and air transport, although ports
too rigid (137th) and the level of local competition low 82nd), mainly the result of a lack of liberalization in some
gains from instilling more competition into the goods and services markets (117th) and continuing the reform of the
level of competition (136th) †caused by inefficient anti -monopoly policies (124th) and high restrictions on trade
pillar, insufficient domestic and foreign competition is of particular concern, as the various barriers to entry
of competition, and a low capacity to generate new knowledge to strengthen R&d innovation in the region
competition (31st) and openness to FDI (9th. The country has made also progress in addressing some of the most
competition (100th), especially in some key strategic sectors, also hinders an efficient allocation of resources
and the intensity of local competition 46th). ) However, its competitiveness is hampered by a weak public institutional setup (130th) and hindered by
by increasing domestic competition (143rd) and reducing the barriers to entrepreneurship, increase the flexibility of the labor markets (142nd),
competition (144th), excessive red tape when starting a business (141st), and high trade tariffs (125th) as well
domestic competition would result in efficiency gains and contribute to energizing the economy by allowing for
a regulatory framework that encourages competition to foster economic diversification, and developing a sound financial market (134th.
Estonian Competition Authority www. konkurentsiamet. ee Enterprise Estonia www. eas. ee Estonian Science Foundation www. etf. ee
framework of a technology competition held by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in close cooperation with the Ministry for the Environment, Nature
-cant issues of privacy and competition Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European
-tion and competition. Bria 2012 One of the motivations underpinning this research is investigating how Europe can
COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open and distributed digital ecosystems to foster grassroots social innovation and entrepreneurship
Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data devices, services and networks.
competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and
COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks
COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks
There are other elements such as prizes, competitions, events, knowledge sharing and dissemination that should also be included in the mechanisms for DSI policy
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online. The European parliament adopted amend
extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and
creative and innovative ideas, competitions and challenges or jams would be very helpful mechanisms to deploy
/social-innovation/competition /45 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h
increasing competition and to devote special attention to these, by evaluating possibilities for the'upgrading
competition that are developing in the global economy. SMES are thus at the core of Cohesion Policy
competition or take advantage of global competition opportunities (often niche markets Many reports are showing that lots of SMES do not use the full potential of either
tough resource constraints and competition. In this framework, public decision -makers and stakeholders in Europe†s regions and cities, which are responsible for
competition successfully by developing new and more profitable businesses through networking among innovation partners HORIZON 2020 †WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015
and can make a business stand out among the competition. However, the lack of design management skills is a significant barrier to the wider adoption and integration of design into
The high level of competition for EU funding makes sure that taxpayers†money goes to the best projects that tackle issues that concern all of usâ€
With an ageing population and strong competition from emerging economies, Europe†s future economic growth and job
freshwater resources and increasing competition between various user groups. If we look to the future, without improvements in
Lack of competition and high prices for consumers: Faced with few options in the marketplace,
effectively increase competition, allowing consumers to maximize their incomes and driving reduction in prices over time
Since then, competition for contracts has tripled more than from 1. 7 to 5. 7 million bids,
competition for contracts has tripled more than from 1. 7 to 5. 7 million bids. For the government, the system has
The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems. New york, NY:
The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems. New york, NY:
competition, both for small and large firms. It is often argued that SMES innovate in specific ways, different
The strategies of competition. Competition through improved quality and new functions favours inno -vation whereas price competition is less stimulating
Smallbone et al. 2000). ) Competition based on design leads to frequent product innovations, but they are usually incremental
This heterogeneity is one of the reasons why there are contradictory results comparing the levels of innovative
regional and local institutions for global competition. In: Bertuglia C.,Fischer, M.,Preto, G. Eds.
Culture and Competition in Silicon valley and Route 128. Harvard university Press, Cam -bridge, MA Smallbone, D.,North, D.,Vickers, I.,2000.
context of globalisation and increasing international competition, its aim is to strengthen the innovation capability and competitiveness of European industries.
but also competition between actors (Lorenz 1992, Dei Ottati 2005. Examples of well-known industrial districts in Italy include the
competition within clusters pushes their innovation capacities; they share costs of infra -structure; spatial proximity reduces transaction costs and problems with free riders
The horizontal dimension covers issues of competition and variation, which the author considers crucial in understanding the cluster phenomenon.
