National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, Government of India, The Challenge Of Employment In India.
enterprises make their impressive contributions to innovation because of several advantages they possess compared to large-sized corporations.
large enterprises in order to improve their ability to access and absorb innovations â'The cluster strategy, in which SMES locate in close proximity with competitors in order to
Some enterprises, especially small and medium-sized firms, choose to pursue increasingly specialised markets or innovative niches,
and medium-sized enterprises consider it important to undertake such global investments because of the demonstration effect--to show potential customers and business partners that they are committed to the
Nevertheless, the small-and medium-sized enterprises of Germany have not been able to overcome the risks inherent in a high degree of specialisation, and
when the technology dominates the enterprise and scientists and engineers are the driving force in the enterprise,
customer satisfaction tends to suffer and demand shifts elsewhere. Conversely, when the marketing department is the driving force behind the
enterprise, technological sophistication is affected. While customers may be satisfied in a static sense, the enterprise is not engaging in dynamic product development,
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can
conflicting customer demands is a delicate strategy that only a very flexible enterprise, which has both
and cooperate with other firms be they other SMES, large enterprises, or a combination of both.
the region†s enterprises often cannot afford individually. These networks defy sectoral barriers individuals move easily from semiconductor to disk drive firms or from computer to network
established, and new enterprises are decentralised conceived†This and fluid environment also promotes the diffusion of intangible technological capabilities and understandings. †13
Groups of enterprises working in the same product are seedbeds for the exchange of new ideas.
Formal and informal links between enterprises, including subcontracting relationships, facilitate economic specialisation of firms as well as superior access to
Knowledge created within an enterprise spills over for use by other enterprises 53. There is considerable evidence supporting the hypothesis that flexible production systems
actually outperform those based on mass production. One of the most striking examples of superior economic performance is provided by Emil Roaming,
than large enterprises. In these specialised industrial districts an agglomeration of producers within an industry work in close physical proximity.
The narrow division of labour common to large enterprises has been replaced by an organisational structure in which employees perform a wide variety of different tasks
with other enterprises afforded by geographic proximity, in order to better access new ideas and knowledge. This strategy may be especially important in young industries or industries where strategic
medium-sized enterprises increased over time, but so has their share of the total foreign direct investment
The first is that the enterprise must have an endowment of capabilities in foreign markets that are superior to those of firms located in other countries.
policies in order to broaden the population of small and medium size enterprises who can benefit from
organisations that perform development or engineering activities for larger enterprises. In most national technology programmes, technical consultants are permitted frequently not to participate as contractors, so
Muldur (1999) further explored the profile of these enterprises and found that 41%of these SMES were
and Enterprise Ireland have begun to do 3. Pure equity financing. Some countries go one step further in their strategy adjustment
companies,(Enterprise Ireland. Equity finance mechanism can complement classic public R&d grants and business development grants
DTI Enterprise Ireland (°1998 Yearly Budget 3, 75 billion 5de FP 1998-2002 156 million
and R&d support is that enterprises under-invest in R&d because they cannot fully capture the rents of their efforts.