-portance during periods of rapid technological change or intense global competition (De -Martino, Mchardy Reid and Zyglidopoulous 2006:
competition could lead to cutthroat behaviour, instead in Boston it created a †virtuous cycleâ€:
is also high competition within the cluster (Nadvi and Halder 2005; Halder 2005. But Tuttlingen†s producers also benefit from economies of agglomeration in the cluster
But on the other hand this could foster increasing competition and the danger of loos -ing specialised know-how to the subcontractors abroad and therefore threaten Tut
and the hard competition and mistrust within the cluster are a stimulus for entrepreneurship and innovation (†structural mistrustâ€.
†The majority of the firms are avoiding direct competition by pursuing a niche strategy
Global competition and entrepreneurial behaviour in industrial districts: Trust rela -tions in an Italian industrial district.
the New Global Competition for Talent. New york Harper collins Flynn, D. M. 1993: A critical exploration of sponsorship, infrastructure and new organizations.
Clusters and the new Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review (11-12), 77 -90 Porter, M. 2000:
Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global economy Economic Development Quarterly 14 (1), 15-34
Regional advantage, culture and competition in Silicon valley and Route 128. Cam -bridge, Mass.:Harvard Univ. Press
Social structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1), 35-67
dynamics and market competition. The analysis used data from the EU KLEMS Productivity and Growth Accounts2 (macro-data) as well as from
impact of ICT for firm performance in a context of global competition. It identifies related
decision-making, in particular in the fields of innovation, competition and structural policy Policy context The original E-business W@tch programme was rooted in the eeurope Action Plans of
In 2005, taking globalisation and intense international competition into consideration, the European commission launched a new industrial policy7 with the aim to create better
implications for policy, for example in the fields of economic, competition, industrial or innovation policy? do related ICT developments call for adaptations of the
in attracting qualified ICT and e-business professionals in competition with larger players which absorb most of the available expertise
competition †as shown by case studies on AIT (France) and N c Cammack & Son (UK) †to adopt
successfully coexist in a market where the competition is very aggressive. The first case study focuses on a company that operates in 120 countries
technologies have a significant influence on competition in the TLS sector. The hypothesis that increasing rivalry in the market is an important driver for the adoption of
adoption compared to competition: about one fifth of the companies considered a high future ICT impact on management, marketing and customer services
All these characteristics determine the level of competition in the industry These industry structure components influence a firm†s conduct.
competition (market structure implications) and implications for outsourcing decisions 4. 1 ICT and productivity growth
technologies and intensive technological competition. In such industries the speed of adoption of new production processes plays a decisive role for remaining at the cutting
This section explores to what extent the deployment of ICT is linked with competition in the market, the development of a company's share in this market, and firms'propensity
1. How do companies perceive the impact of ICT on competition 2. Does the intensity of competition, notably a perceived increase in the market rivalry
constitute an incentive to adopt ICT (as a tool to withstand competitive pressure e g. by cutting costs
competition by innovating. This can be done by securing a monopoly position, which might stem from a successful innovation protected from imitating by means of a patent, a
increasing market competition for the intensity of ICT adoption was confirmed. In other words, more intense competition forces companies to use innovative
technologies to cut costs and look for more innovative ways of conducting business Firm size is an advantage:
First, increasing market competition is one of the driving forces behind ICT usage. In other words, more intense competition make
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 118 companies use innovative technologies in order to cut costs and look for more innovative
being faced to intense competition, structural changes of the market and resulting declining revenues, AIT, a supplier of
being faced to intense competition, structural changes of the market and resulting declining revenues, AIT decided to implement a new transport and warehouse
The competition is very aggressive in this market. AIT is facing huge competitors like Geodis or Schenker as well as very small companies.