Buckley, Peter J.,1997, â€oeinternational Technology Transfer by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, 9 (1
OECD, 1997, Best Practices for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Paris: OECD OECD, 1997, Economic Survey of the United states, Paris:
medium-sized enterprises highlighting the role of these business for the economic recovery. It will provide a brief overview of
enterprises. Some recommendations for public policies are presented at the end of the paper  2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B. V
Entrepreneurship, Innovation, SMES (Small and medium enterprises 1. Introduction Entrepreneurship is a term that does not have accepted an general definition,
small and medium firms represent the vast majority of enterprises in most developed and developing country
enterprises are SMES, around 20 million SMES, most of them are micro-enterprises, and in 2012 employed over 86
million people providing for 66,5%of jobs from the total employment and contribute more than half of the total
Early theories regarded the small enterprises as being â€oeoutside of the domain of innovative activity and
enterprises were as important as the large companies for innovation and for technological change In the actual economic environment due to globalization and ICT evolution products are outdated more quickly
Private Mici Å i Mijlocii din Romã¢nia †National Council of Small and Medium Sized Private Enterprises
In terms of share of investments allocated to innovation from the total enterprises investments almost half of
not involved in innovation activities may present a serious problem for a healthy evolution of these enterprises
A bit more than a quarter of enterprises (25,84%)have allocated 1 to 5%to innovation and only 16.77%of the
enterprises allocated between 6 and 10%to innovation. Very few companies allocated over 51%(1, 19%)and under
21,47%of the enterprises generated 1-5%form their turnover figures by new products and services, 16,83%from
organization and enterprises followed by integral absorption (â€oepoachingâ€) of innovation developed by others 21.95%.%Only few enterprises (7. 48%)think that cooperation with others is a viable approach to undertake R&d
activities. (see figure 2 Figure 2: SMES approaches to innovation Source: CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES †11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013
According to FPP report there is a direct correlation between innovation in enterprises and their economic 40.52 30.05
promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises 0. 39
48,44%),fast access to the enterprise data form anywhere and at anytime (38.21%)and regulatory compliance
A large number of enterprises did allocated not funds for investments in innovation (44.93%.%Taking into consideration the share from the company turnover generated by new products/services introduced to market in the
Usually enterprises use the IT application for communicating with customers and suppliers, to obtain information and for on-line transaction and
creation and development of new innovative enterprises. Support should focus on collaborative R&d and easy access for all enterprise to research results and creation of new technology driven SMES
The Romanian national policy should take into consideration and implement the measures suggested by the
Efforts should focus on entrepreneurship and small to medium enterprises, innovation and competitiveness growth in order to attain a sustainable and healthy economic recovery in the long run
Medium Enterprises, IZA Discussion Paper No. 3962 Drucker, P. F. 1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship; Practice and Principles, New york:
European commission, DG Enterprise and Industry FPP (2013) Barta P.,Modreanu I.,Spirea N.,Piti M.,Raportul Fundaã iei Post Privatizare privind sectorul IMM din Romã¢nia
enterprises from across Spain and attracting them to establish themselves in Andalusia. The Campus Programme supports spinoffs from Andalusian universities by providing them with loans of up to
enterprises is approaching the national level and the population of the region has a fairly high level of
which the region, its institutions and its enterprises benefit from financial and nonfinancial subsidies directly emanating from the EU,
enterprise policy combined with a more sustainable system of support for regional and enterprise development.
employing less than 10 people †accounting for over 95%of enterprises. While the region experienced
local enterprises to a level that can contribute more significantly to employment creation and regional growth
Technology Park for example, has 530 enterprises employing more than 10 000 people. The focus upon particular sectors and clusters is appropriate
-sized enterprises (SMES), as well as large ones, in the formal and informal economy; in legal and
involving between 15%-25%of the surveyed enterprises Between 5%-15%of the firms contracted R&d projects, use university facilities or exchanged staff
Enterprise (MISE. This decision signals the decision of the regional government to better coordinate its economic policies as well as the importance given to business innovation and entrepreneurship as
business innovation and enterprise development; protection of regional intellectual property through advice on IPRS improvement of productive land and infrastructure;
8. 9%,viii) business development and enterprise innovation: 6. 3%.Based on these figures, the regional government directly devotes EUR 3. 5
In 2004, the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise assumed responsibility for universities, university research and technology transfer in Andalusia
Innovation, Science and Enterprise 4 The newly created Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science confirmed the commitment of the regional government to make technology transfer between the 10
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 10,4: 426-434 Marano, C. & Tarr, K. 2004.
enterprises in the regional economy, especially in terms of the concentration of the industrial structure of the region in small and medium-sized enterprises.
It draws on an important distinction that was made to members of the OECD-LEED Study Mission between the role of the largest universities in
unlocking the business potential of small and medium-sized enterprises improving employability through flexicurity; and the better management of energy resources
research enterprise. These goals are to be operational through the financing of joint university-business
March, 2010 the Ministry of Enterprise, Innovation and Science was merged with the Ministry of Economy, further reinforcing the key role of technology transfer and collaboration between the public
participation of research centres and enterprises in EU R&d funding programs, as well as a number of
toward identifying newly formed enterprises from across Spain and attracting them to set up in Andalusia.
as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the
students in the small and medium-sized enterprises that RETA services. The principle obstacle to
enterprises back into the teaching activities of the university faculty. There is also some evidence from
of enterprises across Canada. IRAP provides SMES with four main services, including technological advice, financial assistance for R&d activities, networking and partnerships.
predominance of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially when compared to other leading industrial countries in the OECD. More than three quarters of Canadian firms have less than 10
small and medium-sized enterprises to business expenditures on R&d in Canada is significantly higher.
enterprises in communities across the country. The program has been in existence for almost 60 years and delivers comprehensive innovation assistance to technology-based SMES in almost every
small and medium-sized enterprises to help them develop technologies for competitive advantage NRC-IRAP operates on a shared-risk model,
At Sybase, an enterprise software company that spun-off from the original WATCOM Corporation, with over 250 employees in its Waterloo
and supported by the Enterprise Co-op Program, which enables students to start their own venture in lieu of doing a co-op placement with an
Regional Ministry for Enterprise, Science and Innovation Koschatzky, Knut, and Thomas Stahlecker. 2010. †A New Challenge for Regional Policy
Technology, Regional Ministry for Innovation, Science and Enterprise, Junta de Andalusia Lundvall, Bengt-à ke. 2006. †One Knowledge base or Many Knowledge Pools?
development of new enterprises are important. The section goes on to address the importance of EU
and medium-sized enterprises (SMES), as well as large ones; in the formal and informal economy; in
9. Improve the adaptability of workers and enterprises, and the flexibility of labour markets 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills
as well as other factors such as the density of enterprises. This is followed by a brief analysis of the key institutions responsible for stimulating entrepreneurship and
enterprises has risen year-on-year since 1999, peaking at 522 815 in 2007. However, the global
recession has caught up with the region, resulting in a decline to 510 072 enterprises in 2008, a
In 2008 Andalusia had 15.2 percent of all national enterprises, a reduction of 2. 4 percent on the
Number of enterprises in Andalusia, 1999-2008 376,646 384,086 398,302 417,006 441,623 464,179 486,674 511,728
That said, a large number of the new enterprises created in the region were connected with the
The number of new enterprises (birth rate) stated declining in 2006/7, a process which accelerated dramatically in Spain(-27.46 percent) in 2007/8;
and the number of enterprises and employment has gone also up. At the same time, the analysis illustrates that the region has been hit severely by the crisis,
Start-ups, stock of enterprises and unemployment, notably youth unemployment, are being impacted severely. Moreover, the region has a
The regional Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise merged in 2010 with the Regional Ministry of Economy, to result in the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science (MEIS.
and innovative capacity of enterprises. This has resulted in the creation of one of the largest networks
enterprises and promoting entrepreneurship throughout the region. It has two main goals ï Promote a culture of entrepreneurial activity through awareness-raising,
ï Create and consolidate enterprises and employment through advice and support to firms business training,
facilitate access by enterprises to public funds; improve the qualifications and professional development of young Andalusians at different educational levels and
a multiplicity of institutions and networks to support enterprise development. From a public policy perspective most issues seem to be covered with the possible exception of a few, such
and enterprises being supported, are protected to some degree from general competition Fourthly, although the local economy may be cushioned by EU and national subsidies,
extensive and dense institutional network of enterprise support will continue in the new emerging financial environment
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, the density of enterprises was approaching the national level. The same report also suggested that the population of the region has a fairly high level of
This presents the region and its enterprises with new opportunities. The commissioning of a detailed study and transition plan to assess the current situation
enterprise development stages. However, there are also clear grounds for concern. Firstly, it distorts the market to the extent to which the selected firms benefit from a seemingly endless array of benefits
ii) creating enterprises: creating a greater number of sustainable start-up businesses with potential for further growth, particularly by under
project was managed by a special enterprise team established within the Welsh Development Agency Their main role was to commission work from a range of different organisations to ensure the delivery
approaches to education and training, community enterprise, business start-ups, development funds and the many other areas for action which this strategy has embraced.