declined, increased competition etc) and the loss of some key customers. To face this situation AIT had need a growing to analyse its Business activity in details in order to
authorities, so in this area the competition is for the market not in the market. The main
The competition in the combined market is very aggressive and a multitude of companies is competing on this market.
have been facing intense competition from road transport leading to a significant decrease in rail traffic.
increased competition due to the liberalisation of the rail freight market in 2003 in France, FRET SNCF is mobilising the whole organisation to become more competitive
and shaped by rampant competition. Recent years have seen a number of major acquisitions leading to the creation of global groups.
very costly problem of losing existing customers to the competition. The cost of acquiring a new customer is up to five times greater than maintaining an existing
Hupac prepared itself early on for fair competition: Ongoing extension of the network independence from the railways as well as investment in its own assets such as rolling
Saima Avandero faces intense competition on its market with the main competitors being TNT, DHL, Kuehne & Nagel and Schenker.
Moderate financial support can be given in the form of prizes for competitions featuring innovative e-business applications. 124 Potential small business benefits
The project will run an open competition on potential innovative solutions using robotics technology. The competition will focus only on the challenges
to address, without specification of the final expected output. The aim is also to demonstrate the effectiveness of such processes to meet societal needs and lead to
through automated and simplified processes and more competition in bids. Electronic processes also ensure transparency and better control of funding, as well as the possibility
For Italian firms facing increased cost-based competition from emerging-market exporters the former has perhaps become more and more important
competition by upgrading the quality of their products. Past Fund Staff research has emphasized the important role of non-price
competition, technological change, customer requirements, and internal factor of self -motivation. They were involved in both product and process innovations though
incentives, competition, etc. might also prompt some entrepreneurs to undertake innovation. However, for a successful innovation to emerge a combination of both
materials, competition, etc. are responsible for a majority of SMES to innovate. This implies that both firm level technological competence (technology push) and market
opportunities, and competition. Thus, both †technology push†and †demand pull†have contributed to the emergence of innovations
-Competition Technological Innovation in Products and/or Processes Cost reduction, quality improvement, suitable changes in
competition alone will produce the necessary standardisation of EHRS †as further discussed below 62 †CHAPTER 2. WHAT PREVENTS COUNTRIES FROM IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH ICTS
provide healthy competition to the existing closed source commercial market, encouraging innovation whilst promoting compatibility and interoperation.
competition with other firms in the cluster /network •Improved performance of seed and early stage
for a specific competition. They also need timely and personalised information on funding opportunities and easy access to advice as well
competition, stimulating entrepreneurship, investing in infrastructure and giving research a greater commercial focus. Only through similarly ambitious reforms can Australia secure its
the financial system, competition policy, workplace relations, energy, agriculture and the development of northern Australia, among other issues, to provide roadmaps for further
competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, Australia will show leadership in pursuing a new wave of economic reform
economy to greater domestic and international competition business environment TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
and international competition Reducing the regulatory burden Regulation is necessary for a well-functioning economy and society,
Increasing domestic and international competition The Government will further open our economy to domestic and international competition
and investment to improve access to high-quality, low-cost goods and services. This will benefit consumers and enhance the competitiveness of businesses that rely on these goods
Greater competition within Australia will also provide incentives for domestic producers to innovate and lift their productivity,
•The Government will respond to the recommendations in the Competition Policy Review†s final report, to increase competition and thereby drive innovation and productivity.
The Review has been asked to fully consider competition policies, laws and institutions •The Government will better balance financial system efficiency with stability and consumer
protection, in light of recommendations from the Financial System Inquiry TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
same goods and services, bringing serious competition to the global stage Chart 2). To date, this has occurred mainly in less skill-intensive goods and services
Former governments increased competition through the National Competition Policy, privatised public assets like Telstra and the Commonwealth Bank,
expose domestic businesses to international competition and spread new technologies and practices •Education, training and labour market arrangements that provide a highly skilled and
improving competition, making investments in infrastructure and skilled workforces, and giving research a greater commercial focus.
) Canada is promoting competition in the telecommunications sector, including by capping wholesale domestic roaming rates to prevent wireless providers
Australia as global competition increases, and will hamper our ability to tackle the major domestic challenges we will face over the coming decades
the Government established a review of competition policy to increase domestic and international competition •to improve our education and training systems,
the Government is expanding the demand-driven higher education system to all sub-bachelor courses and is deregulating
will focus on reforms in investment and infrastructure, trade, competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, we will show leadership in presenting a new wave of economic
The competition that this elicits challenges incumbent firms to do better. Entrepreneurs are important in building a dynamic and innovative economy.
competition with private businesses for labour, land and capital. Finally, less government regulation will reduce business compliance costs
competition, deregulation, energy, infrastructure and the Federation. It is a comprehensive and positive reform agenda.
greater domestic and international competition Reducing the regulatory burden Regulation has been allowed to grow unchecked and for too long other policy objectives have
through greater domestic and international competition Reinvigorating competition across the Australian economy will help bring down costs for
businesses and consumers. Many Australian industries already face strong competitive pressures particularly those in our internationally traded sectors.
The Government is committed to opening up and increasing competition across the economy to improve Australia†s international competitiveness
Competition also encourages innovative businesses to enter the market, inspires existing businesses to improve and allows more productive businesses to replace others.
Competition also gives workers a greater array of employment options. In a competitive jobs market, businesses must reward effort and
competition and improve market access In the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, Australia opened up the economy to international trade
competition as a part of its G20 growth strategy The Government is also examining the potential
Increasing domestic competition to reduce costs and improve goods and services Australian businesses rely on a range of domestically produced goods and services.
there is insufficient domestic competition or poor regulation, business can face higher prices poorer services and less variety.
The National Competition Policy reforms that followed the Hilmer Review in the 1990s had a significant and positive effect on the Australian economy
However, the pace of competition reform has slowed with the end of the main National Competition Policy reforms in 2005 and has gone arguably backward in some areas
The IMF, OECD and World bank (2014) have highlighted that competition reforms could reap significant gains internationally.
Following the release of Government commissioned reviews into Competition Policy, the Renewable Energy Target and the Financial System, and the finalisation
of the Energy White paper, the Government will consider the recommendations and work with the States as necessary to reduce the cost of,
The Competition Policy Review is examining whether Australia†s competition policies are driving the most competitive outcomes, given the changes to the Australian economy in recent decades
and our increased integration into global markets. It will determine where competition can provide further benefits to Australian consumers and businesses.
The Review is also examining the regulations and regulators to ensure they are operating effectively and supporting competition
while minimising the burden on Australian businesses TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
•putting downward pressure on electricity price rises, increasing competition and consumer choice, and driving regulatory
and competition from higher priced international markets. This pressure is expected to increase, particularly in the east coast market
promote competition in electricity generation and retailing; support cost reflective pricing; and better regulate transmission and distribution monopolies.
The Government is also working to improve efficiency and increase competition in the public sector We are privatising Medibank Private
the Government is applying a contestability framework to promote competition and efficiency in all areas of government activity.
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2014. However, coastal shipping has been in long-term decline: for example, between 2000-01 and 2011-12, while the volume
system restricting competition from foreign ships on Australian coastal routes, and followed changes from July 2010 that applied Australian wages and conditions to certain
Improving competition in the coastal shipping sector could give onshore businesses access to efficient, flexible and cost-effective shipping services, supporting jobs
of Immigration and Border Protection found that Australia faces stiff competition from other countries with similar investor visa programmes,
competition by rolling out new mobile base stations The Government is committed also to starting the detailed planning necessary to build new
the Competition Policy Review and Financial System Inquiry. Over the next year, these two reviews will deliver the road maps for the Government to
•increase domestic and international competition to encourage greater quality and lower prices for the goods and services businesses and consumers depend on;
On the big issues for competition policy, workplace relations and taxation, the Government has committed to major reviews.
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. 2014). ) Submission to the options paper Approaches to regulating coastal shipping in Australia.
) Review of National Competition Policy Reforms, Inquiry Report Canberra: Commonwealth of australia Productivity Commission. 2007). ) Performance Benchmarking of Australian Business Regulation
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