Andalusia recognises the importance of developing a stronger enterprise spirit in the region especially in light of:
Department of Enterprise Innovation and Networks Welsh assembly government Plas Glyndwr, Kingsway Cardiff CF10 3ah Tel:++++44 2920 828821
CSES (2002) Benchmarking of Business Incubators, Final report, DG Enterprise, Brussels EC (2003) Green Paper:
enterprises. While the region experienced a high rate of new business start-ups and a significant increase in jobs during the period of economic growth from the mid 1990s up until the present
enterprises to a level that can contribute more significantly to employment creation and regional growth. The imbalances in the regional economy were exacerbated further in the boom period from
heavily affected than smaller enterprises seeing much greater percentage falls in their numbers (see table) with severe implications for loss of jobs
Size of firm%of total enterprises%change 2007-8 Micro-enterprises 95.06-1. 73 Self employed (no employees) 51.57 0. 38
1-9 employees 43.48-4. 3 Small firms (10-49) 4. 31-13.95 Medium sized firms (50-499) 0. 55-11.68
Large enterprises(+500) 0. 08-37.46 Total 100.00-2. 44 Source: Consejo Economico y Social, 2009
Technology Park (PTA) in Malaga, for example, has 530 enterprises employing more than 10 000 people. The focus upon particular sectors and clusters is appropriate †and chimes with wider recent
enterprises that are being created ï How to identify ways of supporting the internationalisation of the SME sector by improving
Scottish Enterprise and the devolved Scottish government which was established in 1999 (Leibovitz 2004; Rosiello 2004, Birch and Cumbers, 2009.
modernisation strategies and attracting foreign direct investment, the region†s enterprise development agency, Scottish Enterprise, embarked on a policy of identifying strategic clusters in the 1990s with a
focus upon both identifying potential endogenous growth dynamics alongside the continuation of developing external links to key global commodity chains ad actors.
Scottish Enterprise and the Scottish government have provided substantial support for the cluster through grant funding (e g. a Proof of Concept), co
programme, funded by Scottish Enterprise, which represents a worldwide network of leading Scots who provide advice, contacts,
http://www. scottish-enterprise. com/your-sector/life-sciences-sector http://www. cppr. ac. uk/centres/cppr/researchthemes/trademobilitygeographicconcentration/lifesciencec
/Irene Johnson, Director of International Networks, Scottish Enterprise, Atrium House, 50 Waterloo St Glasgow, G2 6hq. http://www. globalscot. com/Contactus/Contact. aspx
Small and Medium Enterprises. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham Asheim, B. and Isaksen, A. 2003 SMES and the regional dimension.
Enterprises. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 21-48 Bathelt, H. Malmberg, A. and Maskell, P. 2004 Clusters and knowledge:
C. and Todtling, F. eds) 2003 Regional Innovation Policy for Small and Medium Enterprises Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 49-778
Enterprises. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 78-118 Leibovitz, J. 2004 Embryonic knowledge based clusters and cities:
Evaluating Scottish Enterprise's Cluster Policy in Life sciences: A Descriptive Analysis. University of Edinburgh: Innogen Working Paper No. 16
Evaluating Scottish Enterprise's Cluster Policy in Life sciences: A Descriptive Analysis. University of Edinburgh: Innogen Working Paper No. 16
transfer offices will be able to reach out to a wider number of both faculty members and enterprises
enterprises (less than 10 employees) accounted for 95, %and small firms (10-50 employees) for 4. 3
%of the whole enterprise population, thus making up altogether over 99%of the total. The paucity of
enterprises in the future. This is a welcome step. As a †slimmer†organisation, RETA needs to rationalise its mission, reducing the scope of work
intensively with external enterprises. It is difficult to judge whether this lack of collaboration is
their classes of Public Enterprise and Doctoral Seminar, respectively In addition, I would like to thank all administrative staff of the Universitat Autã noma de
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and its influence on the performance of them is the main topic in this dissertation.
this relationship when considering small and medium enterprises separately. A multi -group analysis has enabled us to illustrate that networks play a stronger role in EO
Enterprise Development, 18,219-231 Brass, D. J. 1992. Power in organizations: a social network perspective. In Research
establishing the science of enterprise networks. Production and Operations Management, 14, 493†513 136 Brown, T. E.,Davidsson, P. and Wiklund, J. 2001.
establishing the science of enterprise networks. Production and Operations Management, 14, 493†513 Burt, R. S. 1992.
definition of small and medium-sized enterprises. Official Journal of the European Union-EUR LEX. http://eur-lex. europa. eu. Consultation days in January, 2010
of (suatainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28,1319 -1350 Teece, D. J.,Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. 1997.
Enterprises and their CIOS need to â€oeflip†from old to new in terms of information and technology
2015 and beyond, to ensure that their enterprises survive and thrive in an increasingly digital world
effectiveness) into a third era of enterprise IT, where digitalization is transforming business models and determining who will win.
The third era of enterprise IT has arrived 4 Gartner Executive programs EXECUTIVE SUMMARY These are not small changes.
This report†s case study enterprises are already exploring new digital technologies and trends. And experimentation with post-nexus technologies is creating the
CIOS and their enterprises need to focus on all three phases of the benefits life cycle: plan
CIOS need to help the enterprise understand and get excited about where digitalization can take the Business education
enterprises using techniques shown in the figure opposite 9visit gartner. com/cioagenda Hackdays Percentage of CIOS using technique
approach (and by extension, that of their enterprise) to information and technology, value measurement and management, and people.
change in your enterprise •Do you have a network of qualified peers who can help you uncover
IT leaders in corporations and government agencies, to business leaders in high-tech and telecom enterprises and professional services firms, to technology investors, we are the valuable partner to clients in 9, 000 distinct enterprises
worldwide. Through the resources of Gartner Research, Gartner Executive programs, Gartner Consulting and Gartner Events, we work with every client to research,
innovative enterprises if this supply is combined with demand-side measures and more general framework conditions for firm growth and entrepreneurship
innovative enterprises in Europe. The construction sector is one of the largest manufacturing sectors in Europe and it has
fostering high-growth innovative enterprises; countries with a specialisation in one or several key areas complementing
more and more Asian enterprises want to do business with our continent. Some people see the Asian invasion on the European market as a threat,
was commissioned by the European commission, DG Enterprise within a Framework Contract coordinated by the Austrian Institute for Economic Research (Wifo)( co-ordinator
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.27
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
the performance of actors from Europe (both enterprises and public institutions) in producing new technology compared to the main competing regions (North america, East asia
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006
Multiple sources per enterprise allowed. R&d intensive industries: NACE (rev. 1. 2) divisions 23-24,29-35
applicants comprise to a significant extent young enterprises in the fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology, including a number of research companies
four research centres, six networks, 16 SMES and six major enterprises. Main corporate players in this area include Philips Gmbh, Thyssenkrupp Stainless AG and BASF coatings
multinational enterprises act as anchor companies to stimulate economic growth, while network organisations are in place to nurture academia-industry collaborations
enterprises Finance Aachen 1 3 10 6 2 0 Muenster 3 1 7 8 1 1
enterprises, such as Philips and BASF, which are located within the cluster network to stimulate economic growth. This market structure of a scientific base with MNES acting as
This research specialisation makes it easier to get the major enterprises as lead customers or to establish more applied research collaborations
large enterprises present. In addition to this, six different networks and one venture capital firm accompany cluster activities.
nanotechnology R&d is extremely difficult since enterprise R&d surveys rarely collect data on R&d expenditure devoted to nanotechnology
business and enterprise sector. Table 4-4 shows the list of top-ten patent applicants in the
and helps move the results to market through existing companies or spin-off enterprises. It is
developing industrial technologies and helping private enterprises enhance their competitiveness with a focus on the field of IC.
pharmaceutical enterprises Market structure Good mix of small and large firms Start-ups and spin-offs Market open for new entrants
of successful enterprises committed to R&d and innovation in photonics. Photonics is also a well-established field of research at universities and public research centres.
in the field of energy-efficient materials have been applied by enterprises from the chemical industry while technologically these patents are related to a substantial part to the metals
Garden Enterprise Business Incubation Service. In addition, the cluster also has intermediary 100 http://www. cshtz. gov. cn/webkey/index. do?
of a large number ob enterprises engaged in various sectors of processing raw materials and producing more complex materials as inputs for other manufacturing industries.
enterprises and large enterprises Contribution of AMT to social wealth There are several potential contributions of AMT to social wealth.
In these three KETS, a few large enterprises dominate patenting. KETS are related very much to the chemical and electronics industry
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